List of human spaceflights

This is a list of all human spaceflights throughout history. Beginning in 1961 with the flight of Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1, human spaceflight occurs when a human crew flies a spacecraft into outer space. Human spaceflight is distinguished from spaceflight generally, which entails both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft.

For a list of spaceflights with human crews organised by program, see List of human spaceflights by program. For a list of spaceports with achieved launches of humans to space, see Spaceport.

Apollo 7 heads into orbit with its crew of three, 1968

There are two definitions of spaceflight. The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), an international record-keeping body, defines the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space at 100 kilometres (62 mi) above sea level. This boundary is known as the Kármán line. Additionally, the United States military awards astronaut wings to qualified personnel who pilot a spaceflight above an altitude of 50 miles (80 km). Thirteen flights of the North American X-15 met the latter criteria, while only two met the former. This article is primarily concerned with the former international convention, and also lists flights which only satisfied the latter convention. Unless otherwise specified, "spaceflight" and related terms only apply to flights which went beyond the Kármán line.

As of the launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2 on 30 May 2020, there have been 329 human spaceflight launch attempts. Three of these launches did not cross the Kármán line, and therefore do not qualify as spaceflights. These were the fatal Challenger disaster, and two non-fatal aborted Soyuz missions, T-10a and MS-10. Another non-fatal aborted Soyuz mission, 18a, nevertheless crossed the Kármán line and therefore qualified as a sub-orbital spaceflight. Three missions successfully achieved human spaceflight, yet ended as fatal failures as their crews died during the return. These were Soyuz 1, Soyuz 11, and the Columbia disaster. Uniquely, Soyuz 34 was launched uncrewed to the Salyut 6 space station, to provide a successful return vehicle for the crew of Soyuz 32. Including Soyuz 34 gives a total of 330 attempted human spaceflights. Fourteen flights reached an apogee beyond 50 miles (80 km), but failed to go beyond 62 miles (100 km).

Summary

Since 1961, three countries[lower-alpha 1] and two private businesses have conducted human spaceflight using thirteen different spacecraft series, or: "programs", "projects".

Entity	Soviet Union  Russia			United States			China			Scaled Composites (USA, private)			SpaceX (USA, private)			Subtotals by decade
Agency	Soviet space program Roscosmos			NASA			CNSA			Tier One			Crew Dragon
Decades	Program	Dates[lower-alpha 2]	No.[lower-alpha 3]	Program[lower-alpha 4]	Dates	No.[lower-alpha 5]	Program	Dates	No.	Program	Dates	No.	Program	Dates	No.
1961–1970	Vostok	1961–1963	6	Mercury	1961–1963	6										41
	Voskhod	1964–1965	2	X-15	1963	2
	Soyuz	1967–present	143	Gemini	1965–1966	10
				Apollo	1968–1972	11
1971–1980																39
				Skylab	1973–1974	3
				Apollo- Soyuz	1975	1
1981–1990				Space Shuttle	1981–2011	135										63
1991–2000																83
2001–2010							Shenzhou	2003–present	6	SpaceShipOne	2004	3				61
2011–2020													Dragon	2020-present	1	42
Subtotals by entity			151			168			6			3			1	Total	329

Human spaceflights

The Salyut series, Skylab, Mir, ISS, and Tiangong series space stations, with which many of these flights docked in orbit, are not listed separately here. See the detailed lists (links below) for information.

Missions which were intended to reach space but which failed to do so are listed in italics, and fatal missions are marked with asterisks.

1961–1970

Vostok 1 — Mercury-Redstone 3 — Mercury-Redstone 4 — Vostok 2

Mercury-Atlas 6 — Mercury-Atlas 7 — Vostok 3 — Vostok 4 — Mercury-Atlas 8

Mercury-Atlas 9 — Vostok 5 — Vostok 6 — X-15 Flight 90 — X-15 Flight 91

Voskhod 1

Voskhod 2 — Gemini 3 — Gemini 4 — Gemini 5 — Gemini 7 — Gemini 6A

Gemini 8 — Gemini 9A — Gemini 10 — Gemini 11 — Gemini 12

Soyuz 1*

Apollo 7 — Soyuz 3 — Apollo 8

Soyuz 4 — Soyuz 5 — Apollo 9 — Apollo 10 — Apollo 11 — Soyuz 6 — Soyuz 7 — Soyuz 8 — Apollo 12

