Men's rights movement

The men's rights movement (MRM)[1] is a branch of men's movement. The MRM in particular consists of a variety of groups and individuals who focus on general social issues and specific government services which adversely impact, or in some cases structurally discriminate against, men and boys. Common topics debated within the men's rights movement include the alleged favor given to women in family law including but not limited to matters such as child custody, alimony and marital property distribution. The movement also concerns itself with parenting, reproduction, suicides, domestic violence against men, circumcision, education, conscription, social safety nets, and health policies. The men's rights movement branched off from the men's liberation movement in the early 1970s, with both groups comprising a part of the larger men's movement.

Not to be confused with the pro-feminist Men's liberation movement.

Since its inception, the men's rights movement has received substantial criticism, with some scholars describing the movement or parts of it as a backlash against feminism.[2] Claims and activities associated with the men's rights movement have been criticized and labeled hateful and violent.[3][4] In 2018, while noting "some corners of the men's rights movement focused on legitimate grievances," the Southern Poverty Law Center categorized some men's rights groups as being part of a hate ideology under the umbrella of 'male supremacy' (see: androcentrism and patriarchy).[5][6] The movement and sectors of the movement have been described as misogynistic.[7][8]

History

Forerunners

The term "men's rights" was used at least as early as February 1856 when it appeared in Putnam's Magazine.[9]

Three loosely connected men's rights organizations formed in Austria in the interwar period. The League for Men's Rights was founded in 1926 with the goal of "combating all excesses of women's emancipation".[10][11][12][13] In 1927, the Justitia League for Family Law Reform and the Aequitas World's League for the Rights of Men split from the League of Men's Rights.[10][11] The three men's rights groups opposed women's entry into the labor market and what they saw as the corrosive influence of the women's movement on social and legal institutions. They criticized marriage and family laws, especially the requirement to pay spousal and child support to former wives and illegitimate children, and supported the use of blood tests to determine paternity.[10][11] Justitia and Aequitas issued their own short-lived journals Men's Rightists Newspaper and Self-Defense where they expressed their views that were heavily influenced by the works of Heinrich Schurtz, Otto Weininger, and Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels. The organizations ceased to exist before 1939.[10][11]

Movement

Author Warren Farrell

The modern men's rights movement emerged from the men's liberation movement, which appeared in the first half of the 1970s when scholars began to study feminist ideas and politics.[14][15] The men's liberation movement acknowledged men's institutionalized power while critically examining the consequences of hegemonic masculinity.[14] In the late 1970s, the men's liberation movement split into two separate strands with opposing views: the pro-feminist men's movement and the anti-feminist men's rights movement.[14] Men's rights activists have rejected feminist principles and focused on areas in which they believe men are disadvantaged, oppressed, or discriminated against.[14][15][16] Masculinities studies scholar Michael Kimmel notes that their critiques of gender roles 'morphed into a celebration of all things masculine and a near infatuation with the traditional masculine role itself.'[17] In the 1980s and 1990s, men's rights activists opposed societal changes sought by feminists and defended the patriarchal gender order in the family, schools and the workplace.[18]

Some men's rights activists view men as an oppressed group[19][20][21][22] and believe that society and the state have been effectively 'feminized' by women's movements, i.e. entities like public institutions now discriminate against men.[19][23] Sarah Maddison, an Australian author, has said that Warren Farrell and Herb Goldberg "argue that, for most men, power is an illusion, and that women are the true power holders in society through their roles as the primary carers and nurturers of children".[19]

One of the first major men's rights organizations was the Coalition of American Divorce Reform Elements, founded by Richard Doyle in 1971, from which the Men's Rights Association spun off in 1973.[15][24] Free Men Inc. was founded in 1977 in Columbia, Maryland, spawning several chapters over the following years, which eventually merged to form the National Coalition of Free Men[25] (now known as the National Coalition for Men). Men's Rights, Inc. was also formed in 1977.[26][25] Fathers and Families was formed in 1994.[27] In the United Kingdom, a men's rights group calling itself the UK Men's Movement began to organize in the early 1990s.[28] The Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) was founded in 2005, and in 2010 claimed to have over 30,000 members.[29][30][31]

Protest in New Delhi for men's rights organized by the Save Indian Family Foundation.

Men's rights groups have formed in some European countries during periods of shifts toward conservatism and policies supporting patriarchal family and gender relations.[32] In the United States, the men's rights movement has ideological ties to neoconservatism.[33][34] Men's rights activists have received lobbying support from conservative organizations[35] and their arguments have been covered extensively in neoconservative media.[36]

The men's rights movement has become more vocal and more organized since the development of the internet.[37][38] The manosphere emerged and men's rights websites and forums have proliferated on the internet.[37] Activists mostly organize online.[39][40] The most popular men's rights site is A Voice for Men.[41] Other sites dedicated to men's rights issues are the Fathers Rights Foundation, MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way), and subreddits like r/MensRights.[42][43][44] Men's rights proponents often use the red pill and blue pill metaphor from a scene in The Matrix to identify each other online and in reference to the moment they came to believe that men are oppressed.[39][41][42] There tends to be much hostility between the different subgroups. Critics say the r/TheRedPill is a subreddit dedicated to men's rights.[39][41] However, others from within the subreddit claim they focus on personal and interpersonal improvement, and not men's activism.[45] Some critics, outside the subreddit, believe r/TheRedPill is not a part of the men’s rights movement and that MGTOW (Men Going Their Own Way) are men who have no patience for either /r/TheRedPill or men's rights.[46]

Fringe political parties focusing on men's rights have been formed including, but not limited to, the Australian Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting),[47] the Israeli Man's Rights in the Family Party,[48][49][50] and the Justice for Men and Boys party in the UK.

