Ziguinchor

Ziguinchor (Wolof: Siggcoor) is the capital of the Ziguinchor Region, and the chief town of the Casamance area of Senegal, lying at the mouth of the Casamance River. It has a population of over 230,000 (2007 estimate). It is the seventh largest city of Senegal, but largely separated from the north of the country by The Gambia.

Ziguinchor
Commune
Downtown of Ziguinchor
Ziguinchor
Location within Senegal
Coordinates (region:SN_type:city): 12°33′43″N 16°17′2″W
Country Senegal
RegionZiguinchor Region
DepartementZiguinchor
Government
 • MayorAbdoulaye Baldé
Area
 • Commune9 km2 (3 sq mi)
Elevation
12 m (39 ft)
Population
 (2013 census)
 • Commune205,294
 • Density23,000/km2 (59,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
248,265
Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT)

The city has a tropical savanna climate, with an average annual accumulated rainfall of 1547mm (about 61 inches).[1]

History
PAIGC Secondary School official opening in Ziguinchor, Senegal – 1974
PAIGC Ziguinchor hospital, 1973

The first European settlement in the area was founded by the Portuguese in 1645.[2] According to tradition, Ziguinchor's name and meaning comes from the time when Portuguese traders and explorers came to the region to form a trading post, and derives from Portuguese Cheguei e choram, "I came and they cry". The local people, seeing the Europeans, began crying, thinking they were about to be enslaved. The Portuguese objective was to form a trading post and a friendship alliance with the local king. The Portuguese objective was trade with the kingdom of Casamanse, a loyal friend, described by chroniclers as the mostly friendly kingship towards the Portuguese along the Guinean coast. The king started to live in European manner, with table, chairs and western clothing and, in the court, there were several Portuguese merchants. One of the commodities for trade were slaves, and Ziguinchor became a slave port during much of the Portuguese rule.

The spot was not chosen at random. While a Jola village predated the town, it was situated to trade with the Jola kingdom of Kasso, which dates back to the Mali Empire, when Mandinke people moved into the area from the south and east.

Following the end of the slave trade, Portuguese commerce stultified, and the town was eventually handed over to France on 22 April 1888, in a deal brokered amongst the colonial powers at the Berlin conference of 1886.

Under the French, Ziguinchor became a major trade port, mostly due to the intensive groundnut cultivation the colonial government encouraged in the interior. By 1900, the area was largely converted to Christianity, although significant Syncretist and Muslim communities flourish.

Rice growing, the traditional crop of the region, was hurt by the push to cultivate groundnuts, and extensive forest areas were cleared. The French government also imported rice across West Africa from the intensive farming they encouraged in French Indochina, shrinking the market for Casamance's main produce.

After independence, the city saw its economic growth slow, in part due to the War of Independence in neighboring Guinea-Bissau. Portuguese military crossed into the area at least once, pursuing PAIG rebels, and cannon fire could be heard in the city for much of the war. During this period Ziguinchor became a main post for both the Senegalese Army and French forces, guarding the frontier; a frontier which cut in two Diola families and communities.

As the capital of Casamance, Ziguinchor has been at the center of the three decade long conflict with Dakar, that has flared into open civil war on more than one occasion. With a population with a majority of Diola and Christian,[3] the effects of a large migration of Wolof Muslims fleeing drought in the north during the 1970s caused tensions to flare. A 1983 demonstration against price rises in Ziguinchor Market was put down violently by Senegalese forces, and an insurgency by the Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC) followed, effectively wrecking the economy of the region. The 2004 peace accords, signed in Ziguinchor, were hoped to be the end of the violence, but in 2006, sporadic fighting by an MFDC split and laying of land mines again erupted in rural areas nearby.[4]

Economy
Port of Ziguinchor

Ziguinchor remains economically dependent on its role as a cargo port, transport hub and ferry terminal. The "Nationale 4" highway crosses the Casamance River just east of the city, linking the region with Bignona about 25 km to the north, and (via The Gambia), the rest of Senegal.

A vibrant tourist destination, the beaches of nearby Cap Skirring were discovered by foreign tourists in the 1960s, and the location was built up to become one of the first Club Med resorts. Ziguinchor region is also known for growing great quantities of rice, oranges, mangoes, bananas, cashews, tropical fruits and vegetables, fish, and prawns, much of which are processed locally and exported from the city, its port, and its airport. It is also home to a large peanut oil factory.

Transport
The ferry terminal
View on Casamance River

The MV Joola, which sank in 2002, was sailing from Ziguinchor to Dakar. The loss of the ferry, (not replaced till 2005), cut the main link between Casamance and the rest of the country.[5] The new ferry, which began regular runs in 2007, is named for local anti-colonial martyr Aline Sitoe Diatta, and promises a boost to the local economy. [6]

The city has an airport, Ziguinchor Airport.

Architecture

A number of buildings in the town have classified by government decree as historic, the cemetery and several government buildings, like the Ziguinchor Regional Council.[7]

The Franco-Senegalese Alliance

Places of worship
Saint-Anthoine de Padoue Cathedral

Among the places of worship, they are predominantly Christian churches and temples : Roman Catholic Diocese of Ziguinchor (Catholic Church), Assemblies of God, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God.[8] There are also Muslim mosques.

