Mangalore

Mangalore, officially known as Mangaluru, is the major port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats mountain range about 352 km (219 mi) west of Bangalore, the state capital. Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664 according to the 2011 national census of India.

For other uses, see Mangalore (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Bangalore.

Mangalore
City
Mangaluru
Clockwise from top: Mangalore skyline, Falnir, Infosys campus, Pilikula Botanical Garden, Kankanady
Mangalore City Corporation
Nickname(s): 
Kudla (Tulu), Kodiyal (Konkani), Maikala (Beary)
Mangalore
Mangalore
Coordinates: 12°47′08″N 74°50′28″E
Country India
StateKarnataka
DistrictDakshina Kannada
TalukMangalore
Named forMangaladevi
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • BodyMangalore City Corporation
 • MayorDiwakara (BJP)[1]
Area
 • City170 km2 (70 sq mi)
Elevation
22 m (72 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • City484,785[3]
 • Metro
619,664[4]
Demonym(s)Mangalorean, Maṅgaḷūrinavaru, Kudladhar, Maikalathanga, Mangaluriga, Kodialcho, Koḍiyāḷgar
Languages
 • AdministrativeKannada, English
 • RegionalTulu, Konkani, Beary, Koraga, Havyaka Kannada
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
575001 to 575030
Telephone code+91-(0824)
Vehicle registrationKA-19, KA-62[5]
Sex ratio1.016[6]
Human Development Index 0.83 (as of 2015)[7]
very high
Literacy94.03%[8]
Websitewww.mangalurucity.mrc.gov.in

The city developed as a port in the Arabian Sea during ancient times; it has since developed into a major port of India that handles 75 per cent of India's coffee and cashew exports, and is the country's seventh largest container port. Mangalore has been ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947 and was unified with Mysore State (now called Karnataka) in 1956.

Mangalore is also the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district, and is a commercial, industrial, educational, healthcare and startup hub. This city's International Airport is the second-largest airport in Karnataka. Mangalore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration, which manages the 60 wards of the city. The city's landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers and hard laterite soil. India's first 3D planetarium with 8K resolution display is situated in this city. Mangalore is also included in the Smart Cities Mission list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India. The city has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level. Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon.

Etymology
1652 Sanson Map of India

Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi Temple[9] or a synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect.[10] According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar[11] renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition.[12] Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi.[11][13] She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore because she fell ill on the way.[13] When she died, the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar was consecrated in her honour by the local people.[14][11] The city got its name from the temple.[15]

One of the earliest references to the city's name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Mangalapuram.[12] The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom.[12] According to K.V. Ramesh, President of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first used in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule.[16] Many shilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura.[16] Before that, during the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as Mangalapura (Mangala means 'auspicious').[16] in Kannada language, the city is known as Mangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city).[16] During British rule from 1799, the anglicised version Mangalore became the official appellation.[16] According to historian George M. Moraes, however, the word Mangalore is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru.[17]:2 The city's name appears on maps from as early as the 1652 Sanson Map of India.[18]

Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages.[19] In Tulu, the region's primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla, meaning junction because it is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers.[20] In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodiyal, while in Malayalam, Mangalore is called Mangalapuram and the Beary name for the city is Maikala.[21] Mangalore was officially renamed to "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014.[22]

History
Main article: History of Mangalore

Early and medieval history

Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers.[23] During the first century CE, the Roman historian Pliny the Elder made references to a place called "Nitrias" as an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity,[24] while Greek second-century historian Ptolemy referred to a place called "Nitra".[25] These remarks were probably referring to the Netravati River that flows through Mangalore.[25] In his sixth-century work Christian Topography, Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek monk, mentions Malabar as the chief seat of the pepper trade and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper markets that exported pepper.[26][27]

Mangalore is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people.[28] In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha.[11] From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers.[29] From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,[30]:17[31][32] who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra.[30] During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju.[33] The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mangalore in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the Estuary of the wolf, which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.[34][35]:30 By 1345, the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.[30]:17

During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur.[30][36] Often a single governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas, and when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they had a governor at Barkur only.[30]:19 In 1448, Abdur Razzaq, the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore en route to the Vijayanagara court.[37][35]:31 The Italian traveller Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.[30]:20

Foundation and early modern history
Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, Viceroy of Portuguese India, established Portuguese rule in Mangalore in 1526,[38] which lasted until 1695.[39]
A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken over by the British East India Company
The tower at Light House Hill, Hampankatta, served as a lookout for the British.[40]