Most men's rights activists in the United States are white, middle-class, heterosexual men.[40][51][52][53] Prominent advocates include Warren Farrell,[19] Herb Goldberg,[19] Richard Doyle,[54] and Asa Baber.[55][56] Several women have emerged as leading voices of the MRM, including Helen Smith, Christina Hoff Sommers[57] and Erin Pizzey.[58]

Relation to feminism

Many scholars consider the men's rights movement a backlash[2] or countermovement[59] to feminism. Bob Lingard and Peter Douglas suggest that the conservative wing of the men's rights movement, rather than the men's rights position in general, is an antifeminist backlash.[60] Masculinities scholar Jonathan A. Allan described the men's rights movement as a reactionary movement that is defined by its opposition to women and feminism but has not yet formulated its own theories and methodologies outside of antifeminism.[61] Scholar Michael Messner states that the early men's rights movement "appropriates the symmetrical language of sex roles" first used by feminists, which implies a false balance of institutional power between men and women.[62]

The men's rights movement generally incorporates points of view that reject feminist and profeminist ideas.[63] Men's rights activists have said that they believe feminism has radicalized its objective and harmed men.[14][19][52][64] They believe that rights have been taken away from men and that men are victims of feminism and 'feminizing' influences in society.[61] They dispute that men as a group have institutional power and privilege[65][63] and believe that men are victimized and disadvantaged relative to women.[66][67][14][68] Men's rights groups generally reject the notion that feminism is interested in men's problems,[63] and some men's rights activists have viewed the women's movement as a plot to deliberately conceal discrimination against men and promote gynocentrism.[14][69][70]

Issues

Men's rights proponents are concerned with a wide variety of matters, some of which have spawned their own groups or movements, such as the fathers' rights movement, concerned specifically with divorce and child custody issues.[71] Some, if not all, men's rights issues stem from gender roles and, according to sociologist Allan Johnson, patriarchy.[72]

Adoption

Men's rights activists seek to expand the rights of unwed fathers in case of their child's adoption.[73][74] Warren Farrell argues that in failing to inform the father of a pregnancy, an expectant mother deprives an adopted child of a relationship with the biological father. He proposes that women be legally required to make every reasonable effort to notify the father of her pregnancy within four to five days.[74] In response, philosopher James P. Sterba agrees that, for moral reasons, a woman should inform the father of the pregnancy and adoption, but this should not be imposed as a legal requirement as it might result in undue pressure, for example, to have an abortion.[75]

Anti-dowry laws

Men's rights organizations such as Save Indian Family Foundation (SIFF) say that women misuse legislation meant to protect them from dowry death and bride burnings.[76] SIFF is a men's rights organization in India that focuses on abuse of anti-dowry laws against men.[77] SIFF has campaigned to abolish Section 498A[78] of the Indian Penal Code, which penalizes cruelty by husbands (and the husband's family) in pursuit of dowry or for driving a wife to suicide.[79][80] SIFF states anti-dowry laws are regularly being abused to settle petty disputes in marriage[81] and that they regularly receive calls from many men who allege their wives have used false dowry claims to imprison them.[82]

Child custody

See also: Fathers' rights movement

Family law is an area of deep concern among men's rights groups. Men's rights adherents argue that the legal system and family courts discriminate against men, especially in regards to child custody after divorce.[83][84][85][86] They believe that men do not have the same contact rights or equitable shared parenting rights as their ex-spouse and use statistics on custody awards as evidence of judicial bias against men.[87] Men's rights advocates seek to change the legal climate for men through changes in family law, for example by lobbying for laws that make joint custody the default custody arrangement except in cases where one parent is unfit or unwilling to parent.[88][87] They appropriated the feminist rhetoric of "rights" and "equality" in their discourse, framing child custody as a matter of basic civil rights.[14][59][89][90] Men's rights activists argue that the lack of contact with their children makes fathers less willing to pay child support.[91] Others cite the discredited parental alienation syndrome (PAS) or parental alienation as a reason to grant custody to fathers; they claim that mothers alienate children from their fathers and make false accusations of abuse in order to seek revenge against fathers.[92][93][94][86]

Two protestors from UK-based fathers' rights group Fathers 4 Justice protesting in Peterborough in 2010.

