Second Severn Crossing

The Second Severn Crossing (Welsh: Ail Groesfan Hafren)—officially renamed the Prince of Wales Bridge (Welsh: Pont Tywysog Cymru)—is the M4 motorway bridge over the River Severn between England and Wales, inaugurated on 5 June 1996 by the Prince of Wales to supplement the traffic capacity of the Severn Bridge built in 1966. The bridge is operated by Highways England. In 2018 the bridge was renamed the Prince of Wales Bridge.

Second Severn Crossing
The bridge as viewed from Severn Beach (England)
Coordinates51°34′28″N 2°42′06″W
CarriesM4 motorway (6 lanes)
CrossesRiver Severn
LocaleSouth West England/South East Wales
Official namePrince of Wales Bridge
Maintained byHighways England[1][2]
Characteristics
DesignCentral span: Cable-stayed bridge
Approach viaducts: Segmental bridge
Total length5,128 metres (16,824 ft)
Width34.6 metres (113.5 ft)
Height137 metres (449 ft)
Longest span456 metres (1,496 ft)
Clearance below37 metres (121 ft)
History
ArchitectRonald Weeks of the Percy Thomas Partnership
Engineering design byHalcrow Group and SEEE
Opened5 June 1996 (5 June 1996)
Statistics
TollFree
Map showing the Second Severn Crossing in relation to other crossings and the estuary itself

The Second Severn Crossing marks the lower limit of the River Severn and the start of the Severn Estuary. It is further southwest than the Severn Bridge and because it is closer in-line with the landward sides of the M4, it reduces the length of the journey when travelling between England and Wales. The junctions at each end are designed for most traffic to use this crossing, and in order to use the old Severn Bridge crossing, one has to leave the M4 at junction 21 and join the M48 near Aust or at junction 23 near Magor. The new crossing carries more traffic than the Severn Bridge, which is still in use. It is wider than the Severn Bridge, having three lanes and a narrow hard shoulder each way, compared to the two lanes, cycle path and narrow footpath of the original crossing. It is a cable-stayed bridge, whereas the Severn Bridge is a suspension bridge. The position of the bridge is close to that of the Severn Tunnel, which has carried the railway line beneath the river bed since 1886.

Much of the estuary is mudflats at low tide, but at high tide these can be covered by as much as 14 metres (46 ft) of water. This presented the engineers with a constraint: packets of work were scheduled at low tide, and needed to be completed within the short windows allowed by the tides.

The concession given to the consortium which financed, built and operate the bridge required them to take over the outstanding debt on the original Severn Bridge and to operate the two bridges as a single entity. Tolls were set annually by the government based on the previous year's change in the Retail Price Index. On the expiry of the concession in January 2018, the consortium was required to hand the bridge over to public ownership. The tolls on both bridges were subsequently scrapped in December 2018.

Background

The Severn Estuary presented a barrier between the Bristol area and South Wales. The estuary has a maximum tidal range of 14.5 metres (48 ft), the second highest in the world, and during a rising or falling tide there are strong currents of up to 8 knots (4.1 m/s). Much of the estuary is mud flats that are exposed at low tide; these have been designated a Special Protection Area. The central part of the estuary is a navigable channel which, at the site of the bridge, is known as "The Shoots". The bridge is upstream from Avonmouth and the Port of Bristol, but downstream from the Port of Sharpness. The Gloucester Harbour Trustees have responsibility for controlling navigation in the estuary's tidal waters upstream from the bridge.[3]

Until 1966, road travellers could either use the Aust Ferry, which had operated since medieval times (and as a car ferry since 1926), or use the scheduled car shuttle train service through the Severn Tunnel between Pilning and Severn Tunnel Junction, which operated from 1926 until 1966.[4] Otherwise, the detour via Gloucester would add 57 miles (92 km) to the journey.[5] In 1966, the first Severn road bridge, a four-lane suspension bridge, was opened, carrying the M4 motorway between England and South Wales. By 1984, traffic across the first Severn Bridge had tripled and it was projected that by the mid-1990s, the old bridge would be running at capacity. A study was commissioned into building either a second bridge or a tunnel. The consultants reported back in 1986, recommending that a new bridge be built downstream from the existing bridge.[6][7]

