Kasur

Kasur (Arabic/Punjabi/Urdu: قصُور‎) is a city to south of Lahore, in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The city serves as the headquarters of Kasur District. Kasur is the 24th largest city of Pakistan by population.[2] It is also known for being the burial place of the 17th-century Sufi-poet Bulleh Shah. It is farther west of the border with neighbouring India, and further bordered to Lahore, Sheikhupura, and the Okara District of Punjab Province. Kasur was founded by Pashtun migrants in 1525.

This article is about the city. For other uses, see Kasur (disambiguation).
Kasur

قصُور

Qasur
City
Clockwise from the top:
 Kasur skyline around Kasur Museum, Tomb of Shah Kamal Chisti, Learning School, Kasur, Tomb of Bulleh Shah
Municipal Committee logo
Kasur
Kasur
Coordinates: 31°7′0″N 74°27′0″E
Country Pakistan
Province Punjab
DivisionLahore
DistrictKasur
Founded byKheshgi tribe of Pashtuns
Government
 • NazimDeputy Commissioner Manzar Javed Ali
Area
 • City3,995 km2 (1,542 sq mi)
Elevation
218 m (715 ft)
Population
 • City358,409
 • Rank24th, Pakistan
Demonym(s)Kasuri
Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)
Calling code049
Websitehttps://punjab.gov.pk/kasur/

Etymology

Kasur derives its name from the Arabic word qasur (قصور),[3][4] meaning “palaces,” or “forts.” Hindu traditions claim that Kasur was founded by, and named for, Prince Kusha of the Ramayana,[5] son of the Hindu deities Rama and Sita. Historical record rejects an ancient mythological founding for the city, and instead dates the city to around 1525 when the city was founded as a fortified settlement by the Kheshgi tribe of Pashtuns who had migrated from what is now Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Pakistan and Afghanistan.[6][7][8]

History
The hilltop shrine of Shah Kamal Chisti is a popular shrine in Kasur.

Early

Kasur region was an agricultural region with forests during the Indus Valley Civilization. The Kasur region was ruled variously by the Maurya Empire, Indo-Greek kingdom, Kushan Empire, Gupta Empire, White Huns, Kushano-Hephthalites and Kabul Shahi kingdoms.

Founding

Kasur was established as a city by Kheshgi tribe of Mohammadzai Pashtuns who had migrated to the region in 1525 from Afghanistan,[9] during the reign of Babur, and built several small forts in the area.[10][11] During this time, the Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to conversions from missionary Sufi saints.

Mughal

Under Mughal rule, the city flourished and was notable for commerce and trade. It became the home of the legendary Sufi saint and celebrated poet, Bulleh Shah, who is buried in a large shrine in the city.

Sikh

After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Kasur region fell into a power vacuum. Kasur was captured by Ahmad Shah Durrani, though Sikhs sacked the city in 1747 under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia,[12] and again in 1763 after Durrani shifted to Afghanistan.[13] The Sikh Empire under Ranjit Singh then captured the city in 1807.[14]

British

During the British Raj, the irrigation canals were built that irrigated large areas of the Kasur District. Communal disturbances between Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims erupted in 1908 over the issue of meat sales.[15] Riots erupted following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on 12 April 1919, leading to the destruction of civic infrastructure, including the city's railway station.[16] Martial law was imposed on 16 April 1919 in response to the riots.[17]

Modern
Refugees at Balloki, Kasur during the Partition of British India in 1947

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs were to migrate to India while the Muslim refugees, migrated from India and settled in Kasur. Kasur emerged as a major center of leather tanning after independence, and is home to 1/3rd of Pakistan's tanning industry.[18]

In January 2018, two protestors were killed in rioting over the rape and murder of a seven-year-old girl. There had been 12 similar murders in the past two years, five of which have been linked to one suspect, leading to widespread anger at police failures.[19][20]

Geography

Kasur is bordered to the north by Lahore, by India to the south and east, it also has borders with Okara and Nankana Sahab district, the city is adjacent to the border of Ganda Singh Wala, a border with its own flag-lowering ceremony.