Scholars and critics assert that empirical research does not support the notion of a judicial bias against men[83] and that men's rights advocates distort statistics in a way that ignores the fact that the majority of men do not seek custody.[87]

Academics critique the rhetorical framing of custody decisions, stating that men's rights advocates appeal for "equal rights" without ever specifying the legal rights they believe have been violated.[95] Scholars and critics assert that the men's rights rhetoric of children's "needs" that accompanies their plea for fathers' rights is merely to deflect criticism that they are motivated by self-interest and masks men's rights advocates' own claims.[59][96][8] Critics argue that abusive men use allegations of parental alienation to counter mothers' legitimate concerns about their and their chlldren's safety.[93][94][86] Deborah Rhode argues that contrary to the claims of some men's rights activists, research shows that joint legal custody does not increase the likelihood that fathers will pay child support or remain involved parents.[97] Michael Flood argues that the fathers' and men's rights movement seem to prioritize re-establishing paternal authority over actual involvement with the children, and that they prioritize formal principles of equality over positive parenting and well-being of the children.[98]

Circumcision

See also: Circumcision controversies, Ethics of circumcision, Forced circumcision, and Violence against men

Observers have noted that the 'intactivist' movement, an anti-circumcision movement, has some overlap with the men's rights movement.[61][99] Most men's rights activists object to routine neonatal circumcision and say that female genital mutilation has received more attention than male circumcision.[61][100][101][102][103][104]

The controversy around non-consensual circumcision of children for non-therapeutic reasons is not exclusive to the men's rights movement, and involves concerns of feminists and medical ethics.[105][106] Some doctors and academics have argued that circumcision is a violation of the right to health and bodily integrity,[107][106][108][109][110] while others have disagreed.[111][112][113][114]

Criminal justice

Warren Farrell claims there are criminal defenses that are only available to women.[115] N. Quintin Woolf has argued that the over-representation of men as both murderers and the victims of murder is evidence that men are being harmed by outmoded cultural attitudes.[116] Professor Sonja B. Starr research suggests that after controlling for the arrest offense, criminal history, and other prior characteristics, "men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do," and "[w]omen are…twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted."[117][118][119]

Divorce

Men's rights groups in the United States began organizing in opposition to divorce reform and custody issues around the 1960s. Up until this time, husbands held legal power and control over wives and children.[120] The men involved in the early organization claimed that family and divorce law discriminated against them and favored their wives.[121] Men's rights leader Rich Doyle likened divorce courts to slaughterhouses, considering their judgements unsympathetic and unreasonable.[122]

Men's rights adherents say that men are consciously or unconsciously opting out of marriage and engaging in a "marriage strike" as a result of a perceived lack of benefits in marriage, and the emotional and financial consequences of divorce, including alimony, child custody and support.[123] Men's rights activists have argued that divorce and custody laws violate men's individual rights to equal protection. Law professor Gwendolyn Leachman writes that this sort of framing "downplays the systemic biases that women face that justify protective divorce and custody laws".[124]

Across several countries (including the US and the UK), men file less than a third of opposite-sex divorce cases, and women file over two thirds.[125][126]

Domestic violence

See also: Domestic violence against men

Men's rights groups describe domestic violence committed by women against men as a problem that goes ignored and under-reported,[127][128] in part because men are reluctant to label themselves as victims.[128] They say that women are as aggressive or more aggressive than men in relationships[129] and that domestic violence is gender-symmetrical.[130][131] They cite controversial family conflict research by Murray Straus and Richard Gelles as evidence of gender symmetry.[132][131] Men's rights advocates argue that judicial systems too easily accept false allegations of domestic violence by women against male partners.[133] Men's rights advocates have been critics of legal, policy and practical protections for abused women,[131][134][135] campaigning for domestic violence shelters for battered men[127][128] and for the legal system to be educated about women's violence against men.[127]

In response to such claims, family violence scholar Richard Gelles published an article entitled "Domestic Violence: Not An Even Playing Field" and accused the men's rights movement of distorting his research findings on men's and women's violence to promote a misogynistic agenda.[136] Many domestic violence scholars and advocates have rejected the research cited by men's rights activists as flawed, and dispute their claims that such violence is gender symmetrical,[14][137][129][138][139][140] suggesting that their focus on women's violence stems from a political agenda to minimize the severity of the problem of men's violence against women and children[138] and to undermine services to abused women.[129][140] Men's rights groups have lobbied to block state funding to battered women's shelters, despite the high rates of intimate partner femicide justifying greater funding.[141][131]

Education

See also: Sex differences in education

Men's rights adherents describe the education of boys as being in crisis, with boys having reduced educational achievement and motivation compared to girls.[142] Advocates blame the influence of feminism on education for what they believe is discrimination against and systematic oppression of boys in the education system.[143][144] They critique what they describe as the "feminization" of education, stating that the predominance of female teachers, a focus on girls' needs, as well as a curricula and assessment methods that supposedly favour girls, have proved repressive and restrictive to men and boys.[142][145]

Another study has also found gender differences in academic achievement not being reliably linked to gender policies, and that female academic achievement is greater than boys' in 70% of studied countries around the world.[146] However, this is contradicted in Australia by ACARA's independent NAPLAN findings that "Since their introduction, a subtle but consistent pattern of gender differences in performance on the NAPLAN tests has emerged, with boys regularly outperforming girls in numeracy, and girls consistently outperforming boys in the reading, writing, spelling, and grammar and punctuation components".[147] To further add to the confusion with other evidence presented, there has been an obvious, unexplained and significant drop in the number of boys at university in most countries. Australia, for example, has seen a drop from 61% to 46% since 1974.[148] Similar trends have been observed in the UK, which is thought to be influenced primarily by teacher policies and attitudes.[147]

