NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2RT

The NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2RT of 1894 was a South African steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in Transvaal.

NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2RT CSAR Class G 0-4-2RT
NZASM 32 Tonner rack locomotive no. 992, c. 1895
Type and origin Power type Steam Designer Maschinenfabrik Esslingen Builder Maschinenfabrik Esslingen Serial number Esslingen 2642, 2643, 2655 & 2844 Model NZASM Rack Build date 1894-1897 Total produced 4
Specifications Configuration: ​  • Whyte 0-4-2RT (Olomana)  • UIC B1n2t Driver 2nd coupled axle Gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gauge Coupled dia. 38 ^7⁄8 in (987 mm) Trailing dia. 31 ^7⁄8 in (810 mm) Wheelbase 14 ft 1 ^5⁄16 in (4,301 mm)  • Coupled 8 ft 1 ^7⁄16 in (2,475 mm) Length: ​  • Over couplers 29 ft 6 in (8,992 mm) Height 12 ft 8 ^5⁄32 in (3,865 mm) Frame type Plate Axle load 11 LT 7 cwt (11,530 kg)  • 1st coupled 11 LT 6 cwt (11,480 kg)  • 2nd coupled 11 LT 7 cwt (11,530 kg)  • Trailing 7 LT 1 cwt (7,163 kg) Adhesive weight 22 LT 13 cwt (23,010 kg) Loco weight 29 LT 14 cwt (30,180 kg) Fuel type Coal Fuel capacity 1 LT (1.0 t) Water cap 550 imp gal (2,500 l) Firebox type Round-top  • Firegrate area 14.2 sq ft (1.32 m^2) Boiler: ​  • Pitch 6 ft 1 ^7⁄32 in (1,860 mm)  • Diameter 3 ft 8 ^1⁄4 in (1,124 mm)  • Tube plates 10 ft 6 in (3,200 mm)  • Small tubes 156: 1 ^25⁄32 in (45 mm) Boiler pressure 180 psi (1,241 kPa) Heating surface 833 sq ft (77.4 m^2)  • Tubes 760 sq ft (71 m^2)  • Firebox 73 sq ft (6.8 m^2) Cylinders Two Cylinder size 18 ^29⁄32 in (480 mm) bore 24 ^13⁄16 in (630 mm) stroke Valve gear Heusinger Valve type Slide Couplers Johnston link-and-pin
Performance figures Tractive effort 27,154 lbf (120.79 kN) @ 75%
Career Operators NZASM Imperial Military Railways Central South African Railways South African Railways Class NZASM 32 Tonner CSAR Class G Number in class 4 Numbers 991-994 Official name See table Delivered 1894-1897 First run 1894

In 1894 and 1897, the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal Republic) placed four rack tank locomotives with a 0-4-2 wheel arrangement in service on the rack section between Waterval Onder and Waterval Boven. Since the railway classified its locomotives according to their weight, these engines were known as the 32 Tonners.[1][2]

Waterval Onder to Waterval Boven

The construction of the railway line from Delagoa Bay to Pretoria was beset with difficulties, both in terms of disease and engineering. Malaria claimed many lives among the construction crews and some of the terrain was mountainous. In the Elandspruit valley, where the Elands River formed a 295-foot high (90-metre) waterfall, the adjacent cliffs presented a natural barrier to the continuation of the railway from the Eastern Transvaal Lowveld up to the Transvaal Highveld.[1][2]

In terms of construction, the climb up the escarpment was arguably the most difficult section on the route to be encountered by the railway builders. When the line reached Waterval Onder, they had a choice between a lengthy detour with sharp curves and costly deep cuttings, embankments and viaducts to comply with the agreed upon gradient of 1 in 50 (2%), or a shorter 4 ¹⁄₂-mile long (7.2-kilometre) section, which would entail a gradient of 1 in 20 (5%) over a distance of 2.1 miles (3.4 kilometres) in one place, as well as a 233-yard long (213-metre) tunnel.[1][2]

The shorter and steeper route was selected. While a gradient of 1 in 20 (5%) is not insurmountable by light trains with orthodox adhesion locomotives, safety and economical considerations led to the decision to install a rack track on the steep section up the escarpment between Waterval Onder and Waterval Boven. The rack track was built to the Riggenbach system which was in use on European mountain railways, with the rack laid between the rails.[1][2]

Riggenbach rack system

The Riggenbach rack system used a ladder rack, formed of steel channels connected by square rungs at regular intervals, to engage the pinion wheels of the rack engine. The rungs of the NZASM rack track were spaced 4 inches (102 millimetres) apart. To ensure correct meshing of the gears when entering the rack section, engaging pieces of special section, 6 feet 6 ³⁄₄ inches (2,000 millimetres) long and fitted with round-bar rungs, were hinged to each end of the rack, supported by a spiral spring underneath. When the rack engine made contact with the hinged section and the gear wheels did not mesh with the rack correctly, the engaging section would be pressed down until correct meshing was accomplished.[2][3]

Manufacturer

The line from Delagoa Bay and up the escarpment to Waterval Boven was completed on 20 June 1894. To work on the rack section, the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM) ordered three 0-4-2 rack tank locomotives from Emil Kessler's Maschinenfabrik Esslingen. The three locomotives were delivered in 1894, numbered in the range from 991 to 993. A fourth locomotive, no. 994, was ordered in 1897 and was identical to the other three, except that it had a coal bunker and water tanks with larger capacities, which made it heavier. Since the NZASM classified its locomotives according to their weight, the rack locomotives were known as 32 Tonners. In addition to being numbered, they were all named as well, with the names and numbers cast in brass and mounted on their tank sides.[1][2][4][5]

