Multan

Multan (مُلتان ; [mʊltaːn] (listen)) is a city and capital of Multan Division located in Punjab, Pakistan. Located on the bank of the Chenab River, Multan is Pakistan's 7th largest city,[7][8] and is the major cultural and economic centre of southern Punjab.

For the district, see Multan District. For other uses, see Multan (disambiguation).

Multan

مُلتان
Metropolis
Clockwise from top:
13th century's Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya, Shahi Eid Gah Mosque, Ghanta Ghar, 14th century's Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Shrine of Shamsuddin Sabzwari, Blue-tiled tomb of Shah Gardez
Nickname(s): 
The City of Saints
Multan
Location in Pakistan
Multan
Multan (Pakistan)
Multan
Multan (Asia)
Multan
Multan (South Asia)
Multan
Multan (Earth)
Coordinates: 30°11′52″N 71°28′11″E
Country Pakistan
Province Punjab
DivisionMultan
DistrictMultan
Autonomous towns6
Union council4
Government
 • TypeMetropolitan Corporation[3]
 • MayorChaudhry Naveed Arain (PML-N)
 • Deputy Mayor
  • Munawar Ehsan Qurshi
  • Saeed Ahmed
Area
 • City286 km2 (110 sq mi)
 • Metro
3,721 km2 (1,437 sq mi)
Highest elevation
129 m (423 ft)
Population
 • City1,871,843
 • Rank7th, Pakistan
 • Density6,500/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Multani
Time zoneUTC+05:00 (PST)
Area code(s)061
HDI (2017) 0.718[6] (high)
Websitewww.mda.gop.pk

Multan's history stretches deep into antiquity. The ancient city was site of the renowned Multan Sun Temple, and was besieged by Alexander the Great during the Mallian Campaign.[9] Multan was one of the most important trading centres of medieval Islamic India,[10] and attracted a multitude of Sufi mystics in the 11th and 12th centuries, earning the city the nickname City of Saints. The city, along with the nearby city of Uch, is renowned for its large number of Sufi shrines dating from that era.

Etymology

The origin of Multan's name is unclear. Multan may derive its name from the Old Persian word mulastāna, meaning “frontier land,”[11] or possibly from the Sanskrit word mūlasthāna (the root place),[12] which itself may be derived from the Hindu deity worshipped at the Multan Sun Temple.[13][14] Hukm Chand in the 19th century suggested that the city was named after an ancient Hindu tribe that was named Mul.[15]

History
Main article: History of Multan

Ancient

The Multan region has been continuously inhabited for at least 5,000 years. The region is home to numerous archaeological sites dating to the era of the Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley Civilisation,[16] dating from 3300 BCE until 2800 BCE.

According to the Persian historian Firishta, the city was founded by a great grandson of Noah.[15] According to Hindu religious texts, Multan was founded by the Hindu sage Kashyapa[17] and also asserts Multan as the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom ruled by the Katoch dynasty at the time of the Kurukshetra War that is central the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata.[18][19][20]

Ancient Multan was the center of a solar-worshiping tradition that was based at the ancient Multan Sun Temple.[21] While the tradition was dedicated to the Hindu Sun God Surya, the cult was influenced by Persian Zoroastrianism.[21] The Sun Temple was mentioned by Greek Admiral Skylax, who passed through the area in 515 BCE. The temple is also mentioned in the 400s BCE by the Greek historian, Herodotus.[22]

Greek invasion

Multan is believed to have been the Malli capital that was conquered by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE as part of the Mallian Campaign. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel,[23] where he killed the Mallians' leader.[24] Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured.[25] During Alexander's era, Multan was located on an island in the Ravi river, which has since shifted course numerous times throughout the centuries.[17]

In the mid-5th century CE, the city was attacked by a group of Hephthalite nomads led by Toramana. By the mid 600s CE, Multan had been conquered by the Chach of Alor,[26] of the Hindu Rai dynasty.