In 1498, European influence in Mangalore began when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at the nearby St Mary's Islands.[41] The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.[42] Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese,[43] whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and Moplah trade.[30] In 1524, Vasco da Gama ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of Calicut had agents at Mangalore and Basrur.[30] In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore.[38] The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.[30]:20 In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler Sadashiva Raya entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara.[30] By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara.[44]

After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.[30]:27 They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system[30] and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist.[45][32] The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.[30]:30 The Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle visited here in 1623–1624.[46] In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.[39]

In 1763, Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore,[47] which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783,[48] but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan subsequently took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad".[49][50] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.[51] After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained under British control, headquartering South Canara district under the Madras Presidency.[16][52][53]

Francis Buchanan, a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade.[54] The main commodity of export was rice; it went to Muscat, Bombay, Goa and Malabar.[30] Supari (Betel-nut) was exported to Bombay, Surat and Kutch.[30] Sandalwood and black pepper were exported to Bombay.[30]

Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there.[55] After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region.[56] The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation.[57] Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made Mangalore tiles.[28] When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,[58]:5 which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency.[58]:6

Later modern and contemporary history

On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangalore with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).[17]:178 The Italian Jesuits who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health and social welfare.[59] Mangalore was linked to the Southern Railway in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.[60] Mangalore was a major source of educated workers to Bombay, Bangalore and the Middle East by the early 20th century.[28]

The States Reorganisation Act (1956) led to Mangalore being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.[61][62]:415 Mangalore is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Arabian Sea coastline.[28][63] Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.[64][65] The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangalore develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.[66][67]

Geography
Sunset at Netravati Bridge

Mangalore is located on the western coast of India at 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88 in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state.[68] It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level.[69] The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.[70]

A schematic map showing the tourist places in Mangalore city

Mangalore is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east.[68] As a municipal entity, the city spans 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi).[2] The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city.[71] The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Arabian Sea.[72] Coconut, palm and ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.[71]

The city's topography consists of a plain that stretches up to 30 km (18.64 mi) from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats.[73] The local geology is characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.[70] The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.[74]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon.[75] It receives about 95 per cent of its total annual rainfall between May to October but remains extremely dry from December to March.[75] Humidity is approximately 75 per cent on average and peaks during June, July and August.[76] The maximum average humidity is 93 per cent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 per cent in January.[76] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.[77] The driest and least humid months are from December to February.[78] During this period, temperatures during the day stay below 34 °C (93 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night.[79] The lowest temperature recorded at Panambur is 15.6 °C (60 °F) on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is 15.9 °C (61 °F) on 19 November 1974.[80] According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the temperature in Mangalore has never reached 40 °C (104 °F).[81] The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats.[82] The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October.[83] The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8 mm (13 in) on 22 June 2003.[80] In 1994, Mangalore recorded its highest annual rainfall at 5,018.52 mm (198 in).[84]

Economy
Main article: Economy of Mangalore

Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing and port-related activities comprise this city's economy.[89] The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port.[63] It handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.[90] During 2000–01, Mangalore generated a revenue of ₹335 million (US$4.70 million) for the state.[91] The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of ₹4.47 billion (US$62.67 million) during 2012–13[92] and ₹27.91 billion (US$391.30 million) during December 2018.[93] During 2012–13, MRPL and MCF contributed ₹501 million (US$7.02 million) and ₹373 million (US$5.23 million) respectively, to the state's revenue.[92] Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka.[94] Imports through Mangalore harbour include crude oil, edible oil, liquefied petroleum gas and timber.[95]

Cognizant campus in Mangalore[96]

The city's major chemical industries include BASF,[97] Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL),[98] Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL),[99] Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL),[100] Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL),[101] Total Oil India Limited[102] and Hindustan Unilever.[103] The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangalore and Padur to ensure energy security.[104][105] Out of the 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangalore.[106] Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL) (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established a shipbuilding site near Tannirbavi in Mangalore.[107][108]

Syndicate Bank at Hampankatta

Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys,[109] Cognizant[110] and Thomson Reuters[111] have their offices at Mangalore.[90] Mphasis' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has a branch in this city.[112] IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt[113] and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University have been constructed.[114] An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu.[115] Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has planned to invest ₹500 crore (US$70.10 million) and setup its office at Karnad near Mangalore.[116][117]

Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL) is a startup incubation centre situated in the city.[118] Corporation Bank,[119] Canara Bank[120] and Vijaya Bank[121] were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Mangalore is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and Karnataka Bank.[122] The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd,[123] Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank Ltd[124] and SCDCC Bank[125] were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.

Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.[126] The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.[127] New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 Twenty-foot equivalent units of containers during the years 2017–18.[128] Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions.[129] Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction.[90][89] The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories.[130][131] The city's suburb Ullal produces hosiery and coir yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.[89]

Demographics
Population Growth
YearPop.±%
192166,400—    
193173,600+10.8%
194185,500+16.2%
1951110,750+29.5%
1961145,300+31.2%
1971210,400+44.8%
1981305,200+45.1%
1991425,600+39.4%
2001512,100+20.3%
2011619,600+21.0%
Source: Census of India[132][4]
Religions in Mangalore (2011 census)
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 68.99%
Islam
 
 17.40%
Christianity
 
 13.15%
Jainism
 
 0.21%
Not Stated
 
 0.12%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Sikhism (0.08%), Buddhism (0.05%).

According to the 2011 Indian census, the population of Mangalore city was 484,785,[3] and the metropolitan area had a population of 619,664.[4] The male literacy rate was 96.49 per cent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 per cent.[4] About 8.5 per cent of the population was under the age of six years.[4] The death rate and Infant mortality rate were at 3.7 per cent and 1.2 per cent respectively.[133] About 7726 people resided in slums in Mangalore city, which was 1.55 per cent of the total population.[134][135] The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city was 0.83 in 2015.[7]

Mangalore is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, Malayalam and Beary are spoken.[19] The city is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary, Mangaluru in Kannada and Mangalapuram in Malayalam.[19] Among the residents of the city, Kudla is the most commonly used name for it.[19] There are also smaller communities of Tuluva Jains,[136] Gujaratis,[28] Tamils[137] and Marathis.[138]

Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangalore, and Devadiga, Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunts, Vishwakarma, Kota Brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, Sthanika Brahmins, Goud Saraswat Brahmins (GSBs), Chitpavan Brahmins and Daivadnyas are the major communities among Hindus.[139] Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society; Mangalorean Catholics comprise the city's largest Christian community.[140] Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Kannada.[141] Anglo-Indians were also part of the Mangalorean Christian Community.[142] Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities.[143] Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys who speak the Beary language.[144] Most of them follow the Shafi'i school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence).[145] Mangalore also has a small group of Urdu-speaking Dakhini Muslims.[146]

Government and public services

Civic administration
Main article: Mangalore City Corporation
Mangalore City Corporation at Lalbagh

Mangalore has a city area of 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi).[2] Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast and Vamanjoor in the east.[147] Mangalore City Corporation (MCC), which came into existence in 1980, is the municipal corporation in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.[148] The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives, called corporators; one from each of the city's 60 wards.[149][150] A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected as a Mayor.[151] MCC's headquarters are at Lalbagh.[147] Mangalore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth and expansion of the city.[152][153][154] The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA.[155] The 44 projects listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangalore Smart City Limited (MSCL).[156]

Until the Delimitation commission's revision of the Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha; one for the southern part of the city that fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency and another for the northern part of the city that fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha constituency.[157] After the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency was replaced with Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore being represented by one Member of Parliament (MP).[158][159] Additionally, Mangalore sends three members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Mangalore City South, Mangalore City North and Mangalore.[160] The Mangalore City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police.[161] Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the western districts of Karnataka and is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).[162]

Healthcare
KMC Hospital in Mangalore[163]

The city is served by various hospitals such as Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI),[164] KMC Hospital, AJ Hospital and Wenlock Hospital.[165][166] As of 2020, over 2500 doctors, nurses, paramedics and other healthcare providers are working in FMCI.[164] Wenlock Hospital has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighbouring districts.[166] Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries.[167] During 2017–19, around 240 foreign nationals have availed treatment in three hospitals across the city.[167] Of these, approximately 50 per cent of the patients arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the USA.[167] At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19.[167] The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from the Gulf countries.[167]

Utility services

In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).[168][169][170] Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants.[171][172]

Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, 14 km (9 mi) from Mangalore.[173][174][175] The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems, and reduce leakage and losses in the city's distribution system.[174] The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in Mangalore are handled by the French company Suez Environnement.[176][177] The city's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor.[178] The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.[179]

Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.[180] Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services.[181] Prominent broadband internet service providers in the city include Airtel and DataOne by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.[182]

Education
Main article: List of educational institutions in Mangalore
National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) in Surathkal is among the premier institutes of India

The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India.[183] In schools and colleges below university-level, the media of instruction are mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities. [184] Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or are run by private trusts and individuals.[185][186] Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE),[187] the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)[188] and the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) boards.[189]

Below are some of the earliest schools and colleges established in Mangalore, and their years of establishment

Kasturba Medical College, which was established in 1953, was India's first private medical college and Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS) was established in the city in 1987.[201] A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located at Mannagudda.[202] Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980[203] to fulfil the higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts.[204] It is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution.[205] NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S), launched by ISRO.[206]

Transport
Main article: Transport in Mangalore

Mangalore is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea.[207]

Jet bridge at the Mangalore International Airport

Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE, ICAO: VOML) is located near Bajpe-Kenjar about 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Mangalore city centre.[208] It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East.[209][210] It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka.[211][212] New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements.[213] State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.[214]

Five National Highways pass through Mangalore.[215] NH-66 (previously known as NH-17[216]), which runs from Panvel, Maharashtra, to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction.[217] NH-75 (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to Bangalore and Vellore.[218] NH-169 (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangalore to Shimoga.[219] NH-73, a 315 km (196 mi)-long National Highway connects Mangalore to Tumkur.[220] NH-275 also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore.[221] National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-66 and BC Road junction on NH-75.[222] Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a 37.5 km (23 mi) stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four.[223]

Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangalore are operated by the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).[224][225] Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city.[226] Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses.[227] KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangalore with other parts of the state.[228] KSRTC JnNurm green city buses operate within the city limits.[229]

Clock Tower to Nehru Maidan Road

Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907;[230] the city was the starting point of India's longest rail route.[60] The city has three railway stations; Mangalore Central at Hampankatta, Mangalore Junction at Padil and Surathkal railway station.[231] A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore with Sakleshpur and Hassan.[232] The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006[233] and passenger traffic in December 2007.[234] Mangalore is also connected to Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kollam through the Southern Railway and to Mumbai, Bhatkal, Karwar, Surat, Ajmer and Margao through the Konkan Railway.[235][236]

Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage and logistical services while New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes,[237] and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers.[238] The Indian Coast Guard has a station at New Mangalore Port.[239] This artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka.[240][63] Electronic visa (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.[241]

Culture
Main article: Culture of Mangalore
Bhuta Kola

Music and dance

Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangalore. Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance[242] while Pilivesha (tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.[243] Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed during Dasara.[244]

Paddanas, ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.[244] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such as Kolkai (sung during Kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props), Unjal Pat (traditional lullaby), Moilanji Pat and Oppune Pat (sung at weddings).[245] The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.[244]

Festivals

Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated, the most important being Dasara, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid and Ganesh Chaturthi.[246][247] Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru Rathotsava (chariot festival) is unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community and is celebrated at the city's Sri Venkatramana Temple.[248]

The Mangalore Catholic community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.[249] The Jain Milan, a committee that consists of Jain families, organises the annual Jain food festival,[250] while Mosaru Kudike (curd pots feast), which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival is celebrated by the whole community.[251] Special night prayers called Taraveeh (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month of Ramadan.[252]

Aati, a festival worshiping Kalenja, a patron spirit of the city, is during the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar.[253] Festivals such as Karavali Utsav (coastal festival) and Kudlotsava (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.[254] Bhuta Kola (spirit worship) is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night.[255] Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.[256] Kori Katta, an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas,[257][258] a religious and spiritual cockfight, is held at the temples when permission is given by police.[259]

Cuisine
Main article: Mangalorean cuisine
Neer dosa, a variant of dosa and pundi (rice ball), are native to Mangalore