In 1988, it was announced that tenders would be invited from private consortia to fund, build and operate the bridge for a specified period. The consortium would also take over the management of the old bridge and the associated £100 million debt.[8] Tenders were invited in 1989; and in 1990 the concession to build the bridge was awarded to Severn River Crossing plc.[9] Construction work started on 26 April 1992 and the bridge was opened by the Prince of Wales on 5 June 1996.[6]

Design
The Shoots Bridge; the shipping channel lies between the two towers

The chief architect of the bridge was Ronald Weeks of the Cardiff based Percy Thomas Partnership, with the detailed engineering design by the Halcrow Group and the French consultancy SEEE.[10][11] The bridge has portals close to Sudbrook, Monmouthshire on the Welsh side and Severn Beach in South Gloucestershire on the English side. It has three principal sections – a 25 span viaduct on the English side of length 2,103 m (6,900 ft; 1.307 mi), a 24 span viaduct of length 2,077 m (6,814 ft; 1.291 mi) on the Welsh side and the bridge itself, a 948 m (3,110 ft; 0.589 mi) structure with a 37 m (121 ft) navigational clearance, giving a total length of 5,128 m (16,824 ft; 3.186 mi).[12][13][14] The central section, called the Shoots Bridge, is of cable-stayed design and the central span (between the bridge pylons) is 456 metres (1,496 ft) in length. The approach viaducts are of a segmental bridge design. The crossing forms a very slight "S" curve – the roadway has an approximate east-west alignment at each of the portals, while the central bridge follows an alignment approximately WNW to ESE.

The Severn Railway Tunnel passes under the estuary bed on a line which is generally about 500 m upstream of the bridge, but which passes under the line of the bridge close to the English shore.[15][16]

The deck, which carries three lanes of traffic in each direction, is 34.6 metres (114 ft) wide. The sides of the bridge are fitted with 3 metres (9.8 ft) baffle plates to reduce lateral wind loads coming from the Severn Estuary onto the traffic; this has reduced the number of times that speed restrictions have been needed. The overall design of the new crossing makes it more resistant to high winds than the old Severn Bridge.[12]

Construction
Construction of the Second Severn Crossing

The crossing was built by a business consortium under a public-private partnership. A company called Severn River Crossing plc, led by John Laing plc and GTM-Entrepose, was formed to build the new crossing.[17] This company also took over the responsibility of managing and maintaining the old Severn Bridge crossing, as well as managing and maintaining the new crossing. The cost of constructing the new crossing was to be paid for by tolls collected from motorists using the two crossings. Work on the new crossing began in 1992. Completion was in 1996.

Sub-assemblies for the bridge were constructed onshore and then shifted by a large tracked vehicle (similar to that used to move the Apollo and Space Shuttle at Cape Kennedy) onto a barge (the SAR3), prior to being floated out on the high tide to the site. The 37 bridge pier foundations on the approach viaducts are 98.11 metres (321.9 ft) apart, and consist of open concrete caissons weighing up to 2,000 tonnes, which were founded on the rock of the estuary bed. The decking consists of 3.6 metres (11.8 ft) post-stressed match cast sections, weighing 200 tonnes each.[12]

The cable-stayed section of the crossing is over 1,044.7 metres (3,427.5 ft) long, consisting of a 34.6 metres (113.5 ft) wide deck made from steel plate girders with a composite reinforced concrete slab. These were prefabricated on shore and put in place using balanced cantilever methods. There are two high twin-leg, reinforced and pre-stressed concrete pylons carrying 240 cables which support the bridge deck, rising to a height of 149 metres (489 ft) above the river bed or 101 metres (331 ft) above the bridge deck. Cable vibrations were experienced during construction and secondary cables were added to eliminate this. To avoid detracting from the aesthetics of the primary cables, the secondary cables are very slender and are not very noticeable.[12]

During the summer of 1994 the bridge deck launching gantry fell onto the Gwent viaduct, causing the 200 tonne bridge deck unit to fall onto the deck below. Although this delayed the project by ten weeks, the builders still completed the bridge on schedule two years later.[18]

Environmental impact
A dunlin feeding, one of the many waders that winter on the Severn estuary

