Politics of Romania

Romania's political framework is a semi-presidential representative democratic republic where the Prime Minister is the head of government while the President represents the country internationally, signs some decrees, approves laws promulgated by parliament and nominations as head of state. Romania has a multi-party system, with legislative power vested in the government and the two chambers of Parliament: the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. From 1948 until 1989, the communist rule political structure took place in the framework of a one-party socialist republic governed by the Romanian Communist Party as its only legal party.

Politics of Romania
Politica României

Coat of arms of Romania
Polity type	Unitary semi-presidential republic
Constitution	Constitution of Romania
Legislative branch
Name	Parliament
Type	Bicameral
Meeting place	Palace of the Parliament
Upper house
Name	Senate
Presiding officer	Robert Cazanciuc, President of the Senate
Lower house
Name	Chamber of Deputies
Presiding officer	Marcel Ciolacu, President of the Chamber of Deputies
Executive branch
Head of State
Title	President
Currently	Klaus Iohannis
Appointer	Direct popular vote
Head of Government
Title	Prime Minister
Currently	Ludovic Orban
Appointer	President
Cabinet
Name	Government of Romania
Current cabinet	Second Orban Cabinet
Leader	Prime Minister
Deputy leader	Deputy Prime Minister
Appointer	President
Headquarters	Victoria Palace
Ministries	16
Judicial branch
Name	Judiciary of Romania
High Court of Cassation and Justice
Chief judge	Corina Corbu
Constitutional Court

Romania's 1991 constitution (amended in 2003) proclaims it a democratic and social republic, deriving its sovereignty from the people. According to the constitution, "Human dignity, civic rights and freedoms, the unhindered development of human personality, justice, and political pluralism are supreme and guaranteed values."

The constitution provides for a President, a Parliament, a Constitutional Court and a separate court system which includes the High Court of Cassation and Justice. The right to vote is granted to all citizens over 18 years of age.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Romania as a "flawed democracy" in 2016.[1]

Executive branch

Klaus Iohannis, President of Romania since 21 December 2014

Main office holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
President	Klaus Iohannis	Independent Supported by: National Liberal Party	21 December 2014
Prime Minister	Ludovic Orban	National Liberal Party	4 November 2019

The president is elected by popular vote for a maximum of two five-year terms (four-year terms until 2004). S/he is head of state (charged with safeguarding the constitution, foreign affairs, and the proper functioning of public authority), supreme commander of the armed forces and chairperson of the Supreme Council of National Defense. According to the constitution, s/he acts as a mediator among the state's power centers and between the state and society. The president nominates the prime minister after consultation with the party holding an absolute majority in Parliament or, if there is no such majority, with all the parties in Parliament.

Ambiguity in the Constitution of Romania (Article 85 (1), Article 103 (1))[2] may lead to situations where a coalition of parties obtaining an absolute majority in Parliament, or a party holding a relative majority in Parliament, would be unable to nominate a prime minister because the president would refuse the nomination (with no party holding an absolute majority in Parliament). According to Article 103(1), "unless no such majority exists", interpreted by the president as "unless no such party exists" (although an absolute majority may be formed by one party, a coalition of parties or an alliance).

In the 2008 parliamentary elections,[3] the Alliance PSD+PC won 33.09 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 34.16 percent of the seats in the Senate. The PNL won 18.57 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 18.74 percent of the seats in the Senate, giving both parties a majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. However, the president nominated a member of the PDL (which won less than 32.36 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 33.54 percent of the seats in the Senate. The nominated prime minister chooses the other members of the government, and the government and its program must be confirmed by a vote of confidence from Parliament.

Legislative branch

Main office holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
President of the Senate	Robert Canzanciuc (Acting)	Social Democratic Party	9 April 2020
President of the Chamber of Deputies	Marcel Ciolacu	Social Democratic Party	29 June 2019

The national legislature is a bicameral parliament (Romanian: Parlament), consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaților) and the Senate (Senat). Members are elected to four-year terms by universal suffrage in a party-list proportional representation electoral system. Beginning in 2008, members are elected by mixed member proportional representation.

The number of senators and deputies has varied in each legislature, reflecting changes in population. In 2008, there were 137 senatorial seats and 334 seats in the Chamber of Deputies; of the 334 deputy seats, 18 were held by the ethnic minorities representatives which would not meet the five-percent electoral threshold required for other parties and organizations.