Demography

Ziguinchor is a melting pot of all the ethnic groups co-existing in Senegal: Mandinka, Jola, Wolof, Fula/Halpulaar, Mancagne, Manjack, Soninke, Serer, Bainounck, Balanta and Creole. Jola have been the majority of the population in the region since at least 1500, and culturally share much with the people of Guinea-Bissau. One of three dialects of Guinea-Bissau Creole, Cacheu–Ziguinchor, is centered around the city. Resistant to first Islam and later Christianity, many Jola retain a degree of animist practices, while Basse Casamance is the only majority Catholic area in Senegal.

Notable natives and residents

Ziguinchor is the birthplace of some famous Senegalese writers and filmmakers (Sembene Ousmane), artists (Doura Mane, Bouly Sonko, Ousmane Sow Huchard "Soleya Mama", the Tourekunda brothers), and sportsmen (Jules Francois Bocande, Bassirou NDiaye, Lansana Coly, Basile de Carvalho).

Climate

Ziguinchor has a tropical savanna climate (Aw). It has very warm, dry winters and warm, very wet summers. The average precipitation is 1,559 mm (61.4 in).

Climate data for Ziguinchor
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.7
(98.1)		 40.0
(104.0)		 40.6
(105.1)		 41.1
(106.0)		 40.6
(105.1)		 38.3
(100.9)		 33.9
(93.0)		 32.8
(91.0)		 33.9
(93.0)		 34.4
(93.9)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.0
(95.0)		 41.1
(106.0)
Average high °C (°F) 32.2
(90.0)		 34.4
(93.9)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.0
(95.0)		 33.3
(91.9)		 31.1
(88.0)		 29.4
(84.9)		 30.6
(87.1)		 31.7
(89.1)		 32.2
(90.0)		 30.6
(87.1)		 32.6
(90.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 24.5
(76.1)		 25.8
(78.4)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.5
(81.5)		 28.6
(83.5)		 28.6
(83.5)		 27.2
(81.0)		 26.4
(79.5)		 27.0
(80.6)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.0
(80.6)		 24.5
(76.1)		 26.8
(80.3)
Average low °C (°F) 16.7
(62.1)		 17.2
(63.0)		 19.4
(66.9)		 19.4
(66.9)		 22.2
(72.0)		 23.9
(75.0)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 21.7
(71.1)		 18.3
(64.9)		 21.0
(69.8)
Record low °C (°F) 11.1
(52.0)		 12.2
(54.0)		 13.9
(57.0)		 15.6
(60.1)		 18.3
(64.9)		 21.7
(71.1)		 20.6
(69.1)		 20.6
(69.1)		 19.4
(66.9)		 20.6
(69.1)		 17.2
(63.0)		 14.4
(57.9)		 11.1
(52.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.0)		 1
(0.0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 10.9
(0.43)		 120.9
(4.76)		 351.0
(13.82)		 556.0
(21.89)		 357.1
(14.06)		 154.9
(6.10)		 5.1
(0.20)		 1
(0.0)		 1,558.9
(61.26)
Source: [9]

Administration
Ziguinchor Regional Council

In the decades following independence, Ziguinchor was a stronghold of the Socialist Party of Senegal (PS). Robert Sagna, a long-time minister in Socialist Party governments, was also Mayor of Ziguinchor from 1984 to 2009. In the beginning of 2007 Sagna left the PS and led the Taku Défaraat Sénégal coalition in a failed presidential bid.[10] In 2001's legislative elections, a big push by President Abdoulaye Wade's ruling PDS party, spearheading the Sopi coalition (joined in 2008 by And-Jëf/Pads), was led by Ziguinchor politician Abdoulaye Baldé, a former General Secretary to the President. In the 2001 elections, the a Ziguinchor National Assembly seat was gained by the PDS, and held again in 2007, prompting speculation that Sagna and his party's days of dominating local politics were numbered. Sagna, though, won a legislative seat on proportional representation in 2007, and continued in both offices[11] until 2009. The Sopi Coalition won the March 2009 local election in Ziguinchor, and Baldé was elected Mayor.[12]

Africa Cup of Nations

Ziguinchor was one of the venues for the 1992 Africa Cup of Nations football championship. The city Sports and Arts Associations conceived for the first time the concept of having specific suburbs barracking for each national team in order to give a vibrant and joyful atmosphere to the Football tournament that saw Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Zambia, Egypt, Congo play the first half of the Championship in that city. This successful and original experience inspired other tournament organisers from then on. Mali hosting the 2002 Africa Cup of Nations used the same concept through the famous Ndiatiguiya, (having specific suburbs barracking for a specific team throughout the tournament), and then Korea/Japan during the 2002 World Cup used the same concept as well.