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by South Indian cuisine; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region.[260] Coconut, curry leaves, ginger, garlic and chili are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries.[261] Well-known Mangalorean dishes include kori rotti, neer dosa, pundi (rice ball), patrode, golibaje and Mangalore buns.[262] Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes like bangude pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), boothai gasi (sardine semi-gravy), anjal fry, Mangalorean Chicken Sukka and Chicken Ghee Roast.[263][264] Because Mangalore is a coastal city, fish forms the staple diet of most people.[265] The Konkani Hindu community's specialties include daali thoy (lentil curry), bibbe-upkari (tender cashew-nut curry), val val (coconut-milk-based curry), ambat (vegetable-based coconut curry),[266] avnas ambe sasam (pineapple-mango fruit salad), kadgi chakko (raw jackfruit-coconut curry), paagila podi (spine gourd fries) and chane gashi (chickpea curry).[267][268] Mangalorean Catholics' dish sanna-dukra maas (sanna—idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; dukra maas—pork), pork bafat, sorpotel[269] and mutton biryani of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes.[270] Pickles such as happala, sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore.[271][272] Shendi (toddy), a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.[244] Vegetarian cuisine, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known throughout the state and region.[273]

Media
All India Radio's FM tower at Kadri

Mangaluru Samachara, the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was published in 1843 by Hermann Mögling of the Basel Mission.[274][275] The first Kannada-to-English dictionary was published in Mangalore by Ferdinand Kittel in 1894.[276] Major national English-language newspapers such as Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Deccan Herald and Daijiworld[277][278] publish localised Mangalore editions.[279][280] Madipu (Esteem), Mogaveera, Samparka (Contact) and Saphala (Success) are the well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.[281]

Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are Raknno (Guardian), Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure) and Kannik (Offering).[279] Beary periodicals published in Mangalore include Jyothi (Light) and Swatantra Bharata (Independent India).[279] Kannada-language newspapers are Udayavani (Morning Voice) by Manipal Press Ltd, Vijaya Karnataka (Victory of Karnataka) and Vijayavani (Voice of Victory)[282] by VRL Group, Prajavani (Voice of the People), Kannada Prabha (Kannada Radiance), Varthabharathi (Indian News), Samyukta Karnataka (United Karnataka) and Hosa Digantha (New Horizon).[279][283] The city's evening newspapers include Karavali Ale (Waves from the Coast), Mangaluru Mitra (Friend of Mangalore), Sanjevani (Evening Voice) and Jayakirana (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city.[284] The Konkani-language newspaper Kodial Khabar (Mangalore News) is published fortnightly.[279] Malayalam newspapers such as Malayala Manorama (Malayalam Entertainer) and Madhyamam (Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions.[285]

The state-run, nationally broadcast television channel Doordarshan provides national and local television coverage.[286] Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks.[287] Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels.[288] Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada;[289] these incluide Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana.[290] Tulu channels are Namma Kudla[291] and Posa Kural.[292] All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3 MHz.[293] Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM[294] and Red 93.5 FM.[295] Radio SARANG 107.8 is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.[296]

Mangalore is home to the Tulu film industry, which releases one film per month on average.[297] Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage (Son of the Sea) and Suddha (The Cleansing Rites).[298] Tulu dramas, which are mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.[201] Mangalore hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.[299][300]

Sports and pastimes
Mangalore Golf Course at Pilikula

Cricket is popular in Mangalore.[301] Local cricket stadia include Mangala Stadium and B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT).[302][303] The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has a sports training centre at Mangala Stadium.[304] Mangalore United is a Karnataka Premier League (KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers.[305] Mangalore Premier League (MPL) is a cricket tournament organised by Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy.[306] Nehru Maidan is an important local venue that hosts domestic, inter-school and intercollegiate tournaments.[307] Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).[308][309] Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul and Budhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket-keeper are from Mangalore.[310] Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years in international cricket as an all-rounder and captained the team, is of Mangalorean descent.[311]

Football is popular in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments.[312] Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises the Independence Day Cup, which is played on Independence Day at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan.[313] Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education.[314] Chess is a popular indoor pastime in the city.[315] Mangalore is the headquarters of South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.[316][317][318] Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs and gymkhanas in Mangalore.[319] Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has an 18-hole golf course[320] at Vamanjoor.[321] U S Mallya Indoor Stadium offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.[322]

Tourism
Main article: Tourist attractions in Mangalore
Panambur Beach

Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats.[323] The city's notable temples and buildings include the Mangaladevi Temple, Kadri Manjunath Temple, St Aloysius Chapel, the Rosario Cathedral, Milagres Church, Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal and the Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid in Bunder.[324][325]

The city is known for beaches such as Panambur, Tannirbhavi, NITK Beach, Sasihithlu beach, Someshwara beach, Ullal beach, Kotekar beach and Batapady beach.[323][326][327][328] Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country.[329] Panambur beach has facilities including food stalls, jet ski rides, boating and dolphin viewing,[330] and trained beach lifeguards and patrol vehicles ensure the safety of visitors.[331][332][333]

