Soyuz TM-30

Soyuz TM-30 (Russian: Союз ТМ-30, Union TM-30), also known as Mir EO-28, was a Soyuz mission, the 39th and final human spaceflight to the Mir space station. The crew of the mission was sent by MirCorp, a privately funded company, to reactivate and repair the station. The crew also resupplied the station and boosted the station to an orbit with a low point (perigee) of 360 and a high point (apogee) of 378 kilometers (223 and 235 miles, respectively). The boost in the station's orbit, which was done by utilizing the engines of the Progress M1-1 and M1-2 spacecraft, made transit between Mir and the International Space Station impossible, as desired by NASA. The mission was the first privately funded mission to a space station.[3][4]

Soyuz TM-30

Mission type	Mir crew transport
Operator	Rosaviakosmos MirCorp
COSPAR ID	2000-018A
SATCAT no.	26116
Mission duration	72 days, 19 hours, 42 minutes
Orbits completed	1,145
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Soyuz 7K-STM No.204[1]
Spacecraft type	Soyuz-TM
Manufacturer	RKK Energia
Crew
Crew size	2
Members	Sergei Zalyotin Aleksandr Kaleri
Callsign	Енисе́й (Yenisei)
Start of mission
Launch date	April 4, 2000, 05:01:29 (2000-04-04UTC05:01:29Z) UTC [2]
Rocket	Soyuz-U
Launch site	Baikonur 1/5
End of mission
Landing date	June 16, 2000, 00:44 (2000-06-16UTC00:45Z) UTC
Landing site	49°54′N 67°12′E
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	358 kilometres (222 mi)
Apogee altitude	384 kilometres (239 mi)
Inclination	51.6 degrees
Period	91.96 minutes
Epoch	May 5, 2000[1]
Docking with Mir
Docking port	Core forward
Docking date	April 6, 2000, 06:31:24 UTC
Undocking date	June 15, 2000, 21:24 UTC
Time docked	70 days, 15 hours
Soyuz programme (Crewed missions)

The mission was part of an effort by MirCorp to refurbish and privatize the aging Mir space station, which was nearing the end of its operational life. Further commercially funded missions beyond Soyuz TM-30 were originally planned to continue the restoration efforts of the then 14-year-old space station, but insufficient funding and investment ultimately led to the de-orbit of the station in early 2001.[4][5]

Crew

Position[4][6]	Crew
Commander	Sergei Zalyotin First spaceflight
Flight Engineer	Aleksandr Kaleri Third spaceflight

Soyuz TM-30 was the first spaceflight for flight commander Zalyotin, who became a cosmonaut in 1990 and completed his general training two years later in 1992.[7] TM-30 was the third visit to space made by flight engineer Kaleri, who became a cosmonaut in 1984 and completed general training in 1986. He served as flight engineer aboard the Soyuz TM-14 and TM-24 missions to Mir in 1992 and 1996-7, respectively.[8]

Backup crew

Position[5][9]	Crew
Commander	Salizhan Sharipov
Flight Engineer	Pavel Vinogradov

While Soyuz TM-30 was in orbit, a second privately funded mission was being planned to continue the restoration efforts aboard Mir. The crew assigned to this mission, although never flown, was reported to have been the backup crew for TM-30, cosmonauts Salizhan Sharipov and Pavel Vinogradov.[5]

Background

Soyuz TM-30 was intended by MirCorp to be the first in a series of missions to refurbish the 14-year-old Mir space station for commercial use. Although the mission was scheduled to last approximately two months, commander Sergei Zalyotin said before the flight that if additional funds became available the mission could be extended until August, when another crew would replace them. The other possible scenario, which occurred in reality, was again to leave the station uninhabited, as had been done several months before the mission.[10] Towards the end of Soyuz TM-30 plans were formed to send another privately funded mission to continue with MirCorp's maintenance efforts; cosmonauts Salizhan Sharipov and Pavel Vinogradov were tentatively assigned as the crew.[5]

Mission highlights

The launch of Soyuz TM-30 on April 4, 2000

Soyuz TM-30 launched at 05:01:29 UT on April 4, 2000. Docking occurred on April 6 at 06:31:24 UT. Although the Soyuz docking system is automated under normal conditions, the final few meters of the approach to the station were executed in manual mode. The decision to switch to manual mode came after the cosmonauts noticed a small deviation in the spacecraft's approach to the targeted docking port. At about 09:32 UT on the day of docking, the crew prepared to open the hatches between the Soyuz spacecraft and the station. After entering the station the crew stabilized the atmosphere inside Mir and undertook routine maintenance work.[3]

On April 25, an uncrewed Progress resupply mission, Progress M1-2, launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome to the station to deliver supplies to the crew. Progress M1-2 docked with Mir on April 27. On April 26, the Progress M1-1 spacecraft, which had been docked since February and was used by the Russian Federal Space Agency to boost the station to a higher orbit, undocked and de-orbited over the Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand.[3]

The mission's only Extra-Vehicular Activity, or spacewalk, took place on May 12, between 10:44 and 15:36 UTC. The primary objectives of the spacewalk were to repair damage to Mir's exterior components and record panoramas of the station's hull in order for experts on Earth to analyze the effects of space on the station itself. The cosmonauts inspected a malfunctioning solar array on the Kvant-1 module of the station. They discovered that a burnt-through wire connecting the array with its steering system was preventing its proper rotation. The array was subsequently deemed a loss.[3][6]

On June 15, 2000, the TM-30 spacecraft undocked from the station at about 21:24 UT. The de-orbit burn occurred at about 23:52 UT and landing followed at about 00:44 UT on June 16, about 45 kilometers (28 mi) southeast of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan.[3][11]

Milestones

Soyuz TM-30 was the first privately funded crewed space expedition but several other firsts were also achieved, including the first privately funded extra-vehicular activity, and the first privately funded uncrewed resupply mission to a space station, utilizing the Progress-M1 spacecraft.[4] Soyuz TM-30 also managed to delay the de-orbit of Mir, which was originally scheduled to occur some time in 2000, but ultimately occurred in March 2001.[12]

See also

• List of Mir Expeditions
• MirCorp

References

1. McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
2. McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
3. "Mir EO-28". Astronautix. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
4. "MirCorp Mission". MirCorp. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
5. "New mission planned for Mir as current one wraps up". CNN. 12 June 2000. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
6. "Missions to Mir in 2000". Russianspaceweb. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
7. "Cosmonaut Bio: Sergei Zalyotin". NASA. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
8. "Cosmonaut Bio: Alexander Kaleri". NASA. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
9. "Soyuz TM-30". Human Spaceflights. Spacefacts. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
10. "Space Crew poised for return to Mir on Tuesday". CNN. 3 April 2000. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
11. "MIR: Expedition 28 (EO-28)". Resident Crews of the MIR. Spacefacts. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
12. "Future of Mir in doubt after cosmonauts return home". CNN. 16 June 2000. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2011.

External links

• The MirCorp mission at SellingPeace.com by Jeffrey Manber