Education

École française François-Rabelais, a French international school serving maternelle (preschool) through collège, is in Ziguinchor.[13]

Ziguinchor University was founded in 2007.[14]

Sister cities

Ziguinchor has a sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:

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gollark: JAVA BAD
gollark: > - have a pretty graphical progress barUser-friendliness is for bees.
gollark: It's something. Though I do not like the rest of Go. Maybe it's okay for simple short scripts.
gollark: Tons of weird specialcasing.

References
  1. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 4 October 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. Britannica, Ziguinchor, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 23 June 2019
  3. Caroline JUILLARD. Sub-Saharian immigration in France: from diversity to integration Archived 13 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Université René Descartes-Paris V. Conference paper. University of Texas (2003) pp.9–10.
    For full population summary, see Centre culturel régional de Ziguinchor Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Ministère de la Culture, du Patrimoine historique classé, des Langues nationales et de la Francophonie, Government of Senegal (2004).
  4. Ernest Harsch. Peace pact raises hope in Senegal: After 22 years, Casamance war is winding down Archived 14 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, From Africa Renewal, Vol.19 No. 1 (April 2005), page 14.
    Crowds cheer Senegal peace deal, BBC, 30 December 2004. Casamance rebels attack town, BBC, 4 January 2002.
  5. Eyewitness: Senegal weeps for ferry loss, BBC, 28 September 2002.
    Senegal restores vital ferry link, BBC, 12 November 2005.
  6. LIAISON MARITIME DAKAR-ZIGUINCHOR : "Aline Sitoé Diatta, c'est le refus de la fatalité", selon le président, Le Soleil, 15 December 2007.
  7. "ARRETE MINISTERIEL n° 2711 mcphc-dpc en date du 3 mai 2006". Republic of Senegal. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  8. J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ‘'Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'’, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 2573-2575
  9. https://globalbioclimatics.org/station/se-zigui.htm
  10. Mame Less Camara, Senegal's presidential contenders, BBC News, 22 February 2007.
  11. Pds et Aj décident d'aller en coalition à Ziguinchor Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Le Soleil, 28 February 2008. SÛR DE LA VICTOIRE DE LA COALITION SOPI A ZIGUINCHOR, Abdoulaye Baldé lance des piques à Robert Sagna. Nettali. 12 May 2007 . Deux défaites successives à Ziguinchor : Est-ce le chant du cygne pour Robert Sagna ?, Rewmi, 6 June 2007 Robert Sagna va t-il vers la rupture ? Chronique d’un départ annoncé, Parti socialiste Sénégal , 13 December 2006
  12. "Passation de service à la mairie de Ziguinchor : Baldé fait de Robert Sagna, "le maire honoraire de la ville"", xalimasn.com, 18 April 2009 (in French).
  13. "École française François-Rabelais." AEFE. Retrieved on 3 May 2015.
  14. OUVERTURE DE L’UNIVERSITE DE ZIGUINCHOR, Agance Pres Senegalais, 3 March 2007.
  • Much of this article was translated from the French language Wikipedia article fr:Ziguinchor.
  • Ferdinand de Jong. Politicians of the Sacred Grove: Citizenship and Ethnicity in Southern Senegal. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 72, No. 2 (2002), pp. 203–220 On the political and cultural tactics of longtime mayor Robert Sagna.

Further reading
  • (in French) Jean-Claude Bruneau, Ziguinchor en Casamance : aspects géographiques de la capitale régionale du Sud Sénégalais, Université de Bordeaux III, 1975, 409 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle)
  • (in French) Jean-Claude Bruneau, Ziguinchor en Casamance : la croissance urbaine dans les pays tropicaux, Talence, Ministère des universités, CNRS, Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1979
  • (in French) Nfally Diedhiou, Administration coloniale et travail forcé en Casamance. Étude de cas du réseau routier à travers la construction de la route Tobor-Ziguinchor, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2000, 119 p. + annexes, (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
  • (in French) Maguette Diop, Monographie climatique d’une station synoptique : Ziguinchor (1946–1975), Université de Dakar, 1977 (Mémoire de Maîtrise)
  • (in French) Baudouin Duquesne, Le secteur informel en Afrique. Approche théorique et étude de cas : "les barroms-sarrettes de Ziguinchor", Sénégal, 1986
  • (in French) Mamadou Goudiaby, Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960 : le problème des sources, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
  • (in French) Caroline Juillard, Sociolinguistique urbaine : la vie des langues à Ziguinchor (Sénégal), Paris, CNRS, 1995
  • (in French) Mamadou Goudiaby, Monographie de la ville de Ziguinchor de 1886 à 1960 : le problème des sources, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 2001, 51 p. (Mémoire de DEA)
  • (in French) Jacqueline Trincaz, Colonisations et religions en Afrique noire. L’exemple de Ziguinchor, Paris, L’Harmattan, 1981, VIII + 360 p. (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée)
  • (in French) Pierre-Xavier Trincaz, Colonisation et régionalisme, la double domination : exemple de Ziguinchor en Casamance, Sénégal. Etude urbaine socio-économique d’une capitale régionale d’Afrique, Paris, Université de Paris V, 1979 (Thèse de 3rd cycle publiée en 1984, Colonisation et Régionalisme. Ziguinchor en Casamance, Paris, ORSTOM, 270 p.

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