Classification of political parties

For other political parties, see List of political parties in Romania. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Romania.

Romania has a multiparty system, which makes a majority government virtually impossible; small parliamentary parties have merged with larger ones. Currently, there are six main parliamentary parties (excluding the 17 ethnic-minority parties which have one representative each):

Party name		Romanian name	Ideology	Leader(s)	Notes
	National Liberal Party	Partidul Național Liberal (PNL)	Conservative liberal, centre-right	Ludovic Orban	Current ruling party through a minority government. The PDL merged with the PNL in the summer of 2014 to form Romania's largest right-leaning party.
	Social Democratic Party	Partidul Social Democrat (PSD)	Social democratic, centre-left	Marcel Ciolacu (acting)	Currently in opposition; part of the National Union PSD+PC until 2010, followed by a legally-unrecognized political alliance (USL 2.0) with the Liberal Reformist Party, the Conservative Party, and the National Union for the Progress of Romania.
	Save Romania Union	Uniunea Salvați România (USR)	Big tent	Dan Barna	Third largest party in the parliament (currently in a confidence and supply agreement with the PNL); Syncretic political position (mostly with focus towards anti-corruption and the rule of law).
	Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania	Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România (UDMR)	Centre-right, Hungarian minority party	Hunor Kelemen	Opposition party which had a former confidence and supply agreement with the Social Democratic Party and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats until early 2018.
	People's Movement Party	Partidul Mișcarea Populară (PMP)	Centre-right	Eugen Tomac	One of the smallest parties in the parliament (currently in a confidence and supply agreement with the PNL)
	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats	Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților (ALDE)	Centre	Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu	Opposition party, formed by the merger of the PLR and the PC in 2015. Currently in a de facto process of dissolution both in the parliament and at local level.

The main non-parliamentary parties (around the five-percent threshold) with local representatives are:

Party name		Romanian name	Ideology	Leader
	M^10	M^10 (M zece)	Economic liberalism Libertarian conservatism	Ioana Constantin
	Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party	Partidul Național Țărănesc Creștin și Democrat (PNȚ-CD)	Christian democracy Agrarianism	Aurelian Pavelescu
	Ecologist Party	Partidul Ecologist Român (PER)	Green liberalism	Dănuţ Pop
	Green Party	Partidul Verde (PV)	Green politics	Remus Cernea

Unlike other former Soviet-bloc countries, no party claiming to be the successor of the Communist Party of Romania is a significant player on the political scene.

Latest elections

Presidential election

The last presidential election was held on 10 and 24 November, 2019.

Candidate		Party	First round		Second round
			Votes	%	Votes	%
	Klaus Iohannis	National Liberal Party	3,485,292	37.82	6,509,135	66.09
	Viorica Dăncilă	Social Democratic Party	2,051,725	22.26	3,339,922	33.91
	Dan Barna	2020 USR-PLUS Alliance	1,384,450	15.02
	Mircea Diaconu	Alliance for "One Man" (PRO-ALDE)	815,201	8.85
	Theodor Paleologu	People's Movement Party	527,098	5.72
	Hunor Kelemen	Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania	357,014	3.87
	Ramona Bruynseels	Humanist Power Party	244,275	2.65
	Alexandru Cumpănașu	Independent	141,316	1.53
	Viorel Cataramă	Liberal Right Party	48,662	0.53
	Bogdan Stanoevici	Independent	39,192	0.42
	Cătălin Ivan	Alternative for National Dignity	32,787	0.36
	Ninel Peia	Romania Nationhood Party	30,884	0.34
	Sebastian Popescu	New Romania Party	30,850	0.33
	John Ion Banu	Romanian Nation Party	27,769	0.30
Invalid/blank votes			142,961	–	182,648	–
Total			9,359,673	100	10,031,705	100
Registered voters/turnout			18,286,865	51.18	18,217,411	55.07
Sources: BEC (first round); BEC (second round)

European Parliament election

The last European Parliamentary election was held on 26 May, 2019.