Apollo 13 — Soyuz 9

1971–1980

Apollo 14 — Soyuz 10 — Soyuz 11* — Apollo 15

Apollo 16 — Apollo 17

Skylab 2 — Skylab 3 — Soyuz 12 — Skylab 4 — Soyuz 13

Soyuz 14 — Soyuz 15 — Soyuz 16

Soyuz 17 — Soyuz 18a — Soyuz 18 — Soyuz 19 — Apollo-Soyuz

Soyuz 21 — Soyuz 22 — Soyuz 23

Soyuz 24 — Soyuz 25 — Soyuz 26

Soyuz 27 — Soyuz 28 — Soyuz 29 — Soyuz 30 — Soyuz 31

Soyuz 32 — Soyuz 33 — Soyuz 34

Soyuz 35 — Soyuz 36 — Soyuz T-2 — Soyuz 37 — Soyuz 38 — Soyuz T-3

1981–1990

Soyuz T-4 — Soyuz 39 — STS-1 — Soyuz 40 — STS-2

STS-3 — Soyuz T-5 — Soyuz T-6 — STS-4 — Soyuz T-7 — STS-5

STS-6 — Soyuz T-8 — STS-7 — Soyuz T-9 — STS-8 — Soyuz T-10a — STS-9

STS-41-B — Soyuz T-10 — Soyuz T-11 — STS-41-C — Soyuz T-12 — STS-41-D — STS-41-G — STS-51-A

STS-51-C — STS-51-D — STS-51-B — Soyuz T-13 — STS-51-G — STS-51-F — STS-51-I — Soyuz T-14 — STS-51-J — STS-61-A — STS-61-B

STS-61-C — STS-51-L* — Soyuz T-15

Soyuz TM-2 — Soyuz TM-3 — Soyuz TM-4

Soyuz TM-5 — Soyuz TM-6 — STS-26 — Soyuz TM-7 — STS-27

STS-29 — STS-30 — STS-28 — Soyuz TM-8 — STS-34 — STS-33

STS-32 — Soyuz TM-9 — STS-36 — STS-31 — Soyuz TM-10 — STS-41 — STS-38 — STS-35 — Soyuz TM-11

1991–2000

STS-37 — STS-39 — Soyuz TM-12 — STS-40 — STS-43 — STS-48 — Soyuz TM-13 — STS-44

STS-42 — Soyuz TM-14 — STS-45 — STS-49 — STS-50 — Soyuz TM-15 — STS-46 — STS-47 — STS-52 — STS-53

STS-54 — Soyuz TM-16 — STS-56 — STS-55 — STS-57 — Soyuz TM-17 — STS-51 — STS-58 — STS-61

Soyuz TM-18 — STS-60 — STS-62 — STS-59 — Soyuz TM-19 — STS-65 — STS-64 — STS-68 — Soyuz TM-20 — STS-66

STS-63 — STS-67 — Soyuz TM-21 — STS-71 — STS-70 — Soyuz TM-22 — STS-69 — STS-73 — STS-74

STS-72 — Soyuz TM-23 — STS-75 — STS-76 — STS-77 — STS-78 — Soyuz TM-24 — STS-79 — STS-80

STS-81 — Soyuz TM-25 — STS-82 — STS-83 — STS-84 — STS-94 — Soyuz TM-26 — STS-85 — STS-86 — STS-87

STS-89 — Soyuz TM-27 — STS-90 — STS-91 — Soyuz TM-28 — STS-95 — STS-88

Soyuz TM-29 — STS-96 — STS-93 — STS-103

STS-99 — Soyuz TM-30 — STS-101 — STS-106 — STS-92 — Soyuz TM-31 — STS-97

2001–2010

STS-98 — STS-102 — STS-100 — Soyuz TM-32 — STS-104 — STS-105 — Soyuz TM-33 — STS-108

STS-109 — STS-110 — Soyuz TM-34 — STS-111 — STS-112 — Soyuz TMA-1 — STS-113

STS-107* — Soyuz TMA-2 — Shenzhou 5 — Soyuz TMA-3

Soyuz TMA-4 — SpaceShipOne Flight 15P — SpaceShipOne Flight 16P — SpaceShipOne Flight 17P — Soyuz TMA-5

Soyuz TMA-6 — STS-114 — Soyuz TMA-7 — Shenzhou 6

Soyuz TMA-8 — STS-121 — STS-115 — Soyuz TMA-9 — STS-116

Soyuz TMA-10 — STS-117 — STS-118 — Soyuz TMA-11 — STS-120

STS-122 — STS-123 — Soyuz TMA-12 — STS-124 — Shenzhou 7 — Soyuz TMA-13 — STS-126

STS-119 — Soyuz TMA-14 — STS-125 — Soyuz TMA-15 — STS-127 — STS-128 — Soyuz TMA-16 — STS-129 — Soyuz TMA-17