Early Islamic

After his conquest of Sindh, Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE captured Multan from the local ruler Chach of Alor following a two-month siege.[27] Muhammad bin Qasim's army was running out of supplies, but Multan's defenses were still holding strong. His army was considering a retreat when an unnamed Multani came to him and told him about and underground canal from which they derived their sustenance. He told them that if Muhammad's army were to block that canal, Multan would be under their control. Muhammad bin Qasim blocked the canal and soon took control of Multan. Following bin Qasim's conquest, the city's subjects remained mostly non-Muslim for the next few centuries.[28]

Abbassid Amirate

By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (also known as the Banu Sama), who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad's Quraysh tribe came to rule Multan, and established the Amirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next century.[29]

During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the 10th century Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to have been located in a most populous part of the city.[21] The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues,[30][31] by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues.[28] During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab, ("Frontier House of Gold"), reflecting the importance of the temple to the city's economy.[28]

The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic Khorasan would assemble.[32] The 10th century Persian geographer Estakhri noted that the city of Multan was approximately half the size of Sindh's Mansura, which along with Multan were the only two Arab principalities in South Asia. Arabic and Punjabi were spoken in both cities,[28] though the inhabitants of Multan were reported by Estakhri to also have been speakers of Persian,[32] reflecting the importance of trade with Khorasan. Polyglossia rendered Multani merchants culturally well-suited for trade with the Islamic world.[32] The 10th century Hudud al-'Alam notes that Multan's rulers were also in control of Lahore,[32] though that city was then lost to the Hindu Shahi Empire.[32] During the 10th century, Multan's rulers resided at a camp outside of the city named Jandrawār, and would enter Multan once a week on the back of an elephant for Friday prayers.[33]

Ismaili Amirate

By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked Mecca,[34] and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba's Black Stone, and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE.[35] They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih,[36] and established the Amirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to the Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairo.[31][32]

The Qarmatian Ismailis opposed Hindu pilgrims worshipping the sun,[37] and destroyed the Sun Temple and smashed its revered Aditya idol in the late 10th century.[36] The Qarmatians built an Ismaili congregational mosque above the ruins to replace the city's Sunni congregational mosque that had been established by the city's early rulers.[28]

Medieval
Multan is famous for its large number of Sufi shrines, including the unique rectangular tomb of Shah Gardez that dates from the 1150s and is covered in blue enameled tiles typical of Multan.
The shrine of Shamsuddin Sabzwari dates from 1330, and has a unique green dome.
The Mausoleum of Shah Ali Akbar dating from the 1580s was built in the regional style that is typical of Multan's shrines.

Ghaznavid

Mahmud of Ghazni in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abdul Fateh Daud. The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism.[38] In 1007, Mahmud led an expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abdul Fateh Daud of Multan.[38] In 1010, Mahmud led a punitive expedition against Daud to depose and imprison him,[21][38] and suppressed Ismailism in favour of the Sunni creed.[39] He destroyed the Ismaili congregational mosque that had been built above the ruins of the Multan Sun Temple, and restored the city's old Sunni congregational mosque.[28]

The 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi reported that thousands of Ismailis were killed or mutilated during Mahmud's invasion, though the community was not extinguished.[21] Mahmud's rule over the region was noted by Al-Biruni to have ruined the region's former prosperity.[32] Following the Ghaznavid invasion of Multan, the local Ismaili community split, with one faction aligning themselves with the Druze religion,[21] which today survives in Lebanon, Syria, and the Golan Heights. Following Mahmud's death in 1030, Multan regained its independence from the Ghaznavid empire and came under the sway of Ismaili rule once again.[38] Shah Gardez, who came to Multan in 1088, is said to have contributed in the restoration of the city.

By the early 1100s, Multan was described by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as being a "large city" commanded by a citadel that was surrounded by a moat.[15] In the early 12th century, Multani poet Abdul Rahman penned the Sandesh Rasak,[28] the only known Muslim work in the medieval Apabhraṃśa language.[40]

Ghurid

In 1175, Muhammad Ghori conquered Ismaili-ruled Multan,[33][41] after having invaded the region via the Gomal Pass from Afghanistan into Punjab, and used the city as a springboard for his unsuccessful campaign into Gujarat in 1178.[38] Multan was then annexed to the Ghurid Sultanate, and became an administrative province of the Delhi's Mamluk Dynasty[29] — the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Multan's Ismaili community rose up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the Ghurids later in 1175.[21] According to Shah Gardez, the second invasion of Multan lead to the extinguishment of the remnants of Ismailism in the region.[21]