Men's rights groups call for increased recognition of masculinity, greater numbers of male role models, more competitive sports, and the increased responsibilities for boys in the school setting. They have also advocated clearer school routines, more traditional school structures, including gender-segregated classrooms, and stricter discipline.[145]

Critics suggest that men's rights groups view boys as a homogeneous group sharing common experiences of schooling and that they fail to account for how responses to educational approaches may differ by age, disability, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, religion, and class.[145]

In Australia, men's rights discourse has influenced government policy documents. Compared to Australia, less impact has been noted in the United Kingdom, where feminists have historically had less influence on educational policy.[143] However, Mary Curnock Cook, the British Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) chief executive, argued that in Britain "despite the clear evidence and despite the press coverage, there is a deafening policy silence on the issue. Has the women’s movement now become so normalised that we cannot conceive of needing to take positive action to secure equal education outcomes for boys?”[144]

Female privilege

The men's rights movement rejects the concept that men are privileged relative to women.[149] The movement is divided into two groups: those who consider men and women to be harmed equally by sexism, and those who view society as endorsing the degradation of men and upholding what they term "female privilege".[149]

Governmental structures

Men's rights groups have called for governmental structures to address issues specific to men and boys including education, health, work and marriage.[150][151][152] Men's rights groups in India have called for the creation of a Men's Welfare Ministry and a National Commission for Men, or for the abolition of the National Commission for Women.[150][153][154] In the United Kingdom, the creation of a Minister for Men analogous to the existing Minister for Women, has been proposed by David Amess, MP and Lord Northbourne, but was rejected by the government headed by Prime Minister Tony Blair.[151][155][156] In the United States, Warren Farrell heads a commission focused on the creation of a White House Council on Boys and Men as a counterpart to the White House Council on Women and Girls, which was formed in March 2009.[142][152]

Health

Men's rights groups view the health issues faced by men and their shorter life spans compared to women globally, as evidence of discrimination and oppression.[71][157] They claim that feminism has led to women's health issues being privileged at the expense of men's.[158] They highlight certain disparities in funding of men's health issues as compared to women's, noting that, for example, prostate cancer research receives less funding than breast-cancer research.[157][159] David Benatar has argued that putting more money into health research on males may reduce the disparity between men's and women's life expectancy.[160] However, women and minorities had typically been excluded from medical research until the 1990s.[161][162] Viviana Simon notes, "Most biomedical and clinical research has been based on the assumption that the male can serve as representative of the species." Medical scholars warn that such false assumptions are still prevalent.[163] Contrary to antifeminist assertions, empirical findings suggest that gender bias against females remains the norm in medicine.[164][165] Farrell argues that industrialization raised the stress level of men while lowering the stress-level of women by pulling men away from the home and the family, and pushing women closer to home and family. He cites this an explanation why men are more likely to die from all 15 leading causes of death than women at all ages. He argues that the U.S. government having an Office of Research on Women's Health but no Office of Research on Men's Health, along with the U.S. federal government spending twice as much money on Women's health, shows that society considers men more disposable than women.[166]

Scholars have critiqued these claims,[138][157][167] stating, as Michael Messner puts it, that the poorer health outcomes are the heavy costs paid by men "for conformity with the narrow definitions of masculinity that promise to bring them status and privilege"[168] and that these costs fall disproportionately on men who are marginalized socially and economically.[167] According to Michael Flood, men's health would best be improved by "tackling destructive notions of manhood, an economic system which values profit and productivity over workers' health, and the ignorance of service providers", instead of blaming a feminist health movement.[138] Genevieve Creighton & John L Oliffe have stated that men engage in positive health practices, such as reducing fat intake and alcohol, to conform to positive masculine ideals.[169] Some have argued that biology contributes to the life-expectancy gap. For example, it has been found that females consistently outlive males among primates. Eunuchs, castrated before puberty, have shown to live with varying differences, more than other males, pointing to testosterone levels playing a role in the life-expectancy gap.[170] Luy and Gast found that the female-male life expectancy gap is primarily due to higher mortality rates among specific sub-populations of men (e.g., gay, trans, racial minorities). They therefore state that social programs should be narrowly targeted to those sub-populations, rather than to men as a whole.[171]

Homelessness

Men's rights advocates argue that homelessness is a gendered issue. In Britain, most homeless people are male.[172] A 2018 study focused on three Pennsylvania emergency departments found little difference in the number of men and women who self-reported as homeless; however, the study did not claim to reflect the homeless population in the United States as a whole.[173] For information on the homeless population of the United States as a whole, see Homelessness in the United States.

Incarceration

Men's rights activists argue research on differential prison terms for men and women provides evidence of discrimination against men.[174][175][176] Farrell cites evidence that men receive harsher prison sentences and are more likely sentenced to death in the United States. He believes society considers women to be naturally more innocent and credible, and criticizes battered woman and infanticide defenses.[176] He also criticizes conditions in men's prisons and the lack of attention to prison male-to-male rape by authorities.[176]

Military conscription

Main article: Conscription and sexism

Men's rights activists have argued that the sole military conscription of men is an example of discrimination against men.[71][177]

In 1971, draft resisters in the United States initiated a class-action suit alleging that male-only conscription violated men's rights to equal protection under the US constitution.[178][179] When the case, Rostker v. Goldberg, reached the Supreme Court in 1981, they were supported by a men's rights group and multiple feminist groups, including the National Organization for Women.[179] However, the Supreme Court upheld the Military Selective Service Act,[178] stating that 'the argument for registering women was based on considerations of equity, but Congress was entitled, in the exercise of its constitutional powers, to focus on the question of military need, rather than 'equity''.[180] The 2016 decision by Defense Secretary Ash Carter to make all combat positions open to women relaunched debate over whether or not women should be required to register for the Selective Service System.[181] In the case National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System, the Southern District Court of Texas ruled the male-only draft unconstitutional.