STS-130 — Soyuz TMA-18 — STS-131 — STS-132 — Soyuz TMA-19 — Soyuz TMA-01M — Soyuz TMA-20

2011–present

STS-133 — Soyuz TMA-21 — STS-134 — Soyuz TMA-02M — STS-135 — Soyuz TMA-22 — Soyuz TMA-03M

Soyuz TMA-04M — Shenzhou 9 — Soyuz TMA-05M — Soyuz TMA-06M — Soyuz TMA-07M

Soyuz TMA-08M — Soyuz TMA-09M — Shenzhou 10 — Soyuz TMA-10M — Soyuz TMA-11M

Soyuz TMA-12M — Soyuz TMA-13M — Soyuz TMA-14M — Soyuz TMA-15M

Soyuz TMA-16M — Soyuz TMA-17M — Soyuz TMA-18M — Soyuz TMA-19M

Soyuz TMA-20M — Soyuz MS-01 — Shenzhou 11 — Soyuz MS-02 — Soyuz MS-03

Soyuz MS-04 — Soyuz MS-05 — Soyuz MS-06 — Soyuz MS-07

Soyuz MS-08 — Soyuz MS-09 — Soyuz MS-10 — Soyuz MS-11

Soyuz MS-12 — Soyuz MS-13 — Soyuz MS-15

Soyuz MS-16 — Crew Dragon Demo-2

Flights between 50 miles (80 km) and 62 miles (100 km)

In addition to the above, 14 flights reached an apogee between 50 mi and 100 km, thus qualifying as spaceflights according to the American convention, but failing the FAI criterion. Of these, eleven were X-15 flights during the 1960s. During 2018–2019, three additional flights reached an apogee between 50 mi and 100 km.

1962–1968

X-15 Flight 62

X-15 Flight 77 — X-15 Flight 87

—

X-15 Flight 138 — X-15 Flight 143 — X-15 Flight 150 — X-15 Flight 153

X-15 Flight 174

X-15 Flight 190 — X-15 Flight 191

X-15 Flight 197

2018

Soyuz MS-10 — VSS Unity VP-03

2019

VSS Unity VF-01

Timeline

See also

• List of human spaceflight programs
• List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970
• List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980
• List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990
• List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000
• List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010
• List of human spaceflights, 2011–present

Notes

1. Treating the Soviet Union and Russia as one country. Russia inherited the Soviet Union's space program following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
2. Dates in this table refer only to actual flights, and not the broader duration of their associated programs. For example, while Project Gemini was begun in 1961 and concluded in 1966, its crewed spaceflights occurred only from 1965–1966.
3. Soyuz missions include the following: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 18a, a non-fatal aborted mission which reached space as a sub-orbital flight; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; Soyuz 34, which was launched uncrewed to provide a return vehicle for the crew of Soyuz 32, who were aboard the Salyut 6 space station; Soyuz T-10a, a non-fatal accident in which the crewed launch was aborted due to a fire, failing to reach space; and Soyuz MS-10, a non-fatal aborted mission which failed to reach space.
4. Following the Apollo program, the Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz flights also used Apollo hardware.
5. Includes two fatal missions, STS-51-L, and STS-107. The former did not reach space, while the latter did.

External links

• Spacefacts Compare with the present article. The Spacefacts list includes most flights listed here, but omits twelve: The three failed launches of STS-51-L, Soyuz T-10a and Soyuz MS-10, none of which achieved human spaceflight, the uncrewed launch of Soyuz 34 (which nevertheless returned a crew to earth), and the eight sub-orbital human spaceflights: Mercury-Redstone 3 and 4, X-15 flights 90 and 91, SpaceShipOne flights 15P, 16P and 17P, and Soyuz 18a.

• Astronautix Similarly, see the list for "Manned Spaceflight" given at Astronautix, which includes other related categories.

References

• Vostok and Voskhod flight history
• Mercury flight history
• X-15 flight history (altitudes given in feet)
• Gemini flight history
• Apollo flight history (student resource)
• Skylab flight history
• Apollo-Soyuz flight history
• Space Shuttle flight history infographic
• Shenzhou flight history timeline
• SpaceShipOne flight history