Mamluk era

Following the death of the first Mumluk Sultan, Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1210, Multan came under the rule of Nasiruddin Qabacha, who in 1222, successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by Sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of the Khwarazmian Empire,[29] whose origins were rooted in Konye-Urgench in modern-day Turkmenistan.[29] Qabacha also repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on the city by Mongol forces who attempted to conquer the city.[42] Following Qabacha's death that same year, the Turkic king Iltutmish, the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, captured and then annexed Multan in an expedition.[29][38] The Punjabi poet Baba Farid was born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s.[41]

Qarlughids attempted to invade Multan in 1236,[43] while the Mongols tried to capture the city in 1241 after capturing Lahore - though they were repulsed.[38] The Mongols under Sali Noyan then successfully held the city to ransom in 1245–6,[43] before being recaptured by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban, the ninth Mamluk Sultan. Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249, but was captured by Sher Khan that same year.[43] Multan was then conquered by Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan in 1254, before he rebelled against Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban in 1257 and fled to Iraq where he joined Mongol forces and captured Multan again, and dismantled its city walls.[43] The Mongols again attempted an invasion in 1279, but were dealt a decisive defeat.[41] Alauddin Khalji of Delhi dispatched his brother Ulugh Khan in 1296 to conquer Multan in order to eliminate surviving family members of his predecessor.

Tughluq
Multan's Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam is considered to be the earliest Tughluq-era monument.[44]

In the 1320s Multan was conquered by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, founder of the Turkic Tughluq dynasty, the third dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The countryside around Multan was recorded to have been devastated by excessively high taxes imposed during the reign of Ghiyath's son, Muhammad Tughluq.[32] In 1328, the Governor of Multan, Kishlu Khan, rose in rebellion against Muhammad Tughluq, but was quickly defeated.[45] The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam was completed during the Tughluq era, and is considered to be the first Tughluq monument.[44] The shrine is believed to have been originally built to be the tomb of Ghiyath ad-Din,[46] but was later donated to the descendants of Rukn-e-Alam after Ghiyath became Emperor of Delhi.[47]

The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe.[32] Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[32]

Timurid

In 1397, Multan was besieged by Tamerlane's grandson Pir Muhammad.[48] Pir Muhammad's forces captured the city in 1398 following the conclusion of the 6 month-long siege.[41] Also in 1398, the elder Tamerlane and Multan's Governor Khizr Khan together sacked Delhi.[41] The sack of Delhi lead to major disruptions of the Sultanate's central governing structure.[41] In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi, and established the short-lived Sayyid dynasty — the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.[41]

Langah Sultanate

Multan then passed to the Langah, who established the Langah Sultanate in Multan under the rule of Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Mahmud Shah.[29] The reign of Shah Husayn, grandson of Mahmud Shah, who ruled from 1469-1498 is considered to most illustrious of the Langah Sultans.[29] Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn.[29] The Sultanate's borders stretched encompassed the neighbouring regions surrounding the cities of Chiniot and Shorkot.[29] Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah.[29]

Multan's Langah Sultanate came to an end in 1525 when the city was invaded by rulers of the Arghun dynasty,[29] who were either ethnic Mongols,[49] or of Turkic or Turco-Mongol extraction.[50]

Suri

In 1541, the Pashtun king Sher Shah Suri captured Multan, and successfully defended the city from the advances of the Mughal Emperor Humayun.[51] In 1543, Sher Shah Suri expelled Baloch dynasty, who under the command of Fateh Khan Mirrani had overrun the city.[51] Following its recapture, Sher Shah Suri ordered construction of a road between Lahore and Multan in order to connect Multan to his massive Grand Trunk Road project.[51] Multan then served as the starting point for trade caravans from medieval India departing towards West Asia.[51]

Medieval trade
The 15th century Multani caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan, was built to house visiting Multani merchants in the city.[52]

Multan served as medieval Islamic India's trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with the Islamic world.[10] It rose as an important trading and mercantile centre in the setting of political stability offered by the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodis, and Mughals.[10] The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe.[32] Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq.[32]

The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the Multani caravanserai in Baku, Azerbaijan — which was built in the 15th to house Multani merchants visiting the city.[52] Legal records from the Uzbek city of Bukhara note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in the city in the late 1550s.[10]

Multan would remain an important trading centre until the city was ravaged by repeated invasions in the 18th and 19th centuries in the post-Mughal era.[10] Many of Multan's merchants then migrated to Shikarpur in Sindh,[10] and were found throughout Central Asia up until the 19th century.[10]

Mughal period
Multan's Shahi Eid Gah Mosque dates from 1735 and is decorated with elaborate and intricate Mughal-era frescoes.