Paternity fraud

Main articles: Non-paternity event and Paternity fraud

Men's and fathers' rights groups have said that there are high levels of mistaken paternity or "paternity fraud", where men are parenting and/or financially supporting children who are not biologically their own.[182] They hold biological views of fatherhood, emphasizing the imperative of the genetic foundation of paternity rather than social aspects of fatherhood.[182][183] They state that men should not be forced to support children fathered by another man,[184] and that men are harmed because a relationship is created between a man and non-biological children while denying the children and their biological father of that experience and knowledge of their genetic history. In addition, they say non-biological fathers are denied the resources to have their own biological children in another relationship.[182]

Men's rights activists support the use of one-parent consent paternity testing to reassure presumed fathers about the child's paternity;[184] men's and fathers' rights groups have also called for compulsory paternity testing of all children.[182][185][186] They have campaigned vigorously in support of men who have been shown by genetic testing not to be the biological father, but who are nevertheless required to be financially responsible for them.[183] Prompted by these concerns, legislators in certain jurisdictions have supported this biological view and have passed laws providing relief from child support payments when a man is proved not to be the father.[182][183] Australian men's rights groups have opposed the recommendations of a report by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the National Health and Medical Research Council that would require the informed consent of both parents for paternity testing of young children,[184] and laws that would make it illegal to obtain a sample for DNA testing without the individual's informed consent.[187] Sociologist Michael Gilding asserts that men's rights activists have exaggerated the rate and extent of misattributed paternity, which he estimates at about 1–3%.[185][188][189] He opposed unnecessary calls for mandatory paternity testing of all children.[185]

Rape

False accusations against men

Main article: False accusation of rape

Men's rights activists are significantly concerned with false accusations of rape and sexual assault,[190] and desire to protect men from the negative consequences of false accusations.[191]

Men's rights proponents believe that the naming of the accused while providing the accuser (victim) with anonymity encourages abuse of this kind.[192][193][194] Men's rights advocates have also claimed that rape "has been used as a scam."[195] Studies from the United States, Australia, and the Britain have found the percentage of estimated false or unsubstantiated rape allegations to be around 2% to 8%.[196][197][198][199] Quoting research including those by Eugene Kanin and the U.S. Air Force, they assert that 40–50% or more of rape allegations may be false.[200][201][202]

To argue the issue of false accusations of rape, the categories of 'false' and 'unsubstantiated' are often conflated, such as the National Coalition for Men citing reports like the 1996 FBI summary that finds a rate of 8% for unsubstantiated forcible rape, which is four times higher than the average for all index crimes as a whole.[200] Experts emphasize that verified false allegations are a distinct category from unsubstantiated allegations, and conflating the two is fallacious.[203] These figures are widely debated due to the questionable methodology and small sample sizes - see the False accusation of rape page for wider survey estimates.

Sexual violence against men

See also: Rape of males

Men's rights activists have also raised contention on the issue of sexual violence against men, especially in the context of the stigma surrounding male victims of Rape and the legal troubles they face, including being counter-sued for rape, child support (See Hermesmann v. Seyer), and lack of action. Men's rights activists have also criticized the lack of attention towards prison male-to-male rape by authorities.[200]

Criminalization of marital rape

Main article: Marital rape

Legislation and judicial decisions criminalizing marital rape are opposed by some men's rights groups in the United Kingdom,[204][205][206][207] the United States[131][208] and India.[209] The reasons for opposition include concerns about false allegations related to divorce proceedings,[210][211][212] and the belief that sex within marriage is an irrevocable part of the institution of marriage.[213][214] In India, there has been anxiety about relationships[215] and the future of marriage that such laws have given women "grossly disproportional rights".[216] Virag Dhulia of the Save Indian Family Foundation, a men's rights organization, has opposed recent efforts to criminalize marital rape in India, arguing that "no relationship will work if these rules are enforced".[215]

Critique of men's rights rape discourse

Feminist scholars Lise Gotell and Emily Dutton argue that content on the manosphere reveals anti-feminist pro-rape arguments, including that sexual violence is a gender-neutral problem, feminists are responsible for erasing men's experiences of victimization, false allegations are widespread, and that rape culture is a feminist-produced moral panic. They contend it is important to engage [this topic] as there is a real danger that MRA (Men's Rights Activism) claims could come to define the popular conversation about sexual violence.[217]

Reproductive rights

See also: Paper abortion

Paper abortion is the proposed ability of the biological father, before the birth of the child, to opt out of any rights, privileges, and responsibilities toward the child, including financial support.

