Soyuz 13

Soyuz 13 (Russian: Союз 13, Union 13) was a 1973 Soviet crewed space flight, the second test flight of the redesigned Soyuz 7K-T spacecraft that first flew as Soyuz 12. The spacecraft was specially modified to carry the Orion 2 Space Observatory. The flight, crewed by Pyotr Klimuk and Valentin Lebedev, was the Soviet Union's first dedicated science mission,[2] and was the first mission controlled by the new Kaliningrad Mission Control Center.[3]

This article is about a 1973 spaceflight. For the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 13, see Soyuz TMA-9.

Soyuz 13

Mission type	Astronomy
COSPAR ID	1973-103A
SATCAT no.	6982
Mission duration	7 days, 20 hours, 55 minutes, 35 seconds
Orbits completed	127
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type	Soyuz 7K-T
Manufacturer	OKB-1
Launch mass	6,560 kilograms (14,460 lb)
Crew
Crew size	2
Members	Pyotr Klimuk Valentin Lebedev
Callsign	Кавказ (Kavkaz - "Caucasus")
Start of mission
Launch date	18 December 1973, 11:55:00 (1973-12-18UTC11:55Z) UTC
Rocket	Soyuz
Launch site	Baikonur 1/5[1]
End of mission
Landing date	26 December 1973, 08:50:35 (1973-12-26UTC08:50:36Z) UTC
Landing site	200 kilometres (120 mi) SW of Karaganda
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	188 kilometres (117 mi)
Apogee altitude	247 kilometres (153 mi)
Inclination	51.6 degrees
Period	88.8 minutes
Soyuz programme (Crewed missions)

Crew

Position	Cosmonaut
Commander	Pyotr Klimuk First spaceflight
Flight Engineer	Valentin Lebedev First spaceflight

Backup crew

Position	Cosmonaut
Commander	Lev Vorobiyov
Flight Engineer	Valeri Yazdovsky

Reserve crew

Position	Cosmonaut
Commander	Vladimir Kovalyonok
Flight Engineer	Yuri Ponomaryov

Mission parameters

• Mass: 6,560 kg (14,460 lb)
• Perigee: 188 km (117 mi)
• Apogee: 247 km (153 mi)
• Inclination: 51.6°
• Period: 88.8 min

Mission highlights

Launched 18 December 1973, the Soyuz 13 crew of Klimuk and Lebedev performed some of the experiments intended for the failed Salyut space stations from the previous year.[3] Unlike Soyuz 12, the craft was equipped with solar panels to allow for an extended mission. Additionally, an orbital module was attached replacing unneeded docking equipment. This module included the Orion 2 Space Observatory (see below).[3]

The crew used a mulispectral camera to measure the atmosphere and pollution.[3] They also tested the Oasis 2 closed ecology system, and harvested protein, yielding 30 times the original bio-mass. Medical tests were also carried out, including experiments to measure blood flow to the brain.[3]

The crew landed in a heavy snowstorm on 26 December, but were recovered a few minutes later, some 200 km southwest of Karaganda.[3]

Orion 2 Space Observatory

The Orion 2 Space Observatory, designed by Grigor Gurzadyan, was operated by crew member Lebedev. Ultraviolet spectrograms of thousands of stars to as faint as 13th magnitude were obtained by a wide-angle meniscus telescope of the Cassegrain system, with an aperture diameter of 240 mm, an equivalent focal length of 1,000 mm, and a 4-grade quartz prism objective. The dispersion of the spectrograph was 17, 28 and 55 nm/mm, at wavelengths of 200, 250 and 300 nm respectively. The first satellite UV spectrogram of a planetary nebula (IC 2149 in Auriga) was obtained, revealing lines of aluminium and titanium - elements not previously observed in objects of that type. Two-photon emission in that planetary nebula and a remarkable star cluster in Auriga were also discovered. Additionally, comet Kohoutek was observed.[3]

See also

• 1973 in spaceflight

References

1. "Baikonur LC1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
2. Clark, Phillip (1988). The Soviet Manned Space Program. New York: Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-517-56954-X.
3. Newkirk, Dennis (1990). Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87201-848-2.

External links

• G. A. Gurzadyan, Ultraviolet spectra of Capella, Nature, vol. 250, p. 204, 1974
• G. A. Gurzadyan, S. S. Rustambekova, Silicon-rich stellar envelope? Nature, vol. 254, p. 311, 1975
• G. A. Gurzadyan, A. L. Jarakyan, M. N. Krmoyan, A. L. Kashin, G. M. Loretsyan, J. B. Ohanesyan, Space astrophysical observatory Orion-2, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.40, p. 393, 1976
• G. A. Gurzadyan, Two-photon emission in planetary nebula IC 2149, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications, vol.88, p. 891, 1976
• H. A. Abt, Spectral types in Gurzadyan's clustering in Auriga, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Publications, vol.90, p. 555, 1978