The crossing passes over mudflats in the Severn Estuary with part of the eastern approach viaduct sited on the English Stones, a rocky outcrop uncovered at low tide. The estuary wetlands are home to migrating birds such as the ringed plover, redshank and whimbrel, while the curlew, dunlin and grey plover winter in the area. The birds feed on ragworm, lugworm and other invertebrates. Saltmarsh is found along the fringes of the coast. Beds of eelgrass occur on the more sheltered mud- and sandbanks.[19] In 1976, in recognition of the importance of the estuary as a wetland used by migrating birds, an area of 247 km2 (95 sq miles) was designated a Ramsar site.[20] In 1988, the Severn Estuary was designated a Special Protection Area. The same year an area of 99 km2 (38 sq miles) was notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest and designated as such the following year;[19] in 1995, this was extended to cover the whole of the Ramsar site.[21]

Prior to the bridge's construction, environmentalists raised numerous concerns and criticisms, chiefly about the immediate damage from construction work and the effects of long-term pollution from a projected increase in car traffic. The construction process resulted in a temporary increase in turbidity of the Severn waters. Although eelgrass is reasonably tolerant to short-term high turbidity and consequent loss of light, the bed of eelgrass in the river was observed to decline considerably during the period of construction.[22] The construction of the approach roads and toll plaza resulted in the permanent loss of some wet pastureland.[23]

Field surveys carried out in 2003 and 2004 reported that the bridge had little effect on the flight paths of the various birds – it was noted that when curlews, dunlins and lapwings approached the bridge, they would change course to gain height and fly over the bridge, but that oystercatchers and turnstones would fly under the bridge. The surveys also showed that the bridge had minimal impact on the roosting habits of most birds, though a flock of mallards were seen to be roosting directly under the bridge, with many positioning themselves on the dry concrete base on one of the pillars. Likewise, it was noted that the bridge had little impact on the birds' feeding habits – turnstones and lapwings were recorded as feeding on mudflats directly under the bridge while the absence of other waders was attributed to the rocky nature of the foreshore.[19]

Finances

The consortium consisting of two civil engineering firms and two banks that funded and built the bridge had a 30-year concession to redeem its outlay from tolls collected from users of the bridge. At the end of the concession period in January 2018, the bridge passed into public ownership,[18] and is now managed by Highways England.[24]

Tolls
Toll booths on the Second Severn Crossing
The toll booths in operation in 2007
The toll booths being removed in 2019

Tolls were collected from westbound traffic only, near Rogiet, 2 miles (3.2 km) in Wales.[9] Tolls charges were based on a three-tier pricing system:[25] Tolls could be paid by cash, major credit or debit cards, or by use of the Severn TAG system, which was a wireless electronic toll collection system that did not require vehicles to stop.[26]

Motorcycles and UK disabled badge holders travelling in a vehicle were exempted from paying a toll. Toll prices were reviewed annually on 1 January, in accordance with the Severn Bridges Act 1992.[27][28][29] In late 2008, UK VAT was reduced from 17.5% to 15%, but the bridge toll remained unchanged. For convenience the tolls were kept at round multiples of 10p (the bridge toll is largely paid in cash as card payments were not accepted until mid-2012), but the 13p VAT reduction was not passed on immediately. In 2009, the planned toll for cars would have been £5.50, as the announcements listed,[27][29] but the actual toll charged was £5.40. George Osborne, the then Chancellor of the Exchequer, announced in March 2015 that the tolls would be reduced to £5.40 in 2018, due to VAT being removed when the bridge comes into public ownership.[30][31]

In the 2016 United Kingdom budget, Osborne announced that toll charges on the Severn crossings would be halved in 2018.[30] The toll was due to be cut to £5.40 in 2017 but was increased.[32]

It was reported in 2012 that the repayments were likely to continue until the early 2020s due to the introduction of a revised settlement to the operator in return for accepting payment by debit and credit cards. The announcement said that even after repayment was complete the toll charges would likely remain at the same levels.[33] However, in July 2017 it was announced that the toll would be abolished,[34] In July 2017, the Welsh Secretary, Alun Cairns, announced that tolls would be scrapped at the end of 2018, claiming that this would boost the South Wales economy by around £100m a year.[34] In September 2017, Cairns confirmed that tolls would be reduced in January 2018 as VAT is removed.[35] As announced on 2 October 2018, tolls were abolished on 17 December 2018.[36]

Historical toll charges

The toll levied was always identical to that on the Severn Bridge.