 Summary of the May 2019 European Parliament election results in Romania

Party				No. of Candidates	Votes	Elected	Change in seats	% of seats	% of votes
National Party		EU Party	EP Group
	National Liberal Party^[a] (Partidul Naţional Liberal)	EPP^[a]	EPP Group^[a]	43	2,449,068	10		30.30%	27.00%
	Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat)	PES	S&D	43	2,040,765	9		27.27%	22.50%
	2020 USR-PLUS Alliance (Alianța 2020 USR-PLUS) Save Romania Union^[b] (Uniunea Salvați România) Freedom, Unity and Solidarity Party (Partidul Libertății, Unității și Solidarității)	—	ALDE&R^[c]	40^[g]	2,028,236	8	8	24.24%	22.36%
	PRO Romania (PRO România)	EDP	S&D^[e] ECR^[f]	43	583,916	2	0	6.06%	6.44%
	People's Movement Party (Partidul Mișcarea Populară)	—	EPP Group	43	522,104	2	2	6.06%	5.76%
	Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrată a Maghiarilor din România)	EPP	EPP Group	43	476,777	2	0	6.06%	5.26%
	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților)	ALDE	—	43	372,760	0	2	0%	4.11%
	Independent candidate: Peter Costea	—	—	1	131,021	0	0	0%	1.44%
	Independent candidate: George-Nicolae Simion	—	—	1	117,141	0	0	0%	1.29%
	Independent candidate: Gregoriana Carmen Tudoran	—	—	1	100,669	0	0	0%	1.11%
	National Union for the Progress of Romania (Uniunea Națională pentru Progresul României)	—	No MEPs	43	54,942	0	0	0%	0.61%
	Prodemo Party (Partidul Prodemo)	—	No MEPs	26	53,351	0	0	0%	0.59%
	United Romania Party (Partidul România Unită)	—	No MEPs	30	51,787	0	0	0%	0.57%
	Romanian Socialist Party (Partidul Socialist Român)	—	No MEPs	28	40,135	0	0	0%	0.44%
	Independent Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat Independent)	—	No MEPs	43	26,439	0	0	0%	0.29%
	National Unity Block - NUB (Blocul Unității Naționale - BUN)	—	No MEPs	12	20,411	0	0	0%	0.23%
Total: 18,267,256 expected voters (turnout – 51.20%)				483	9,352,472	33	1	100%	100%
Source: Summary of the results

Notes

1. ^{^} After the 2014 election, PNL merged with PD-L/PDL and joined the EPP, and EPP Group.
2. ^{^} Prior to the 2019 election, Save Romania Union had no MEPs, and no European affiliation.
3. ^{^} According to the website of the ALDE Group, USR Plus will be part of its new group called "ALDE plus Renaissance plus USR Plus.
4. ^{^} Monica Macovei, the founder of the M10 party, was ousted.
5. ^{^} Daciana Sârbu sits with the S&D.
6. ^{^} Laurențiu Rebega sits with the ECR.
7. ^{^} After the lists have been approved by the Central Electoral Bureau, three candidates of the 2020 USR-PLUS Alliance have renounced their candidacy. The Central Electoral Bureau ruled the elimination of said positions on the list.[4]

Legislative election

The latest legislative election was held on 11 December 2016. In the two tables below are represented the results for both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies:

Chamber of Deputies

Seat distribution in the Chamber of Deputies of Romania after the 11 December 2016 legislative election:

  PSD: 154 seats

  ALDE: 20 seats

  UDMR: 21 seats

  National minorities: 17 seats

  USR: 30 seats

  PNL: 69 seats

  PMP: 18 seats

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Social Democratic Party	3,204,864	45.48	154	+4
	National Liberal Party	1,412,377	20.04	69	–31
	Save Romania Union	625,154	8.87	30	New
	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania	435,969	6.19	21	+3
	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats	396,386	5.62	20	New
	People's Movement Party	376,891	5.35	18	New
	United Romania Party	196,397	2.79	0	New
	Greater Romania Party	73,264	1.04	0	0
	Ecologist Party of Romania	62,414	0.89	0	0
	Our Romania Alliance	61,206	0.87	0	New
	Romanian Socialist Party	24,580	0.35	0	0
	Party of the Roma	13,126	0.19	1	0
	Democratic Forum of Germans	12,375	0.18	1	0
	Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs in Romania	6,545	0.09	1	0
	Community of the Lippovan Russians	6,160	0.09	1	0
	Hellenic Union of Romania	5,817	0.08	1	0
	Democratic Turkish Union of Romania	5,536	0.08	1	0
	Association of Macedonians of Romania	5,513	0.08	1	0
	Union of Serbs of Romania	5,468	0.08	1	0
	Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania	5,069	0.07	1	0
	Union of Armenians of Romania	4,868	0.07	1	0
	League of Albanians of Romania	4,640	0.07	1	0
	Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania	4,542	0.06	1	0
	Union of Croatians of Romania	3,532	0.05	1	0
	Association of Italians of Romania	3,486	0.05	1	0
	Union of Poles of Romania	3,355	0.05	1	0
	Cultural Union of Ruthenians of Romania	2,824	0.04	1	0
	Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal)	2,599	0.04	0	New
	New Romania Party	1,764	0.03	0	New
	Union of the Ukrainians of Romania	1,172	0.02	1	0
	PACT	609	0.01	0	New
	Green Party	566	0.01	0	New
	Democratic Roma Party	523	0.01	0	New
	National Unity Bloc	518	0.01	0	New
	Our Vrancea Party	511	0.01	0	New
	Independents	76,764	1.09	0	0
Invalid/blank votes		213,916	–	–	–
Total		7,261,300	100	329	–83
Registered voters/turnout		18,403,044	39.46	–	–
Source: BEC

Seat distribution in the Senate of Romania after the 11 December 2016 legislative election:

  PSD: 67 seats

  ALDE: 9 seats

  UDMR: 9 seats

  USR: 13 seats

  PNL: 30 seats

  PMP: 8 seats

Senate

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Social Democratic Party	3,221,786	45.68	67	+8
	National Liberal Party	1,440,193	20.42	30	–20
	Save Romania Union	629,375	8.92	13	New
	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania	440,409	6.24	9	0
	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats	423,728	6.01	9	New
	People's Movement Party	398,791	5.65	8	New
	United Romania Party	207,977	2.95	0	New
	Greater Romania Party	83,568	1.18	0	0
	Ecologist Party of Romania	77,218	1.09	0	0
	Our Romania Alliance	66,774	0.95	0	New
	Romanian Socialist Party	32,808	0.47	0	0
	Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal)	3,066	0.04	0	New
	New Romania Party	2,349	0.03	0	New
	National Unity Bloc	739	0.01	0	New
	Green Party	719	0.01	0	New
	PACT	719	0.01	0	New
	Our Vrancea Party	652	0.01	0	New
	Democratic Roma Party	648	0.01	0	New
	Republican Party of Romania	52	0.00	0	New
	Independents	21,395	0.30	0	0
Invalid/blank votes		205,973	–	–	–
Total		7,258,939	100	136	–40
Registered voters/turnout		18,403,044	39.44	–	–
Source: BEC

Local election

The latest general local election was held on 5 June, 2016.