Following the conquest of Upper Sindh by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Multan was attacked and captured by Akbar's army under the command of Bairam Khan in 1557,[53] thereby re-establishing Mughal rule in Multan. In 1627, Multan was encircled by walls that were built on the order of Murad Baksh, son of Shah Jahan.[15] Upon his return from an expedition to Balkh in 1648, the future emperor Aurangzeb was appointed Governor of Multan and Sindh — a post he held until 1652.[41] In the second half of the 17th century, Multan's commercial fortunes were adversely affected by silting and shifting of the nearby river, which denied traders vital trade access to the Arabian Sea.[54] Multan witnessed difficult times as the Mughal Empire waned in power following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.

Dar al-Aman era

Under Mughal rule, Multan enjoyed 200 years of peace in a time when the city became known as Dar al-Aman ("Abode of Peace"). During the Mughal era, Multan was an important centre of agricultural production and manufacturing of cotton textiles.[54] Multan was a centre for currency minting,[54] as well as tile-making during the Mughal era.[55] Multan was also host to the offices of many commercial enterprises during the Mughal era,[54] even in times when the Mughals were in control of the even more coveted city of Kandahar, given the unstable political situation resulting from frequent contestation of Kandadar with the Persian Safavid Empire.[54]

Post-Mughal

Nader Shah conquered the region as part of his invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Despite invasion, Multan remained northwest India's premier commercial centre throughout most of the 18th century.[54]

In 1752 Ahmad Shah Durrani captured Multan,[56] and the city's walls were rebuilt in 1756 by Nawab Ali Mohammad Khan Khakwani,[15] who also built the Ali Muhammad Khan Mosque in 1757. In 1758, the Marathas under Raghunathrao briefly seized Multan,[57][58] though the city was recaptured by Durrani in 1760. After repeated invasions following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, Multan was reduced from being one of the world's most important early-modern commercial centres, to a regional trading town.[54]

Sikh era

In 1772, Ahmed Shah Durrani's son Timur Shah lost Multan to Sikh forces.[41] However, Multan's association with Sikhism predates this, as the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak, is said to have visited the city during one of his journeys.[59]

The city had reverted to Afghan rule under the suzerainty of Nawab Muzaffar Khan in 1778.[60] In 1817, Ranjit Singh sent a body of troops to Multan under the command of Diwan Bhiwani Das to receive from Nawab Muzaffar Khan the tribute he owed to the Sikh Darbar. In 1818, the armies of Kharak Singh and Misr Diwan Chand lay around Multan without making much initial headway, until Ranjit Singh dispatched the massive Zamzama cannon, which quickly led to disintegration of the Multan's defences.[61] Misr Diwan Chand led Sikh armies to a decisive victory over Muzaffar Khan. Muzzafar Khan and seven of his sons were killed before the Multan fort finally fell on 2 March 1818 in the Battle of Multan.[62][63]

The conquest of Multan established Ranjit Singh's superiority over the Afghans and ended their influence in this part of the Punjab.[64] Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra was appointed to govern the city, remaining in his post for the following 25 years.[64] Following the Sikh conquest, Multan declined in importance as a trading post,[54] however the population of Multan rose from approximately 40,000 in 1827 to 60,000 by 1831.[64] Sawan Mal adopted a policy of low taxation which generated immense land revenues for the state treasury.[65] Following the death of Ranjit Singh, he ceased paying tribute to a successor and instead maintained alliances of convenience with selected Sikh aristocrats.[65] He was assassinated in 1844, and succeeded by his son Diwan Mulraj Chopra, who unlike his father was seen as a despotic ruler by the local inhabitants.[65]

1848 Multan Revolt
Multan's "Bloody Bastion" was the site of fierce fighting during the Siege of Multan in 1848–49.

The 1848 Multan Revolt and subsequent Siege of Multan began on 19 April 1848 when local Sikhs loyal to Diwan Mulraj Chopra murdered two emissaries of the British Raj, Vans Agnew and Lieutenant Anderson.[66] The two British visitors were in Multan to attend a ceremony for Sardar Kahan Singh, who had been selected by the British East India Company to replace Diwan Mulraj Chopra as ruler of Multan.[67]

Rebellion engulfed the Multan region under the leadership of Mulraj Chopra and Sher Singh Attariwalla.[66] The Multan Revolt triggered the start of the Second Anglo-Sikh War,[67] during which the sajjada nashin of the Shrine of Bahauddin Zakariya sided with the British to help defeat the Sikh rebels.[68] The revolt eventually resulted in the fall of the Sikh Empire in 1849.[69]

British Raj
Multan's Ghanta Ghar dates from the British colonial period, and was built in the Indo-Saracenic style.