Toll category Description
Category 1
 Cars and minibuses with up to 9 seats
Category 2
 Small buses with up to 17 seats
Vans up to 3.5 tonnes
Double-cab pickup trucks
Category 3
 Buses with more than 17 seats
Goods vehicles weighing 3.5 tonnes or more
Date Category 1 Category 2 Category 3
5 June 1996 £3.80 £7.70 £11.50
1 January 1997 £3.90 £7.80 £11.70
1 January 1998 £4.00 £8.10 £12.10
1 January 1999 £4.20 £8.40 £12.50
1 January 2000 £4.20 £8.50 £12.70
1 January 2001 £4.40 £8.70 £13.10
1 January 2002 £4.40 £8.90 £13.30
1 January 2003 £4.50 £9.00 £13.50
1 January 2004 £4.60 £9.30 £13.90
1 January 2005 £4.80 £9.60 £14.30
1 January 2006 £4.90 £9.80 £14.70
1 January 2007 £5.10 £10.20 £15.30
1 January 2008 £5.30 £10.60 £15.90
1 January 2009 £5.40 £10.90 £16.30
1 January 2010[27] £5.50 £10.90 £16.40
1 January 2011[37] £5.70 £11.50 £17.20
1 January 2012[25] £6.00 £12.10 £18.10
1 January 2013[38] £6.20 £12.40 £18.60
1 January 2014[39] £6.40 £12.80 £19.20
1 January 2015[40] £6.50 £13.10 £19.60
1 January 2016[41] £6.60 £13.20 £19.80
1 January 2017[42] £6.70 £13.40 £20.00
8 January 2018[35] £5.60 £11.20 £16.70
17 December 2018[43] Free Free Free

Funding and ownership

The bridge was built at a cost of £330 million (excluding VAT) and was owned by the company Severn River Crossing Plc.[44][45] As of November 2010, Severn River Crossing Plc was owned

  • 35% John Laing, British developer infrastructure operator
  • 35% Vinci, French concessions and construction company
  • 15% Bank of America, American multinational banking and financial services corporation
  • 15% Barclays Capital, British multinational investment bank[46]

The company's 2011 annual report showed the same companies still owned, through subsidiary companies, all the issued ordinary share capital of the Plc.[47]

In 2012, changes were made to the agreement to reflect the effect of changes in VAT and Corporation Tax and the costs of installing credit card handling systems. The net effect was to increase the required revenue from £995.83 million to £1,028.91 million in 1989 prices[46][48]

Ownership of the crossing and the original Severn Bridge returned to the UK government on 8 January 2018, when the project's required revenue, as defined in the Concession Agreement with the Secretary of State for Transport, had been collected.[47][49] At that point, responsibility for operating the bridge passed to Highways England.[50]

Closures

On 6 February 2009, the bridge was closed by weather for the first time since its opening, after three vehicles were struck by falling ice, damaging windscreens.[51] Bad weather, and again falling ice, repeated this in December 2009.[52] Temporary speed limits are put in place due to high winds or thick fog, with drivers informed by the electronic signs. Because of the more advanced aerodynamic design of the later bridge, the Second Crossing is far less prone to such restrictions caused by crosswinds than the first Severn Bridge.

View of the Prince of Wales Bridge from Severn Beach on the English side.

Renaming

On 5 April 2018, the Secretary of State for Wales, Alun Cairns, announced that the crossing would be renamed as the Prince of Wales Bridge at a ceremony later in the year.[53] He said that the renaming would be "a fitting tribute to His Royal Highness in a year that sees him mark 60 years as The Prince of Wales and decades of continued, dedicated service to our nation."[54] A petition against the renaming had received more than 30,000 signatures by 8 April. Some politicians criticised the proposed renaming and the lack of public consultation on it, but it was confirmed that the First Minister of Wales, Carwyn Jones, had raised no objection to the proposal.[55] The bridge was renamed, despite opposition, on 2 July 2018 at a ceremony held at the toll plaza where a plaque was unveiled by the Prince and Duchess of Cornwall.[56] There was no prior press release or other official communication from the Government.[57][58] The cost for renaming the bridge, and the two signs erected, one at each end of the bridge, was £216,513.39.[59]

gollark: (It runs on LEU 235 Ox as a pulse reactor)
gollark: We even have an automatic power plant control system. If someone ctrl-t's the program to edit the code without flipping the manual control to off it could even melt!
gollark: Compromise: the power plant itself is TMI. The island is sheep island or whatever.
gollark: Ten Metre Island is online though not actually sending power anywhere.
gollark: * most