 Summary of the 5 June 2016 Romanian local election results

Party		Mayor of Bucharest (PMB)			Mayors (P)			Local Councils seats (CL)			County Councils seats (CJ)
		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats
	Social Democratic Party^[a] (Partidul Social Democrat - PSD)	246,553	42.97%	1	3,330,213	38.98%	1,708	3,161,046	37.70%	16,969	3,270,909	39.60%	638
	National Liberal Party^[b] (Partidul Național Liberal - PNL)	64,186	11.18%	-	2,686,099	31.50%	1,081	2,478,549	29.60%	13,198	2,529,986	30.64%	504
	Alliance of Liberals and Democrats^[a] (Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților - ALDE)	17,455	3.04%	-	488,145	5.72%	64	545,767	6.52%	2,504	521,845	6.32%	80
	Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România - UDMR)	-	-	-	315,236	3.69%	195	390,321	4.66%	2,284	411,823	4.98%	95
	People's Movement Party (Partidul Mișcarea Populară - PMP)	37,098	6.46%	-	304,924	3.57%	18	360,035	4.30%	1,315	368,985	4.46%	41
	National Union for the Progress of Romania^[a] (Uniunea Națională pentru Progresul României - UNPR)	-	-	-	213,233	2.50%	26	245,633	2.93%	1,203	220,467	2.67%	14
	Save Bucharest Union (Uniunea Salvaţi Bucureştiul - USB)	175,119	30.52%	-	96,789	1.13%	-	121,099	1.44%	39	143,544	1.73%	15
	Romanian Social Party (Partidul Social Românesc - PSRO)	-	-	-	100,303	1.17%	4	102,839	1.22%	318	99,587	1.20%	7
	Ecologist Party of Romania (Partidul Ecologist Român - PER)	-	-	-	63,246	0.74%	1	87,016	1.03%	210	98,486	1.19%	8
	United Romania Party (Partidul România Unită - PRU)	8,356	1.45%	-	51,200	0.60%	2	60,494	0.17%	169	66,131	0.80%	-
	Independents	10,639	1.85%	-	486,826	5.71%	53	258,538	3.08%	316	52,800	0.63%	3
	Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (Forumul Democrat al Germanilor din România - FDGR)	-	-	-	40,348	0.47%	5	40,599	0.48%	81	42,652	0.51%	10
	Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania (Erdélyi Magyar Néppárt/Partidul Popular Maghiar din Transilvania - PPMT)	-	-	-	21,171	0.24%	-	35,019	0.41%	207	38,215	0.46%	6
	Coalition for Baia Mare (FDGR-PNȚCD-PSRO-UNPR) (Coaliția pentru Baia Mare - CBM)	-	-	-	32,111	0.37%	1	20,229	0.24%	11	26,217	0.31%	5
	Hungarian Civic Party (Magyar Polgári Párt/Partidul Civic Maghiar - PCM)	-	-	-	19,355	0.22%	13	18,993	0.22%	158	16,824	0.20%	6
	Party for Argeș and Muscel (Partidul pentru Argeș and Muscel)	-	-	-	14,625	0.17%	-	15,049	0.17%	67	14,137	0.17%	2
	Other political parties	14,369	2.48%	-	213,522	2.28%	15	368,927	4.63%	1,015	275,054	3.24%	-
Total:		573,775	100	1	8,477,346	100	3,186	8,310,153	100	40,067	8,197,662	100	1,434
Notes ^^ PSD, ALDE and UNPR ran independently or in various electoral coalitions with each other (PSD-ALDE or PSD-UNPR). ^^ PNL ran mostly by itself, with the exception of Tătărăștii de Jos, where it ran in a coalition with the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party.
Sources: "Situatia mandatelor repartizate pe partide". Biroul Electoral Central. "Situatia voturilor obtinute de competitori pe partide". Biroul Electoral Central.

Judicial branch

Main office holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
President of the High Court of Cassation and Justice	Cristina Tarcea	None	2016
President of the Superior Council of Magistrates	Lia Savonea	None	January 2019

The Romanian legal system, based on the Napoleonic Code, is inquisitorial. The judiciary is independent, and judges appointed by the president are not removable. The president and other judges of the Supreme Court are appointed for six-year terms, and may serve consecutive terms. Proceedings are public, except in special circumstances provided for by law.

Judicial power is vested in a hierarchical system of courts, culminating with the supreme court: Înalta Curte de Justiție și Casație (High Court of Cassation and Justice), whose judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates.

The Ministry of Justice represents the general interests of society and defends the rule of law and citizens' rights and freedoms. The ministry exercises its power through independent, impartial public prosecutors.

Constitutional issues

Main office holders

Office	Name	Party	Since
President of the Constitutional Court	Valer Dorneanu	None	June 2016

The (Constitutional Court) judges issues of constitutionality invoked in any court and judges the compliance of laws (or other state regulations) with the Romanian Constitution. The court, outside the judicial branch, follows the tradition of the French Constitutional Council with nine judges serving nine-year, non-renewable terms. Since the 2003 revision of the constitution, its decisions cannot be overturned by parliamentary majority.

Regional institutions

Romanian political mechanism

For territorial and administrative purposes, Romania is divided into 41 counties (județe, singular județ) and the city of Bucharest. Each county is governed by an elected council. Local councils and elected mayors are the public authorities in villages and towns. The county council coordinates the activities of village and town councils.

The central government appoints a prefect for each county and Bucharest, who represents the government at the local level and directs the ministries and other central agencies at the county level. A prefect may block the action of a local authority if he deems it unlawful or unconstitutional, with the matter then adjudicated by an administrative court.

Under legislation enacted in January 1999, local councils control the spending of their allocations from the central government budget and have the authority to raise additional revenue locally. Although centrally-appointed prefects formerly had significant authority over the budget, this is now limited to a review of expenditures to determine their constitutionality.

