River Eden, Cumbria

Eden; Ituna (Roman name)
	The Eden at Appleby-in-Westmorland
	The River Eden is highlighted in red
Etymology	Celtic water or rushing
Location
Country	United Kingdom
Constituent country	England
Physical characteristics
Source
• location	Black Fell Moss, Mallerstang
• coordinates	54.3936°N 2.3014°W
• elevation	670 m (2,200 ft)
Mouth	Solway Firth
• location	Bowness-on-Solway
• coordinates	54.9556°N 3.3252°W
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	145 km (90 mi)
Discharge
• location	Sheepmount, Carlisle
• average	51.82 m3/s (1,830 cu ft/s)
• maximum	1,700 m3/s (60,000 cu ft/s)maximum discharge in Dec 2015
Discharge
• location	Temple Sowerby
• average	14.44 m3/s (510 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries
• left	Caldew, Petteril, Eamont
• right	Irthing

The River Eden is a river that flows through the Eden District of Cumbria, England, on its way to the Solway Firth.

Etymology

The river was known to the Romans as the Itouna, as recorded by the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) in the 2nd century AD. This name derives from the Celtic word ituna, meaning water,[1] or rushing.[2] Thus there is no relation to the biblical Garden of Eden.

Course of river

The Eden rises in Black Fell Moss, Mallerstang, on the high ground between High Seat, Yorkshire Dales and Hugh Seat. Here it forms the boundary between the counties of Cumbria and North Yorkshire. Two other great rivers arise in the same peat bogs here, within a kilometre of each other: the River Swale and River Ure.

It starts life as Red Gill Beck, then becomes Hell Gill Beck, before turning north and joining with Ais Gill Beck to become the River Eden. (Hell Gill Force, just before it meets Ais Gill Beck, is the highest waterfall along its journey to the sea).

The steep-sided dale of Mallerstang[3] later opens out to become the Vale of Eden. The river flows through Kirkby Stephen and Appleby-in-Westmorland, and receives the water of many becks flowing off the Pennines to the east, and longer rivers from the Lakes off to the west, including the River Lyvennet, River Leith and River Eamont, which arrives via Ullswater and Penrith.

Continuing north, it formed the eastern boundary of Inglewood Forest.[4] It passes close to the ancient stone circle known as Long Meg and Her Daughters and through the sparsely populated beef and dairy farming regions of the vale of Cumbria on the Solway Plain. After flowing through Wetheral, where it is crossed by Corby Bridge, a Grade I listed railway viaduct of 1834, it merges with the River Irthing from the east, followed by the River Petteril and River Caldew from the south, as it winds through Carlisle.

Its junction with the River Caldew in north Carlisle marks the point where Hadrian's Wall crosses the Eden, only five miles before both reach their end at the tidal flats. It enters the Solway Firth near the mouth of the River Esk after a total distance of approximately 81 miles (130 km).

Ecology

The river supports Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra).[5][6] The river and its tributaries are designated a Special Area of Conservation under the European Union's Habitats Directive. The area protected by the SAC includes Ullswater.[6]

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References

The Oxford Names Companion, Oxford University Press, Second edition 1998, 019860561-7
Adrian Room, Dictionary of Place Names in the British Isles,Bloomsbury, 1988, 074750170-X
"www.mallerstang.com". Retrieved 2008-01-13.
Mannix; Whellan (1847). History, Gazetteer and Directory of Cumberland.
"Saving Eden's salmon". Retrieved 2018-05-10.
"Site Improvement Plan".

Bibliography

Hamilton, John (1999) [1993]. Mallerstang Dale, The Head of the Eden. Broadcast Books. ISBN 1-874092-21-4.

Hanson, Neil (1990). Walking Through Eden. Pavilion Books. ISBN 1-85145-393-8.

Wainwright, A (1980). An Eden Sketchbook. Westmorland Gazette.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] The Oxford Names Companion, Oxford University Press, Second edition 1998, 019860561-7

[2] Adrian Room, Dictionary of Place Names in the British Isles,Bloomsbury, 1988, 074750170-X

[3] "www.mallerstang.com". Retrieved 2008-01-13.

[4] Mannix; Whellan (1847). History, Gazetteer and Directory of Cumberland.

[Trust-5] "Saving Eden's salmon". Retrieved 2018-05-10.

[SAC-6] "Site Improvement Plan".