Daikon

Daikon (大根, literally 'big root'), Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus, also known by many other names depending on context, is a mild-flavored winter radish usually characterized by fast-growing leaves and a long, white, napiform root. Originally native to continental East Asia,[2] daikon is harvested and consumed throughout the region, as well as in South Asia, and is now available internationally. In some locations, daikon may be planted but not harvested, for its ability to break up compacted soils and recover nutrients.

For other uses, see Daikon (disambiguation).

Daikon
Genus	Raphanus
Species	Raphanus sativus
Subspecies	R. sativus subsp. longipinnatus
Cultivar group	White radish
Origin	North China[1]

Daikon Radish
Radishes in Okage Yoko-chō, Japan
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	白蘿蔔
Simplified Chinese	白萝卜
Literal meaning	"White radish "
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bái luóbo Wade–Giles p'ai luo-po
Korean name
Hangul	왜무
Literal meaning	Wae radish
Transcriptions Revised Romanization waemu McCune–Reischauer waemu
Japanese name
Kanji	大根
Kana	だいこん
Transcriptions Romanization daikon

Names

In culinary contexts, daikon (from its Japanese name) or daikon radish is the most common in all forms of English. Historical ties to South Asia permit mooli (from its Hindi/Panjabi name and also in Urdu) as a general synonym in British English.[4] The generic terms white radish, winter radish, Oriental radish,[5] long white radish, and other terms are also used. Other synonyms usually vary by region or describe regional varieties of the vegetable. When it is necessary to distinguish the usual Japanese form from others, it is sometimes known as Japanese radish[6] or "true daikon".[7]

The vegetable's Mandarin names are still uncommon in English; in most forms of Chinese cuisine, it is usually known as luóbo, Chinese white radish,[6] although in Cantonese and Malaysian cuisine, it is encountered as lobak or lo pak, which are Cantonese pronunciations of the general Chinese term for "radish" or "carrot" (萝卜). In the cuisines of Hokkien and Teochew dialect-speaking areas such as Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan, it is also known as chai tow or chai tau (菜头). In any of these, it may also simply be referred to as "radish", with the regional variety implied by context. In English-speaking countries, it is also sometimes marketed as icicle radish.

In mainland China and Singapore, the calque white carrot or misnomer carrot is sometimes used, owing to the similarity of the vegetables' names in Mandarin and Hokkien. This variant gave the title to a popular guidebook on Singaporean street food, There's No Carrot in Carrot Cake, which refers to chai tow kway, a kind of cake made from daikon.[8]

In North America, it is primarily grown not for food, but as a fallow crop, with the roots left unharvested to prevent soil compaction; the leaves (if harvested) are used as animal fodder.[9] The official general name used by the United States Department of Agriculture is oilseed radish, but this is only used in non-culinary contexts. Other English terms employed when daikon is being used as animal feed or as a soil ripper are "forage radish", "fodder radish", and "tillage radish".[9][10]

Varieties

Varieties of Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus from the Seikei Zusetsu agricultural-encyclopedia

A number of nonwhite varieties occur. The Cantonese lobak, lo pak, etc sometimes refer to the usual Chinese form, but is also applied to a form of daikon with light green coloration of the top area of the root around the leaves. The Korean radish, also called mu, has similar pale green shade halfway down from the top, and are generally shorter, stouter, and sturdier, with denser flesh and softer leaves. Both are often spicier than the long white radishes.

The heirloom watermelon radish is another Chinese variety of daikon with a dull green exterior, but a bright rose or fuchsia-colored center. Its Chinese name (t 心裡美蘿蔔, s 心里美萝卜, xīnlǐměi luóbó) is sometimes irregularly romanized as the shinrimei radish and sometimes translated as the "beauty heart", "beautiful heart inside", or "roseheart" radish.

• 
  A radish growing in China
• 
  Sakurajima radishes
• 
  Sliced watermelon radish
• 
  Professor Vladimir Zuev displays a new daikon variety Kuz hadyasi in Uzbekistan

Cultivation

White radish seeds

The Chinese and Indian varieties tolerate higher temperatures than the Japanese one. These varieties also grow well at lower elevations in East Africa. If moisture is abundant, it can grow quickly; otherwise, the flesh becomes overly tough and pungent.[11] The variety Long White Icicle is available as seed in Britain, and will grow very successfully in Southern England, producing roots resembling a parsnip by midsummer in good garden soil in an average year.

The roots can be stored for some weeks without the leaves if lifted and kept in a cool, dry place. If left in the ground, the texture tends to become woody, but the storage life of untreated whole roots is not long.