Since 1989

Romania has made progress in institutionalizing democratic principles, civil liberties, and respect for human rights since the Romanian Revolution in December 1989. Some present-day Romanian politicians are former members of the Romanian Communist Party. Since membership in the party was a requirement for advancement before 1989, many people joined to get ahead rather than because of ideological conviction; however, the Communist past of some Romanian politicians remains controversial.

1990–1992

February, 1990 Mineriad taking place near Victoria Palace in Bucharest.

Over 200 new political parties sprang up after 1989, most gravitating to leaders rather than programs. All major parties espoused democracy and market reforms in varying degrees. The largest party by far, the governing National Salvation Front (FSN), proposed slow, cautious economic reforms and a social safety net. The main opposition parties, the National Liberal Party (PNL) and the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNŢCD), favored rapid, sweeping reform, immediate privatization, and a reduction in the role of former Communist Party members. The Communist Party ceased to exist.

In the 1990 presidential and legislative elections, the FSN and its presidential candidate, Ion Iliescu, won with a large majority of the votes (67.02 and 85.07 percent, respectively). The strongest opposition parties in the Senate were the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), with 7.20 percent, and the National Liberal Party (PNL) with 7.06 percent.

After FSN Prime Minister Petre Roman's dismissal a few months before the 1992 general elections (following a late 1991 Mineriad), the FSN split in two. President Iliescu's supporters formed a new party, the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), and Roman's supporters retained the FSN name.

1992–1996

Flow chart depicting a detailed list of the political parties active in Romania since 1990, along with their afferent secessions and fusions/mergers.

The 1992 local, legislative, and presidential elections indicated a political rift between the urban centres and the countryside. Rural voters, grateful for the restoration of most agricultural land to farmers but fearful of change, strongly favored President Iliescu and the FDSN; the urban electorate favored the CDR (a coalition of several parties – the strongest of which were the PNŢCD and the PNL – and civic organizations) and quicker reform. Iliescu easily won re-election from a field of five other candidates, and the FDSN won a plurality in both chambers of parliament.

With the CDR, the second-largest parliamentary group, reluctant to participate in a national-unity coalition, the FDSN (now the PDSR) formed a government under Prime Minister and economist Nicolae Văcăroiu with parliamentary support from the nationalist Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR) and Greater Romania Party (PRM), and the Socialist Workers' Party (PSM). In January 1994, the governing coalition's stability became problematic when the PUNR threatened to withdraw its support unless it received cabinet portfolios. After intense negotiations, two PUNR members received cabinet portfolios in the Văcăroiu government in August. The following month, the incumbent justice minister also joined the PUNR. The PRM and the PSM left the coalition in October and December 1995, respectively.

1996–2000

The 1996 local elections indicated a major shift in the political orientation of the Romanian electorate, with opposition parties sweeping Bucharest and most of the larger cities in Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, and Dobruja. The trend continued in that year's legislative and presidential elections, when the opposition dominated the cities and made strong inroads into rural areas previously dominated by President Iliescu and the PDSR (which lost many voters in their traditional stronghold constituencies outside Transylvania).

The opposition campaign emphasized the need to squelch corruption and introduce economic reform. This message resonated with voters, resulting in a historic victory for the CDR coalition and the election of Emil Constantinescu as president. To secure its electoral majority, the CDR invited Petre Roman's Democratic Party (the former FSN) and the UDMR (representing the Hungarian minority) to join the government. Although over the next four years Romania had three prime ministers (and despite internal frictions), the governing parties preserved their coalition and initiated a series of needed reforms.

2000–2004

The coalition lost the first round of presidential elections in November 2000 as a result of popular dissatisfaction with infighting among the parties during the preceding four years and the economic hardship brought about by structural reforms. In the second round Iliescu, running again as the Social Democratic Party (PSD) candidate, won by a wide margin over extreme nationalist Greater Romania Party (PRM) candidate Corneliu Vadim Tudor. Iliescu appointed Adrian Năstase prime minister. In Parliament the PSD government (like its predecessor) relied on the support of the UDMR, which did not join the Cabinet but negotiated annual packages of legislation and other measures favoring Romania's ethnic Hungarians.