Climate

Kasur has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). Kasur has extremes of climate; the summer season begins from April and continues till September. June is the hottest month. The mean maximum and minimum temperature for this month are about 45 °C (113.0 °F) and 27 °C (80.6 °F) respectively. The winter seasons lasts from November to February. January is the coldest month. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures for the coldest month are 22 °C (71.6 °F) and 0 °C (32.0 °F) respectively. Rainfall towards the end of June monsoon conditions appear and during the following two and a half months the rainy season alternates with sultry weather. The winter rain falls during January, February and March ranging from 23 millimetres (0.91 in) to 31 millimetres (1.2 in). Water logging and salinity has effected a large area of the district making the underground water brackish.[21]

Climate data for Kasur, Pakistan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 27.0
(80.6)		 31.0
(87.8)		 37.0
(98.6)		 43.0
(109.4)		 47.0
(116.6)		 48.0
(118.4)		 42.0
(107.6)		 39.0
(102.2)		 39.0
(102.2)		 37.0
(98.6)		 38.0
(100.4)		 29.0
(84.2)		 48.0
(118.4)
Average high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8)		 22.0
(71.6)		 28.0
(82.4)		 33.0
(91.4)		 37.0
(98.6)		 38.0
(100.4)		 36.0
(96.8)		 34.0
(93.2)		 33.0
(91.4)		 31.0
(87.8)		 27.0
(80.6)		 22.0
(71.6)		 30.2
(86.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14
(57)		 19
(66)		 19
(66)		 24
(75)		 27
(81)		 24
(75)		 21
(70)		 25
(77)		 30
(86)		 27
(81)		 20
(68)		 18
(64)		 22
(72)
Average low °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)		 10.0
(50.0)		 14.0
(57.2)		 9.0
(48.2)		 23.0
(73.4)		 26.0
(78.8)		 27.0
(80.6)		 26.0
(78.8)		 23.0
(73.4)		 18.0
(64.4)		 10.0
(50.0)		 7.0
(44.6)		 16.6
(61.9)
Record low °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4)		 2.0
(35.6)		 6.0
(42.8)		 9.0
(48.2)		 13.0
(55.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 10.0
(50.0)		 6.0
(42.8)		 3.0
(37.4)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −2.0
(28.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0
(0)		 3
(0.1)		 0
(0)		 3
(0.1)		 0
(0)		 5
(0.2)		 5
(0.2)		 6
(0.2)		 1
(0.0)		 1
(0.0)		 6
(0.2)		 0
(0)		 30
(1)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 279 252 341 360 403 390 341 310 330 341 300 310 3,957
Source: MyWeather2 [22]

Notable people
Bulleh Shah was a Sufi saint.
gollark: Not on *your* computers.
gollark: Yes, the halting problem actually PROVES that it is LITERALLY IMPOSSIBLE to tell whether any program halts.
gollark: Technically, it's impossible to tell.
gollark: On all possible inputs.
gollark: Otherwise I'll have to run my tester on them, and it'll be annoying.

References
  1. "Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de.
  2. "Pakistan: Provinces and Major Cities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information". www.citypopulation.de.
  3. Singh, Maya; Clark, Henry Martyn (1895). The Panjábí Dictionary. Munshi Gulab Singh & sons. Kasur.
  4. Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1940). Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Government Printing.
  5. Nadiem, Ihsan N (2005). Punjab: land, history, people. Al-Faisal Nashran. p. 111. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  6. Sikand, Yoginder (2011-07-19). Beyond The Border: An Indian in Pakistan. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789352141326.
  7. Nadiem, Ihsan H. (2005). Punjab: land, history, people. al-Faisal Nashran. ISBN 9789695032831.
  8. Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1940). Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Government Printing.
  9. Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1940). Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Government Printing.
  10. Beyond The Border.
  11. Nadiem, Ihsan H. (2005). Punjab: land, history, people. al-Faisal Nashran. ISBN 9789695032831.
  12. Singha, Dr H. S. (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. ISBN 9788170102588.
  13. Lansford, Tom (2017-02-16). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
  14. Lansford, Tom (2017-02-16). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
  15. Khawaja, Sarfraz (1985). Sikhs of the Punjab, 1900-1925: a study of confrontation & political mobilization. Modern Book Depot.
  16. Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1940). Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab. Government Printing.
  17. Punjab Through the Ages. Sarup & Sons. 2007. p. 133. ISBN 9788176257381. kasur.
  18. Heiden, Pete (2011-09-01). Pakistan. ABDO Publishing Company. ISBN 9781617878275.
  19. "Zainab murder: Riots in Pakistan's Kasur after child rape and killing". BBC News. 10 January 2018.
  20. "Pakistani anchor goes on air with daughter to protest minor's brutal rape and murder". The Times of India. 11 January 2018.
  21. https://punjab.gov.pk/kasur_climate
  22. "Kasur Climate History". Weather2. Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). Retrieved 2019-12-03.
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