See also

References
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  2. "Severn Bridges will be owned by the government from tomorrow as tolls to be scrapped in 2018". Bristol Post. Trinity Mirror. 7 January 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  3. "Gloucester Harbour Trustees: About the trustees". 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  4. Holland, Julian (2012). More Amazing & Extraordinary Railway Facts. David & Charles. ISBN 9781446356838.
  5. Journeys between Newport and Bath are reduced from 161 km to 69 km -ViaMichelin.
  6. "Second Severn Crossing". Engineering Timelines. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  7. "Second Severn Crossing". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Lords. 24 July 1986. col. 382–383. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  8. "Second Severn Crossing". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Commons. 28 July 1988. col. 556–564. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
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  12. "History and Statistics of The Second Severn Crossing – Building The Second Severn Crossing". Severn River Crossing plc. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  13. "Second Severn Crossing, England". Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol. 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
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  16. (Google Maps: 51.587416N 2.701263W) (Map). Retrieved 20 March 2013.
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  18. McCormack, Steve (9 May 1996). "Severn up and ready". Construction News. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  19. The Mersey Gateway Project – Chapter 10 Terrestrial and Avian ecology (PDF). March 2008. Appendix 10.22 – The Impact on Wading Birds of the M4 Severn Road Bridge: Literature Review and Field Surveys (January 2006).
  20. "The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands". Ramsar. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
  21. "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)" (PDF). Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 13 July 1995. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  22. "Dredging and disposal: Suspended sediments and turbidity". UK Marine SACs Project. 2001. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  23. Davidson, N.C. (1996). Barne, J.H.; Robson, C.F.; Kaznowska, S.S.; N.C. Davidson, J.P. Doody; Buck, A.L. (eds.). Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11 The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig, (PDF). Coastal Directories Series. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. p. 56. ISBN 1 873701 85 3.
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  28. "Severn Bridge Act 1992". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  29. "Severn Bridge tolls rise in 2009". BBC Online. 19 November 2008. (before VAT cut)
  30. "Budget 2016: Severn bridge tolls to be halved". BBC. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
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  32. "Severn bridge tolls on the rise again for 2017". ITV News. 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  33. "Severn toll cut hopes are dashed". Bbc.co.uk. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  34. Slawson, Nicola (21 July 2017). "Severn crossings tolls to be scrapped next year". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
  35. "Severn Bridge tolls to be reduced in January 2018". BBC News Online. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  36. "Severn tolls to be axed earlier than planned on 17 December". BBC News Online. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  37. "Severn Bridge Tolls" (PDF). Severn River Crossing Plc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
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  45. Wilkinson, Robin; National Assembly for Wales (June 2010). "Severn Crossings Tolls" (PDF). Members' Research Service. p. 1. Retrieved 5 March 2017. The contract to design, build, finance and operate the second Severn Crossing (the M4 Severn Bridge) was awarded to Severn River Crossing plc (SRC) in April 1990. The construction cost of the new bridge was £330 million (excluding VAT).
  46. "The Severn Crossings Toll – Welsh Affairs Committee – Examination of Witnesses". Minutes of Evidence. House of Commons Welsh Affairs Committee. 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
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  48. "Notice of a meeting of the holders of the £127,500,000 6.125 per cent. index linked debenture stock". Severn River Crossing Plc. 13 April 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
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  51. "Second Severn crossing stays shut". BBC Online. 6 February 2009.
  52. "Falling ice closes the second Severn bridge". BBC News Online. 22 December 2009.
  53. "Severn crossing royal rename criticised". bbc.co.uk. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  54. Phil Norris, "Second Severn Crossing across the M4 to be renamed The Prince of Wales Bridge", 5 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018
  55. Tristan Cork, "Backlash grows as 30,000 sign petition against Second Severn Crossing being renamed Prince of Wales Bridge", Bristol Post, 8 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018
  56. "Prince Charles visits Second Severn Crossing for renaming ceremony". bbc.co.uk. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  57. James, David (2 July 2018). "There was a ceremony to formally name the Prince of Wales Bridge but they didn't publicise it". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  58. Blake, Aled (6 April 2018). "The new name of the Second Severn Crossing is unimaginative, deferential and insulting". WalesOnline. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  59. Williamson, David (2 July 2019). "The cost of the new Prince of Wales Bridge signs revealed". Wales Online. Retrieved 2 July 2019.

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