Năstase, in his four years as prime minister, continued the previous government's pro-Western foreign policy. The period was characterized by a political stability unprecedented in post-communist Romania and consistent economic growth. Romania joined NATO in spring 2004 and signed an accession treaty to join the EU. However, the PSD government was plagued by allegations of corruption which would be significant factors in its defeat in local and national elections in 2004.

In September, 2003 the Democratic Party (PD) and National Liberal Party (PNL) formed an electoral alliance, the Justice and Truth (DA) Alliance, as a mainstream opposition bloc to the ruling PSD. The DA Alliance agreed, among other measures, to vote as a bloc in parliament and local councils and run common candidates in national and local elections. In October 2003, the country held a referendum on several constitutional amendments deemed necessary for EU accession. The amendments included provisions to allow foreigners to own land in Romania and to change the president's term from four to five years.

2004–2008

In 2004 Traian Băsescu, the then leader of the Democratic Party (PD), won the presidential election by a narrow margin. Băsescu subsequently appointed former liberal leader Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu as Prime Minister. Popescu-Tăriceanu headed a government composed of the PNL, PD, UDMR, and PC (formerly known as the Humanist Party). In order to secure a parliamentary majority, the coalition government relied on the support of 18 parliamentary seats reserved for ethnic-minority representatives.

The government's narrow majority in Parliament led to calls for early elections. In July 2005, Prime Minister Popescu-Tăriceanu voiced plans to resign, prompting new elections; he then backtracked, noting his and the cabinet's need to focus on relief efforts for summer floods. During its first year the government was also tested by a successfully-resolved hostage crisis involving three Romanian journalists kidnapped in Iraq and avian influenza in several parts of the country, transmitted by wild birds migrating from Asia.

The government's overriding objective was the accession of Romania to the European Union, and on 1 January 2007 Romania became the 26th member of the EU. The government also maintained good relations with the United States, signing an agreement in December 2005 which would allow American troops to train and serve at several Romanian military facilities. Băsescu and Popescu-Tăriceanu pledged to combat high-level corruption and implement broader reform to modernize sectors such as the judicial system and health care.

On 19 April 2007, Parliament suspended President Băsescu on charges of unconstitutional conduct. The suspension, passed by a 322–108 vote, opened the way for a national referendum on impeachment[5] which failed.

2008–2012

The 2013 protests against the Roșia Montană Project turned into an anti-government social movement.

The November 2008 parliamentary elections were close, with the Social Democrats (PSD) winning 33.9 percent of the vote, President Traian Băsescu's centre-right Liberal Democrats (PDL) taking 32.34 percent, and the ruling National Liberals (PNL) receiving 18.6 percent.[6] The Liberal Democrats and Social Democrats formed a coalition after the election. Former prime minister Theodor Stolojan withdrew his candidacy for the premiership and President Băsescu nominated Emil Boc, president of the Liberal Democrats, as prime minister.

With the onset of the Great Recession, the Romanian political scene saw tensions between the president and prime minister and between the general population and both. Tensions escalated with a 2012 political crisis and another attempt to impeach President Băsescu. In the referendum, more than 7.4 million people (nearly 90 percent) supported Băsescu's removal from office. However, the Constitutional Court invalidated the referendum because the majority of the population did not vote (the voter turnout was 46%); Băsescu had called the referendum a coup d'état, and asked the public to boycott it. All these events have been heavily criticized by international political figures, most notably by German chancellor Angela Merkel.[7][8]

2012–2016

The legislative elections of 9 December 2012 were seen by the public as an opportunity for change and to oust Băsescu. The Social Liberal Union received a large majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate (60.07 and 58.61 percent of the vote, respectively) and a record 395 seats. The new prime minister, Victor Ponta, quickly formed a government but the failure to adopt reforms quickly triggered a wave of protests against a government seen as not fulfilling the promises of the 2012 electoral campaign. Two other projects of national interest (shale drilling and the Roșia Montană mining project) unleashed more protests. The demonstrations, initially ecological in focus, became anti-government protests.