Characteristics

The rack locomotive had plate frames, arranged outside the coupled wheels, and was equipped with the Heusinger von Waldegg version of Walschaerts valve gear. The pinion for the rack was mounted between the coupled wheels, just forward of the driving axle. The pinion axle was coupled to the drivers through side rods, with the connecting rods coupled directly to crank disks which were mounted on the ends of the axle, outside the frames. These crank disks were grooved to act as brake drums.[1][2]

A second free-turning pinion wheel which also meshed with the rack, was mounted on the leading driving axle. It had grooved brake drums bolted to each side and acted as a brake only, with the brakes being applied by a hand mechanism from the footplate. The brakes on the driving and free-turning pinion wheels were separately controlled, while the vacuum brake gear on the engine was only used to control the brakes of the train.[2]

The main steam cylinders were also used as brakes on the rack section. During descents, the 32 Tonner would be put into reverse with the steam regulator closed and a three-way valve in the exhaust pipe under the smokebox would be closed when brake power was required. The exhaust passages would then be isolated from the blast pipe and air would be admitted to the steam chests. The air would enter the cylinders though the exhaust ports and therefore reversed operations in the cylinders. Used air would be exhausted through the steam inlet ports back into the steam pipe, from where it was led to the rear of the engine by a 1 ¹⁄₂-inch diameter (38-millimetre) branch pipe. This branch pipe had another valve, by which the driver could regulate the amount of compression in the cylinders. Small amounts of water could be admitted into the cylinders to keep them cool.[1][2]

Service

NZASM

The four rack locomotives were all shedded at Waterval Onder. When working a train up to Waterval Boven, a 32 Tonner would be coupled to the rear end of a train as banking engine. When working a descending train, the order of assembly was reversed, with the train's locomotive at the rear end and the rack locomotive in front to act as brake. Loads of 120 to 140 long tons (122 to 142 tonnes) could be handled in this manner.[1][2]

Imperial Military Railways

All railway operations in the two Boer Republics, the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek and the Orange Free State, were taken over by the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) in 1899, during the Second Boer War.[4]

All four locomotives survived the war.[5]

Central South African Railways

At the end of the war in 1902, when the IMR was transformed into the Central South African Railways (CSAR), the four 32 Tonners were designated Class G, but retained their original NZASM engine numbers. They remained in banking service on the section between Waterval Boven and Waterval Onder until 1908, when a new alignment with easier gradients, including a new tunnel, was constructed and the rack section could be abandoned.[1][2]

The original tunnel's portal coordinates are 25.638170°S 30.346637°E / -25.638170; 30.346637 (southeastern portal) and 25.636465°S 30.345353°E / -25.636465; 30.345353 (northwestern portal). The new 1908 tunnel's portal coordinates are 25.633522°S 30.349168°E / -25.633522; 30.349168 (eastern portal) and 25.634496°S 30.345066°E / -25.634496; 30.345066 (western portal).

South African Railways

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, Natal Government Railways and CSAR) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways was only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.[4][6]

In 1912, these four locomotives were taken onto the SAR roster as unclassified engines, since they were considered obsolete. Since they were excluded from the SAR renumbering schedules, they retained their NZASM engine numbers until they were eventually scrapped.[5][6]

Names and works numbers

The 32 Tonner engine numbers, names, works numbers and years built are listed in the table.[1]

NZASM 32 Tonner 0-4-2T

NZASM no.	Name	Works no.	Year built
991	Vierkleur	1894	2642
992	Driekleur	1894	2643
993	Republiek	1894	2655
994	Vaderland	1897	2844

Illustration

The main picture shows no. 992 Driekleur while the following pictures serve to illustrate the larger coal bunker on the fourth engine.

• 
  No. 991 in Waterval-Boven round­house with 46 Tonners, c. 1895
• 
  No. 993 Republiek with its small coal bunker and side-tanks, c. 1895
• 
  No. 994 Vaderland with a larger coal bunker and side-tanks, c. 1895

References

1. Holland, D.F. (1971). Steam Locomotives of the South African Railways. 1: 1859–1910 (1st ed.). Newton Abbott, Devon: David & Charles. pp. 115–117, 126. ISBN 978-0-7153-5382-0.
2. Espitalier, T.J.; Day, W.A.J. (1944). The Locomotive in South Africa - A Brief History of Railway Development. Chapter IV - The N.Z.A.S.M. (Continued). South African Railways and Harbours Magazine, November 1944. pp. 843-845, 848.
3. Jehan, David (2003). Rack Railways of Australia (2nd. ed.). Illawarra Light Railway Museum Society. ISBN 0-9750452-0-2.
4. The South African Railways - Historical Survey. Editor George Hart, Publisher Bill Hart, Sponsored by Dorbyl Ltd., Published c. 1978, pp. 19-20, 22-23, 25.
5. Paxton, Leith; Bourne, David (1985). Locomotives of the South African Railways (1st ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 23. ISBN 0869772112.
6. Classification of S.A.R. Engines with Renumbering Lists, issued by the Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office, Pretoria, January 1912, p. 2 (Reprinted in April 1987 by SATS Museum, R.3125-6/9/11-1000)