In 2006, the American National Center for Men backed Dubay v. Wells, a lawsuit which concerned whether men should have the opportunity to decline all paternity rights and responsibilities in the event of an unplanned pregnancy. Supporters argued that this would allow the woman time to make an informed decision and give men the same reproductive rights as women.[218] The case and the appeal were dismissed, with the U.S. Court of Appeals (Sixth Circuit) stating that neither parent has the right to sever their financial responsibilities for a child and that "Dubay's claim that a man's right to disclaim fatherhood would be analogous to a woman's right to abortion rests upon a false analogy".[219][220]

Social security and insurance

Men's rights groups argue that women are given superior social security and tax benefits than men.[63] Warren Farrell states that men in the United States pay more into social security, but in total, women receive more in benefits, and that discrimination against men in insurance and pensions have gone unrecognized.[221]

Suicide

Main article: Gender differences in suicide

Men's rights activists point to higher suicide rates in men compared to women.[157][158] In the United States for example, the male-to-female suicide death ratio varies, approximately, between 3:1 and 10:1,[222] and some studies have shown a higher suicidal intent in men.[223]

Studies have also found an over-representation of women in attempted or incomplete suicides and men in complete suicides.[224] This phenomenon, described as the "gender paradox of suicide," is argued to derive from a tendency for females to use less lethal methods and greater male access and use of lethal methods.[224][225]

Prominent men's rights activists

Karen DeCrow

Main article: Karen DeCrow

Karen DeCrow was an American attorney, author, and activist and feminist, who served as president of the National Organization for Women from 1974 to 1977, She was also a strong supporter of equal rights for men in child custody decisions, arguing for a 'rebuttable presumption' of shared custody after divorce.[226] She also asserted that men as well as women should be allowed the decision not to become a parent, and was an avid supporter of father's rights movements, and argued that domestic violence is a 'two-way street.'[227] For her support, she was excommunicated from NOW after it had become hostile to father's rights movements.[227]

Warren Farrell

Main article: Warren Farrell

Warren Farrell (born June 26, 1943) is an American educator, activist and author of seven books on men's and women's issues.

Farrell initially came to prominence in the 1970s as a supporter of second wave feminism; he served on the New York City Board of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Although today he is generally considered "the father of the men's movement", he advocates that "there should be neither a women's movement blaming men, nor a men's movement blaming women, but a gender liberation movement freeing both sexes from the rigid roles of the past toward more flexible roles for their future."[228]

Herb Goldberg

Main article: Herb Goldberg

Herb Goldberg was the author of the book What Men Still Don't Know About Women, Relationships, and Love,The Hazards of Being Male: Surviving the Myth of Masculine Privilege (1975), and What Men Really Want and Men’s Secrets related to the formative men's movement. He was a professor emeritus of psychology at California State University, Los Angeles and a practicing psychologist in Los Angeles.

Criticism and backlash

The men's rights movement has been criticized for exhibiting misogynistic tendencies.[229] The Southern Poverty Law Center has stated that while some of the websites, blogs and forums related to the movement 'voice legitimate and sometimes disturbing complaints about the treatment of men, what is most remarkable is the misogynistic tone that pervades so many.'[137][230][231] After further research into the movement, the SPLC elaborated: "A thinly veiled desire for the domination of women and a conviction that the current system oppresses men in favor of women are the unifying tenets of the male supremacist worldview."[5] Other studies have pointed towards men's rights groups in India trying to change or completely abolish important legal protections for women as a form of 'patriarchal anxiety' as well as being hostile towards women.[232]

The venue for the first Men's Rights Conference in the US received death threats, calls, and demonstrations[233] forcing the organizers to raise funds for extra security[234] and eventually change the venue.

Professor Ruth M. Mann of the University of Windsor in Canada suggests that men's rights groups fuel an international rhetoric of hatred and victimization by disseminating misinformation via online forums and websites containing constantly-updated 'diatribes against feminism, ex-wives, child support, shelters, and the family law and criminal justice systems.'[235] According to Mann, these stories reignite their hatred and reinforce their beliefs that the system is biased against men and that feminism is responsible for a large scale and ongoing "cover-up" of men's victimization. Mann says that although existing legislation in Canada acknowledges that men are also victims of domestic violence, men's rights advocates demand government recognition that men are equally or more victimized by domestic violence, claims not supported by the data.[235] Mann also states that in contrast to feminist groups, who have advocated for domestic violence services on behalf of other historically oppressed groups in addition to women, such as individuals impacted by poverty, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, etc., men's rights groups have attempted to achieve their goals by actively opposing and attempting to dismantle services and supports put in place to protect abused women and children.[235]

Other researchers such as Michael Flood have accused the men's rights movement, particularly the father's rights groups in Australia, of endangering women, children, and even men who are at greater risk of abuse and violence.[8][236] Flood states that the men's rights/father's rights groups in Australia pursues "equality with a vengeance" or equal policies with negative outcomes and motives in order to re-establish paternal authority over the well-being of children and women as well as positive parenting.[236]

See also

• Anti-feminism
• Fathers' rights movement by country
• Men's rights movement in India
• Masculism
• Men's studies
• Men Going Their Own Way
• Paternal rights and abortion
• Toxic masculinity
• Violence against men
• The War Against Boys
• The Red Pill, a 2016 documentary about the movement