In early 2014, the PNL broke away from the USL and entered opposition. Along with the PDL, the PNL formed the Christian Liberal Alliance in order to support the candidature of Klaus Johannis as president of Romania and later agreed on a future merger that would retain the name of the National Liberal Party. Johannis won a surprise victory in front of then incumbent PM Victor Ponta in the second round of the 2014 presidential elections, by a margin of 54.43%. Voters abroad were very angry because of the fact that they were not all given the right to cast their ballots, which represented one of the key reasons for Ponta's defeat. In late 2015, another series of nationwide protests ultimately prompted Prime Minister Victor Ponta's resignation. Shortly afterwards, President Johannis appointed then independent politician Dacian Cioloș as Prime Minister, who was briefly in charge of a technocratic government between late 2015 and early 2017.

2016–2020

Protest banner displayed on 5 February 2017 in Bucharest. The caption reads: 'I am their father', ironically linking former state president Ion Iliescu to, among others, current ruling political leaders Liviu Dragnea and Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu.

The legislative elections of 11 December 2016 saw a predictable comeback of the PSD as the major party in the Romanian Parliament, as most opinion polls gave them an electoral score of at least 40%. Alongside ALDE (a mainly splinter group from the PNL), the PSD initially formed a governing coalition under Prime Minister Sorin Grindeanu.

In early 2017, a series of massive nationwide protests (the greatest in Romania's history) requested Grindeanu's resignation and early elections because of the government's secret procedure of giving an ordinance modifying the Penal Code and Penal Procedure Code on the night of 31 January. The PM along with the entire government refused to step down but, nonetheless, decided to withdraw the decrees that started the protests on 5 February at the protests' peak.

Approximately four months later, tensions arose between PM Sorin Grindeanu and PSD leader Liviu Dragnea, which ultimately resulted in the loss of political support for the government on behalf of the PSD-ALDE coalition. The PM refused to resign but was eventually dismissed by a motion of no confidence passed by the Parliament with 241 votes (233 minimum needed).

Quickly afterwards, Mihai Tudose was proposed by the socialists for the position of Prime Minister and was subsequently accepted by president Johannis. However, just after 6 months of governance, he resigned from this dignity. Consequently, the ruling coalition nominated a new Prime Minister candidate in the person of Viorica Dăncilă, a former socialist MEP in the 2014–19 who was also accepted by the state president. Subsequently, on 4 November 2019, after a motion of no confidence, the PSD minority government was replaced by a minority cabinet led by the National Liberal Party under Ludovic Orban.

All throughout this period of time which was marked by governmental mayhem produced by the PSD-ALDE ruling coalition regarding their change of PMs as well as their intentions of changing both the Penal Code and the Penal Procedure Code, the Romanian society took to the streets of Bucharest and many other major cities of the country in huge numbers for more than 500 consecutive days in order to oppose the modification of these law packages, prompt early elections, as well as a referendum on the topic of justice.[9]

Participation in international organizations

Romania participates in the following international organisations:

ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CE, CEI, CPLP (associate member), EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EEA, EU, FAO, Francophonie. G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), Latin Union, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, SEECP, SPSEE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, Zangger Committee

See also

• European Union
• Human rights in Romania
• Military of Romania
• Relations of Romania with Moldova
• Movement for unification of Romania and Moldova
• Foreign relations of Romania

References

1. solutions, EIU digital. "Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit". www.eiu.com. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
2. "CONSTITUTIA ROMÂNIEI". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. Central Electoral Bureau decision no. 57
5. "Romanian parliament suspends president". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
6. "Romania Election Results Show Prospect of Tough Coalition Negotiations". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
7. "Angela Merkel: Este inacceptabilă încălcarea statului de drept în România. Răspunsul lui Victor Ponta". Mediafax (in Romanian). Retrieved 19 June 2020.
8. "2012, anul războiului politic. Declinul popularității lui Băsescu - vehiculul electoral al USL". Mediafax (in Romanian). Retrieved 19 June 2020.
9. "UPDATE. A șasea zi de proteste, un nou record. Peste 500.000 de oameni au protestat în toată țara / FOTO&VIDEO". Ziarul Libertatea (in Romanian). Retrieved 19 June 2020.

External links

• List of Romanian Embassies
• World Statesmen: Romania, including a comprehensive list of princes, monarchs, prime ministers, etc.
• Erik Herron's Guide to Politics of East Central Europe and Eurasia

Further reading

• John Hickman and Chris Little, "Seat/Vote Proportionality in Romanian and Spanish Parliamentary Elections", Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Volume 2, Number 2, November 2000.