Certain varieties of daikon can be grown as a winter cover crop and green manure. These varieties are often named "tillage radish" because the plant grows a huge, penetrating root which effectively performs deep cultivation. The roots bring nutrients lower in the soil profile up into the higher reaches, and are good nutrient scavengers, so they are good partners with legumes instead of grasses; if harsh winters occur, the root will decompose while in the soil, releasing early nitrogen stores in the spring.

Culinary use

In Japan, many types of pickles are made with daikon roots, including takuan and bettarazuke. Daikon roots can be served raw, in salads, or as sashimi's tsuma (つま, accompaniment)[12] which is prepared by meticulous katsura-muki (桂剥き, katsura peeling (etymology disputed)).[13] Daikon-oroshi (大根おろし, grated daikon) is frequently used as a garnish, often mixed into various dippings such as ponzu, a soy sauce and citrus juice condiment. The pink spicy momiji-oroshi (もみじおろし, literally "autumn-leaf-red grated (daikon)") is daikon grated with chili pepper.[14] Simmered dishes are also popular such as oden. Daikon that has been shredded and dried (a common method of preserving food in Japan) is called kiriboshi-daikon (切干大根, "cut-dried daikon"). Daikon radish sprouts (kaiware-daikon (貝割れ大根, literally "open-clam-like daikon")) are used raw for salad or garnishing sashimi. Daikon leaves are frequently eaten as a green vegetable. They are thorny when raw, so softening methods such as pickling and stir frying are common. The daikon leaf is one of the Festival of Seven Herbs, called suzushiro.

In Chinese cuisine, turnip cake and chai tow kway are made with daikon. The variety called mooli has a high water content, and some cookbooks recommend salting (or sweetening, depending on the region and context) and draining it before it is cooked. Sometimes, mooli is used as a medium for elaborately carved garnishes.[15] More commonly, daikon is referred as bailuobo (白蘿蔔) in Mandarin or lobak in Cantonese. Bailuobo is used in a variety of dishes for its unique and mild flavour after being boiled and cooked. For soups, bailuobo can be seen in bailuobo-paigu soup (白蘿蔔排骨湯), bailuobo-fanqie soup (白蘿蔔番茄湯), etc. Delicacies such as "shredded bailuobo" (白蘿蔔絲) and "cut bailuobo" (白蘿蔔塊) are popular domestic dishes too. Similar to Japanese cuisine, there are many types of pickles (in Mandarin Chinese: 咸菜 xiáncài / 榨菜 zhàcài) made with bailuobo, for example "sour-sweet cut bailuobo" (酸甜白蘿蔔塊), "spicy bailuobo" (麻辣白蘿蔔), bailuobo zhacai (白蘿蔔榨菜), etc.

In Vietnamese cuisine, sweet and sour pickled daikon and carrots (củ cải cà rốt chua or đồ chua) are a common condiment in bánh mì sandwiches.[16]

In the Philippines, the sour stew sinigang may include daikon.

In Pakistani cuisine, the young leaves of the daikon plant are boiled and flash-fried with a mixture of heated oil, garlic, ginger, red chili, and a variety of spices. The radish is eaten as a fresh salad, often seasoned with either salt and pepper, or chaat masala. In Punjab province, daikon is used to stuff pan-fried breads known as paratha. Daikon's seed pods, called moongray in local languages, are also eaten as a stir-fried dish across the country.

In Bangladesh, fresh daikon is often finely grated and mixed with fresh chili, coriander, flaked steamed fish, lime juice, and salt. This light, refreshing preparation served alongside meals is known as mulo bhorta.

In North India, daikon is a popular ingredient used to make sabzi, stuffed paranthas, pakodas, salads, pickles, and as garnish. The plant's leaves are used to make dal and kadhi, among other dishes. In South India, daikon is the principal ingredient in a variety of sambar, in which roundels of the radish are boiled with onions, tamarind pulp, lentils, and a special spice powder.[17] When cooked, it can release a very strong odor. This soup, called mullangi sambar (Tamil: முள்ளங்கி சாம்பார், Kannada: ಮುಲ್ಲಂಗಿ ಸಾಂಬಾರ್; literally, "radish sambar") is very popular and mixed with cooked rice to make a good meal.