Footnotes

1. Rafail, Patrick (2019). "Grievance Articulation and Community Reactions in the Men's Rights Movement Online". social media + society. 5: 205630511984138. doi:10.1177/2056305119841387.
2. See:
   • Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-20.
   • Doyle, Ciara (2004). "The Fathers' Rights Movement: Extending Patriarchal Control Beyond the Marital Family". In Herrman, Peter (ed.). Citizenship Revisited: Threats or Opportunities of Shifting Boundaries. New York: Nova Publishers. pp. 61–62. ISBN 978-1-59033-900-8.
   • Flood, Michael (2005). "Men's Collective Struggles for Gender Justice: The Case of Antiviolence Activism". In Kimmel, Michael S.; Hearn, Jeff; Connell, Raewyn (eds.). Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 459. ISBN 978-0-7619-2369-5.
   • Finocchiaro, Peter (March 29, 2011). "Is the men's rights movement growing?". Salon. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
   • Messner, Michael (2000). Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-8039-5577-6.
   • Solinger, Rickie (2013). Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-981141-0.
   • Menzies, Robert (2007). "Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace". In Boyd, Susan B (ed.). Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 65–97. ISBN 978-0-7748-1411-9.
   • Dunphy, Richard (2000). Sexual Politics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-7486-1247-5.
   • Mills, Martin (2003). "Shaping the boys' agenda: the backlash blockbusters". International Journal of Inclusive Education. 7 (1): 57–73. doi:10.1080/13603110210143644.
3. Goldwag, Arthur (May 15, 2012). "Hatewatch: Intelligence report article provokes fury among Men's Rights Activists". splcenter.org/hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
4. "Men's rights movement: why it is so controversial?". The Week. 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
5. "Male Supremacy". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
6. Russell-Kraft, Stephanie (4 April 2018). "The Rise of Male Supremacist Groups". The New Republic. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
7. Ruzankina, E.A. (2010). "Men's movements and male subjectivity". Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 49 (1): 8–16. doi:10.2753/aae1061-1959490101.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
8. Dragiewicz, Molly (2011). Equality with a Vengeance: Men's Rights Groups, Battered Women, and Antifeminist Backlash. Northeastern University Press. ISBN 9781555537562.
9. Staff writer (February 1856). "A word for men's rights". Putnam's Magazine. 7 (38): 208–214. Archived from the original on 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2013-06-06.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
10. Malleier, Elisabeth (2003). "Der 'Bund für Männerrechte'. Die Bewegung der 'Männerrechtler' im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit". Wiener Geschichtsblätter. 58 (3): 208–233.
11. Wrussnig, Kerstin Christin (2009). 'Wollen Sie ein Mann sein oder ein Weiberknecht?' Zur Männerrechtsbewegung in Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit (PDF) (MA thesis). University of Vienna.
12. "Men's Rights League in Vienna". The New York Times. 10 March 1926. p. 20. Retrieved 6 June 2013. A 'League for Men's Rights' was founded today to protect men against Austrian feminism, which has grown rapidly since the war.
13. Healy, Maureen (2004). Vienna and the Fall of the Habsburg Empire: Total War and Everyday Life in World War I. Cambridge UP. p. 272. ISBN 9780521831246. As historians Sigrid Augeneder and Gabriella Hauch explain, legally removing women from traditional male jobs constituted one facet of the return to a 'healthy order' (gesunde Ordnung) in the postwar period. Hauch discusses the somewhat comical 'League for Men's Rights' founded in the 1920s to "protect the endangered existence of men.
14. Messner, Michael A. (June 1998). "The limits of "The Male Sex Role": an analysis of the men's liberation and men's rights movements' discourse". Gender & Society. 12 (3): 255–276. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003002. JSTOR 190285.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Pdf.
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16. de Castella, Tom (2 May 2012). "Just who are men's rights activists?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
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19. Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-20.
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23. Chris Beasley (2005). Gender and Sexuality: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7619-6979-2. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
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27. "Father's Rights Groups Threaten Women's Gains—And Their Safety". Political Research Associates. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
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38. Chowdhury, Romit (2014). "Conditions of emergence: the formation of men's rights groups in contemporary India". Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 21 (1): 27–53. doi:10.1177/0971521513511199.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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46. Crockett, Emily (September 21, 2016). "There's a better way to talk about men's rights activism — and it's on Reddit". Vox. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
47. Sawer, Marian (2002). "In safe hands? Women in the 2001 election". In Warhurst, John; Simms, Marian (eds.). 2001: The centenary election. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press. p. 255. ISBN 9780702233036.
48. Weitz, Udo (26 December 2003). "Run-up to election shows Israelis are as fragmented as ever". USA today. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
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50. The Associated Press (January 2, 2003). "Israel's fringe parties take root". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
51. Gavanas, Anna (2004). "Introduction". Fatherhood politics in the United States: masculinity, sexuality, race and marriage. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780252028847. Despite their claims of victimhood, men's and fathers' rights advocates are usually white, middle-class, heterosexual men who tend to overlook their institutional and socioeconomical advantages in work and the family...
52. Cahill, Charlotte (2010). "Men's movement". In Chapman, Roger (ed.). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 354–356. ISBN 978-1-84972-713-6.
53. Coston, Bethany M.; Kimmel, Michael (2013). "White men as the new victims: reverse discrimination cases and the men's rights movement". Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): 368–385. Where are the Men's Rights guys when it comes to 'other' men? Men's Rights is almost entirely a movement of angry, straight, white men.
54. Mason, Christopher P. (2006). "Introduction". Crossing into manhood: a men's studies curriculum. Youngstown: Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-934043-30-1.
55. Goldberg, Stephanie B. (February 1997). "In all its variations, the fathers' rights movement is saying one thing...: Make Room for Daddy". ABA Journal. 83 (2): 48–52. JSTOR 27839422.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) View online. Also available via HeinOnline.
56. Kimmel, Michael S. (2006). "From anxiety to anger since the 1990s: the "Self-Made Man" becomes "Angry White Man"". Manhood in America: a cultural history (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 302. ISBN 9780195181135.
57. "Christina Hoff Sommers can't take a single line of criticism". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
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59. Williams, Rhys H. (1995). "Constructing the Public Good: Social Movements and Cultural Resources". Social Problems. 42 (1): 134–135. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1016.677. doi:10.2307/3097008. JSTOR 3097008. Another example of contractual model rhetoric is in the language of the Men's Rights movement. As a countermovement to the feminist movement, it has concentrated on areas generally thought of as family law—especially divorce and child custody laws. The movement charges that maternal preference in child custody decisions is an example of gender prejudice, with men the ones who are systematically disadvantaged... Men's Rights groups... have adopted much of the rhetoric of the early liberal feminist movement... Similarly, along with the appeal to "equal rights for fathers"... the Men's Rights movement also uses a rhetoric of children's "needs"... The needs rhetoric helps offset charges that their rights language is motivated by self-interest alone.
60. Lingard, Bob; Douglas, Peter. Men engaging feminisms: pro-feminism, backlashes and schooling. p. 36. While conservative elements of the men's rights position overtly describe themselves as a 'backlash' to feminism, their more liberal counterpart's self-proclaimed commitment to 'the true equality of both sexes and to the liberation of both sexes from their traditional roles' (Clatterbaugh 1997: 89) make it problematic to describe the men's rights position in general as nothing more than a backlash against feminism.
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72. Johnson, Allan G. (2005). The Gender Knot: Unraveling our Patriarchal Legacy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-1592133833. such problems are prominent in many men's lives, but this is no organized male response to the patriarchal system whose dynamics produce much of men's loss, suffering, and grief. Contrary to Bly's claim, it is not a parallel to the women's movement that is merely on a "different timetable." It may be a response to genuine emotional and spiritual needs that are met by bringing men together to drum, chant, and share stories and feelings from their lives. It may help to heal some of the damage patriarchy does to men's lives. But it is not a movement aimed at the system and the gender dynamics that actually cause that damage.
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     • Pease, Bob (2000). Recreating men: postmodern masculinity politics. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 140. ISBN 9780761962052.
     • "CAUT Statement on December 6". Canadian Association of University Teachers. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015. Disturbingly, we have seen in the past year the rise of misogynist men's rights groups on campuses and in communities across the country – an alarming trend that requires our attention and action.
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References