By December 1848, the British had captured portions of Multan city's outskirts, and destroyed the Multan Fort while bombarding the city.[70] In January 1849, the British had amassed a force of 12,000 to conquer Multan.[66] On 22 January 1849, the British had breached the walls of the Multan Fort, leading to the surrender of Mulraj and his forces to the British.[66] The British conquest of the Sikh Empire was completed in February 1849, after the British victory at the Battle of Gujrat.

Between the 1890s and 1920s, the British laid a vast network of canals in the Multan region, and throughout much of central and southern Punjab province.[71] Thousands of "Canal Towns" and villages were built according to standardized plans throughout the newly irrigated swathes of land.[71]

Modern
Sadar Bazaar Multan
Shrine of Hazrat Baha-ud-din Zakariya

The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement.[72] After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India en masse, while some Muslim refugees from the newly independent Republic of India settled in the city.

Geography

Topography

Multan is located in Punjab, and covers an area of 227 square kilometres (88 sq mi). The nearest major cities are Dera Ghazi Khan and Bahawalpur. Multan is located in a bend created by five rivers of central Pakistan. The Sutlej River separates it from Bahawalpur and the Chenab River from Muzaffar Garh. The area around the city is a flat, alluvial plain that is used for citrus and mango farms.

Climate
Main article: Climate of Multan

Multan features an arid climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with very hot summers and mild winters. The normal annual precipitation measures 186 millimetres (7.3 in).

Multan is known for having some of the hottest weather in Pakistan. The highest recorded temperature is approximately 52 °C (126 °F), and the lowest recorded temperature is approximately −1 °C (30 °F).[73][74]

Climate data for Multan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.3
(82.9)		 32.0
(89.6)		 39.0
(102.2)		 45.0
(113.0)		 48.9
(120.0)		 52.0
(125.6)		 52.2
(126.0)		 45.0
(113.0)		 42.5
(108.5)		 40.6
(105.1)		 36.0
(96.8)		 29.0
(84.2)		 52.2
(126.0)
Average high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8)		 23.2
(73.8)		 28.5
(83.3)		 35.5
(95.9)		 40.4
(104.7)		 42.3
(108.1)		 39.2
(102.6)		 38.0
(100.4)		 37.2
(99.0)		 34.6
(94.3)		 28.5
(83.3)		 22.7
(72.9)		 32.6
(90.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9)		 15.4
(59.7)		 21.0
(69.8)		 27.5
(81.5)		 32.4
(90.3)		 35.5
(95.9)		 33.9
(93.0)		 33.0
(91.4)		 31.0
(87.8)		 26.4
(79.5)		 19.7
(67.5)		 14.1
(57.4)		 25.2
(77.4)
Average low °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1)		 7.6
(45.7)		 13.5
(56.3)		 19.5
(67.1)		 24.4
(75.9)		 28.6
(83.5)		 28.7
(83.7)		 28.0
(82.4)		 24.9
(76.8)		 18.2
(64.8)		 10.9
(51.6)		 5.5
(41.9)		 17.9
(64.1)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0)		 −1
(30)		 3.3
(37.9)		 9.4
(48.9)		 13.5
(56.3)		 20.0
(68.0)		 21.1
(70.0)		 21.1
(70.0)		 16.7
(62.1)		 8.9
(48.0)		 0.6
(33.1)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 −2.2
(28.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.2
(0.28)		 9.5
(0.37)		 19.5
(0.77)		 12.9
(0.51)		 9.8
(0.39)		 12.3
(0.48)		 61.3
(2.41)		 32.6
(1.28)		 10.8
(0.43)		 1.7
(0.07)		 2.3
(0.09)		 6.9
(0.27)		 186.8
(7.35)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 222.3 211.6 250.8 273.3 293.5 266.8 265.0 277.6 277.6 274.9 255.0 229.2 3,097.6
Source: NOAA (1961–1990)[75]