Fermenting radish normally releases a strong and noxious smell like bad farts or rotting cabbage.[18]

• 
  Chai tow kway, stir-fried cubes of radish cake
• 
  Japanese mizuna and daikon salad
• 
  Mohn la jin, Burmese pickled radish
• 
  Buri daikon, Japan
• 
  Daikon oden in Kyoto, Japan
• 
  Daikon chips

Nutritional information

Radishes, Oriental, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	76 kJ (18 kcal)
Carbohydrates	4.1 g
Sugars	2.5
Dietary fiber	1.6 g
Fat	0.1 g
Protein	0.6 g
Vitamins	Quantity %DV^†
Thiamine (B1)	2% 0.02 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	2% 0.02 mg
Niacin (B3)	1% 0.2 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	3% 0.138 mg
Vitamin B6	4% 0.046 mg
Folate (B9)	7% 28 μg
Vitamin C	27% 22 mg
Minerals	Quantity %DV^†
Calcium	3% 27 mg
Iron	3% 0.4 mg
Magnesium	5% 16 mg
Manganese	2% 0.038 mg
Phosphorus	3% 23 mg
Potassium	5% 227 mg
Sodium	1% 21 mg
Zinc	2% 0.15 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
^†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Daikon is very low in food energy. A 100-gram serving contains only 76 kilojoules or 18 Calories (5 Cal/oz), but provides 27% of the RDA for vitamin C. Daikon also contains the active enzyme myrosinase.

Agricultural use

Tillage radish leaves behind a cavity in the soil when the large tap root decays, making it easier for the following year's crops, such as potatoes, to bore deeper into the soil. Potatoes grown in a rotation with tillage radish do not experience growth restrictions associated with having a shallow hardpan soil, as the tillage radish can break the hardpan, making transfer of water and other important nutrients much easier for the root system.[19]

Nutrient retention is another important feature of tillage radish. The large tap root is used to retain macro- and micro-nutrients, that would otherwise have the potential to be lost to leaching during the time when the field would otherwise be left empty. The nutrients from the root become readily available for the following year's crop upon the decay of the radish, which can boost yields and reduce fertilizer costs.[19]

Robert Coffin, a potato industry consultant on Prince Edward Island, suggests that growing tillage radish could help boost potato yields, because of the effect that the large tap root that grows 6–10 inches (150–250 mm) in depth has on mitigating soil compaction. This makes it much easier for potatoes to grow to their full potential, and not be held back because of compaction issues in the soil.[20]

Other use

Daikon is used in preparing metal surfaces for chemical patination, for example under the Rokushō process.

See also

• Radish
• Chonggak radish
• Gegeol radish
• Sakurajima radish
• Takuan
• Nanakusa-no-sekku and Jinjitsu

References

1. Collins, Theophilos; Goodwin, Katie (1997). "Radish" (PDF). Hamilton College: Food For Thought: 1.
2. Larkcom, Joy; Douglass, Elizabeth (1994). Oriental Vegetables: The Complete Guide for the Gardening Cook. Oxford University Press US. pp. 114–115. ISBN 1-56836-017-7.
3. Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "mooli", n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2002.
4. The Oxford English Dictionary, for instance, provides an entry for mooli, and only mentions daikon as its synonym in Japanese contexts.[3]
5. Larkcom and Douglass divide the term "oriental radish" into two categories, which they label "white mooli types" and "coloured types".[2]
6. Robert Bailey Thomas. The Old Farmer's Almanac. p. 28.
7. "Raphanus sativus L. (Longipinnatus Group)". MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE.
8. Ruth Wan; Roger Hiew (2010). There's No Carrot in Carrot Cake: 101 Hawker Dishes Singaporeans Love. Epigram Books. ISBN 978-981-08-2865-3. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
9. Natural Resources Conservation Service. PLANTS Database. "Plant Fact Sheet: Oilseed Radish, Raphanus sativus L.". United States Dep't of Agriculture, 2012. Accessed 22 June 2014.
10. Natural Resources Conservation Service. PLANTS Database. "Plant Guide: Oilseed Radish, Raphanus sativus L.". United States Dep't of Agriculture, 2012. Accessed 22 June 2014.
11. Grubben, G.J.H. (2004). Vegetables. PROTA. p. 444. ISBN 978-90-5782-147-9. mooli africa growing.
12. Gordenker, Alice (2015-11-28). "Why do we need a little bit on the side?". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
13. Example photograph of the technique: "The Versatile Daikon Radish – The art of 'Katsura-muki' 桂剥き". ikisho blog. 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
14. "Recipe – momiji-oroshi" レシピ 基本技法 日本料理 もみじおろし [Recipes – Basic – Skills – Japanese cuisine – Momiji-oroshi]. Tsujicho recipes (in Japanese). The Tsuji Group. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
15. Doeser, Linda (2010). The Ultimate Chinese Cookbook. Hermes House. p. 9. ISBN 978-1843093428.
16. "Gia Chanh". www.chanphuocliem.com.
17. "errorpage". www.sanjeevkapoor.com.
18. "How to combat odor from pickled radishes". Retrieved 2018-07-30.
19. "Tillage radish cover crop - tips to maximize its benefits". deltafarmpress.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
20. "Tillage radishes". www.agannex.com. Retrieved 2016-12-02.

External links

• Asian Radish at NutritionData.com