Dome of the Swami Vivekananda 3D Planetarium[334]

Saavira Kambada Basadi is situated in Moodabidri, 34 km (21 mi) north-east of Mangalore.[335] The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated in Boloor on the banks of Gurupura River;[336] visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach.[337] Adyar waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about 12 km (7.5 mi) from Mangalore city centre.[338] The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,[339] Kadri Park, Tagore Park[340] at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park[341] at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda,[342] Tannirbavi Tree Park,[343] Arise Awake Park at Karangalpady[344] and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies 370 acres (150 ha),[321][345] has a zoo, botanical garden, lake, water park (manasa),[346] Swami Vivekananda Planetarium,[347] science centre[348] and a 50-acre (20 ha) 18-hole golf course.[320][349][350][351][352] Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display.[347]

Mangalore Dasara, a ten-day festival held at Sri Gokarnatheswara temple attracts devotees from across India.[353] Mangaladevi Temple attracts devotees from all over India during Navaratri.[354]

Sister cities

Mangalore is twinned with two Canadian cities:

Notes
  • Chopra, P. N. (2003). History of South India. S.Chand & Company. ISBN 81-219-0153-7. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  • (Government of Karnataka), Directorate of Economics and Statistics (2004). "Economic Infrastructure" (PDF). Economic Survey of Karnataka 2003–04. National Informatics Centre (Karnataka State). pp. 216–235. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
  • (Government of Karnataka), Directorate of Economics and Statistics (2005). Area, Population, Membership, Revenue, Expenditure & Employment by Municipalities, Karnataka, 2000–2001 (PDF). National Informatics Centre (Karnataka State). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008.
  • Dodwell, H.H. (1922). The Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press Archive. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
  • Fisher, William Bayne; Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence (1986). The Cambridge history of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20094-3. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  • Forrest, George W. (1887). Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat. 2. Government Central Press. ISBN 3337278663.
  • Ghosh, Amitav (2002). The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces. Orient Longman. ISBN 81-7530-047-7. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  • Heitzman, James (2008). City in South Asia (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34355-8. Retrieved 6 June 2009.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • "History". South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. 12. Gazetteer Department (Government of Karnataka). 1973. pp. 33–85.
  • International Committee of Historical Sciences (1935). Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences. 7. Les presses universitaires de France.
  • Kerr, Robert (1812). "Discoveries, Navigations, and Conquests of the Portuguese in India, from 1505 to 1539". General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 6. George Ramsay and Company. ISBN 0364244844. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
  • Mangalore City Corporation. "Description of Environment". Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007). pp. 31–48. Archived from the original (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
  • Mangalore City Corporation. "Description of Environment". Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007). pp. 111–134. Archived from the original (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
  • Lal, K. S. (2002). Return to roots: emancipation of Indian Muslims. Radha Publications. ISBN 978-81-7487-245-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link).
  • Lee, Samuel (1829). "On the Malabar Coast". Quoted in "Selections from the Travels of Ibn Batuta". Oriental Translation Committee. ISBN 1605206210. Retrieved 29 July 2008.
  • Mangalore City Corporation. Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report. Archived from the original (DOC) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  • National Council of Applied Economic Research (1961). Traffic Survey of Mangalore and Malpe Ports: Report. Public Works Department, Government of Mysore.
  • Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). "History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500–1763 A.D.". Samanvaya Prakashan. ASIN B0000CPGW4. Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  • Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link).
  • "People". South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. 12. Gazetteer Department (Government of Karnataka). 1973. pp. 86–125.
  • Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32280-5. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  • Shrihari, S. (2007). Environmental Concerns for a Typical Fast Developing Indian City: Mangalore. Faculty of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold; Wright, Playne (2004). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1344-9. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
  • Thornton, Edward (1859). The History of the British Empire in India. Cox and Wyman Printers. ISBN 1331267595. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  • Townsend, George Henry (1867). A Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records. Warne. ISBN 0266609635. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
gollark: +>markov 319753218592866315
gollark: Mildly.
gollark: +>markov 319753218592866315
gollark: I don't actually care that much.
gollark: That was literally ubq's idea some minutes ago.

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Further reading
  • Bhat, P. Gururaja (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara. Prabhakara Press.
  • Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). "Mangalore". Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0-85229-760-2. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  • Venn, T. W. (1945). Mangalore. Wesley Press.
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