Multan's climate is primarily influenced by:

  • Western Disturbances which generally occurs during the winter months between December and February. The Western Disturbance provokes moderate rainfall, with hailstorms also sometimes occurring.
  • Dust storms occur during summer months. Multan's dust storm sometimes produce violent wind.
  • Heat waves occur during the hottest months of May and June, and can result in temperatures approaching 50° Celsius (122° Fahrenheit)
  • South West Monsoon occurs following the hottest months of the year, and lasts between June and September. Monsoon rains moderate temperatures, and can sometimes produce heavy rain storms.
  • Continental air prevails during the remaining months generally yields clear weather with little to no precipitation.[73][74]

Cityscape
Multan Cityscape

Multan's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as Peshawar, Lahore, and Delhi - all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city, as well as a royal citadel.[70] Unlike those cities, Multan has lost its royal citadel, as it was largely destroyed by the British in 1848, which negatively impacted the urban fabric of the city.[70]

Multan's old neighbourhood homes exemplify Muslim concerns regarding privacy, and defense against the city's harsh climate.[70] The urban morphology is characterized by small and private cul-de-sacs branching off of bazaars and larger arteries.[70]

A distinct Multani style of architecture began taking root in the 14th century with the establishment of funerary monuments,[70] and is characterized by large brick walls reinforced by wooden anchors, with inward sloping roofs.[70] Funerary architecture is also reflected in the city's residential quarters, which borrow architectural and decorative elements from Multan's mausolea.[70]

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1941 143,000—    
1951 190,000+32.9%
1961 358,000+88.4%
1972 539,000+50.6%
1981 732,000+35.8%
1998 1,197,384+63.6%
2017 1,871,843+56.3%
Source: [76][77]
Multan's is home to a significant Christian minority.
Multan's Sufi shrines are often decorated during annual Urs festivals. Pictured is the Wali Muhammad Shah shrine.

Multan city had a population of 1,197,384 in the 1998 census.[78] As of 2017 census, Multan's population jumped to 1.871 million.[79]

Language

The linguistic breakdown of the Multan City Tehsil as per the 1998 Census is as follows:

Rank Language 1998 census[80] Speakers
1 Saraiki
42.16% 632,602
2 Punjabi 32.34% 485,232
3 Urdu 23.5% 353,354
4 Others 2% 29,429
All languages 100% 1,500,617

Civic Administration

Administrators who are government servants have the powers of Nazims (Mayor). Multan district is spread over an area of 3,721 square kilometres, comprising four tehsils: Multan City, Multan Saddar, Shujabad and Jalalpur Pirwala. In 2005 Multan was reorganised as a City District composed of six autonomous towns:

Residential areas

Transportation

Motorways

Multan is connected to operational motorways M4 on northside connecting to Faisalabad and M5 on south side connecting Sukkar. M4 is further connected to M3 connecting Lahore and M2 connecting Islamabad and Peshawar to Multan. While M5 will be connecting to Karachi via Karachi-Lahore Motorway in future.

Multan is situated along the under-construction 6-lane Karachi–Lahore Motorway connecting southern and northern Pakistan that is being built as part of the $54 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor. Currently Lahore to Multan travel time is 4hrs on motorway M3 and M4. The 6-lane, 392 kilometre long M-5 section of the motorway is built between Sukkur and Multan at a cost $2.89 billion.[81] The M-5 is open since 2019.[82] It is connecting Multan to Sukkar and will connect to Karachi when Sukkar-Karachi Motorway will be opened.

Multan is also connected to the city of Faisalabad via the M-4 motorway,[83][84] which in turn is connected to the M-1 and M-2 motorways that provide access to Islamabad and Peshawar. Further links with the Karakoram Highway will provide access to Xinjiang, China, and Central Asia.

Construction of the M3 motorway also at a cost of approximately $1.5 billion,[85] and was launched in November 2015[86] The motorway is branch off of the M-4 motorway and connects Lahore to the M-4 at Abdul Hakeem. The M4 is now operational.

Rail
Multan Cantonment railway station serves as the city's main railway station.