• Ashe, F (2007). The New Politics of Masculinity: Men, Power and Resistance. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-30275-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Clatterbaugh, Kenneth C. (1997). Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: men, women, and politics in modern society (2nd ed.). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2701-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Dunphy, Richard (2000). Sexual Politics: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1247-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Farrell, W (1994). The Myth of Male Power. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-14381-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Farrell, Warren; Sterba, James P. (2008). Does feminism discriminate against men?. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-19-531282-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Flood, Michael; Gardiner, JK; Pease, B; Pringle, K (2007). International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities. London: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-33343-6.
• Menzies, Robert (2007). "Virtual Backlash: Representation of Men's "Rights" and Feminist "Wrongs" in Cyberspace". In Boyd, Susan B (ed.). Reaction and Resistance: Feminism, Law, and Social Change. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 65–97. ISBN 978-0-7748-1411-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Messner, MA (1997). Politics of Masculinities: Men in Movements. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8039-5577-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Newton, J (2004). From Panthers to Promise Keepers: rethinking the men's movement. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847691302.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading

• Arndt, Bettina (2019). #MenToo. Wilkinson. ISBN 978-1925642650.
• Baumeister, R.F. (2010). Is There Anything Good About Men?: How Cultures Flourish by Exploiting Men. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195374100.
• Coston, Bethany M.; Kimmel, Michael (2013). "White Men as the New Victims: Reverse Discrimination Cases and the Men's Rights Movement". Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): 368–385.
• Maddison, Sarah (1999). "Private Men, Public Anger: The Men's Rights Movement in Australia" (PDF). Journal of Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. 4 (2): 39–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-07. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
• Messner, Michael A. (1998). "The Limits of the "Male Sex Role": An Analysis of the Men's Liberation and Men's Rights Movement's Discourse". Gender & Society. 12 (3): 255–276. doi:10.1177/0891243298012003002.
• Murdoch, Simon (February 2019). "Societal misogyny and the manosphere: understanding the UK anti-feminist movement" (PDF). State of hate 2019: People vs the elite?. London: Hope Not Hate. pp. 38–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-23.
• Nathanson, P.; Young, K.K. (2001). Spreading Misandry: The Teaching of Contempt for Men in Popular Culture. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 9780773522725.
• Sharlet, Jeff (March 2015). "Are You Man Enough for the Men's Rights Movement?". GQ.

External links