Multan is connected by rail with all parts of the country and lies on the main track between Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore and Quetta. The Main Line-1 Railway that links Karachi and Peshaway passes through Multan district is being overhauled as part of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor. As part of the part of the project, railways will be upgraded to permit train travel at speeds of up to 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track,[87] The project is divided into three phases, with the Peshawar to Multan portion to be completed as part of the project's first phase by 2018,[88] and the entire project is expected to be complete by 2021.[88]

From Multan, links to Khanewal, Lodhran and Muzafargarh are offered by rail.[89] Multan Cantonment railway station is the main railway station of Multan.

Bus rapid transit (Metro Bus)

The Multan Metrobus is a bus rapid transit line which commenced service in January 2017,[90] at a cost of 28.8 billion rupees.[91] The BRT route serves 21 stations over the course of 18.5 kilometres, of which 12.5 kilometres are elevated.[92] 14 stations are elevated, while the remainder are at street level. The BRT route begins at Bahauddin Zakariya University in northern Multan, and heads southward to pass by the eastern edge of Multan's old city at the Daulat Gate before turning east to finally terminate at the Kumharanwala Chowk in eastern Multan.

The route will be served initially by 35 buses, serving up to 95,000 passengers per day.[92] The Multan Metrobus is planned to ultimately have total of 4 BRT lines covering 68.82 kilometres,[93] which will be complemented by feeder lines.[93]

Air
Multan International Airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, and direct flights to Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Multan International Airport is located 10 km west of Multan's city centre, in the Multan Cantonment. The airport offers flights throughout Pakistan, as well as to the Persian Gulf States.

In March 2015, a new terminal building was formally inaugurated by Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.[94] Following the opening of the new terminal, passenger traffic soared from 384,571 in 2014–2015, to 904,865 in 2015–2016.[95]

Education
Main article: List of educational institutions in Multan

The NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology, established as the training center of the National Fertilizer Corporation (NFC) of Pakistan, is a degree awarding engineering and technology institute in Multan, serving mainly the areas of Southern Punjab province.[96]

Bahauddin Zakariya University (formerly known as Multan University) is the main source of higher education for this region. Air University Multan Campus is the prominent science and engineering institute in the region. The Swedish Institute of Technology in Multan is a campus of the Swedish Group of Technical Institutes, the largest private-sector organisation providing technical education and vocational training in the Punjab.[97] Nishtar Medical University is a worldwide famous medical university in Multan. It offers many undergraduate and post-graduate programs for medical students. It is also famous for its beautiful and ancient building. Its teaching hospital is Nishtar Hospital Multan, one of the largest hospitals in South Asia. The Institute of Southern Punjab, a private and chartered degree-awarding institution well known for its voguish city campus and streamlined educational program is another notable educational establishment in the city of Multan. Now more universities from federal are also opening campuses in Multan, such as National University of Modern Languages (NUML).[98] The Women University Multan[99] is the first Government Women University offering higher education to the females of Southern Punjab. It was established in 2013.

Heritage
The tomb of Khawaja Awais Kagha displays use of traditional Multan tile-work on both its exterior and interior.

Prahladpuri Temple
Main article: Prahladpuri Temple, Multan

Prahladpuri Temple, Multan is located It is located on top of a raised platform inside the Fort of Multan, adjacent to tomb of Hazrat Baha’ul Haq Zakariya. A mosque has subsequently built adjacent to temple.[100]

The original temple of Prahladpuri is said to have been built by Prahlad, son of Hiranyakashipu, the king of Multan (Kashya-papura)[101] in honor of Narsing Avatar, an incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu, who emerged from the pillar to save Prahlada.[102][103][104][105]

Notable saints of Multan
See also: Mausoleums of Multan
The shrine of Pir Adil Shah.

Sports
Multan Cricket Stadium

The Multan Cricket Stadium hosted many international cricket matches. Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium is the other stadium in Multan which is usually used for football along with other sports activities. Multan is home to the Multan Sultans, the new franchise of Pakistan Super League founded in 2018. Multan Tigers, the domestic cricket team which had participated in domestic limited over tournaments was also based in the city. Multan has produced many international cricketers like Inzamam-ul-Haq, Sohaib Maqsood, Rahat Ali, and Sania Khan.

Professional Multan teams

Club League Sport Venue Established
Multan Sultans Pakistan Super League Cricket Multan Cricket Stadium 2018
Multan Tigers National One Day Championship/National T20 Cup Cricket Multan Cricket Stadium 2004

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Multan

Sister cities
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See also

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