Energy in Poland

In 2009, Poland was the world's 9th largest hard coal producer. The country is also the second largest coal consumer in Europe, behind Germany.[1]

Bełchatów Power Station is a lignite-fired power station that produces 27-28 TWh of electricity per year, or 20% of the total power generation in Poland.

Overview
Energy in Poland[2]
Population
(million)		 Primary energy
(TWh)		 Production
(TWh)		 Import
(TWh)		 Electricity
(TWh)		 CO2-emission
(Mt)
200438.21,067917157131296
200738.11,129845294140305
200838.11,138830352142299
200938.21,093785352137287
201038.21,180784373144305
201238.51,178797402148300
2012R38.51,138831360148294
201338.51,135825301150292
Change 2004-130.0%6.4%-11.2%91.7%14.5%-1.4%
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[3]

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

2015 fuel taxes, in PLN[4]
DieselGasolineNatural gasCoalElectricity
per unitliterliterm3GJGJMWh
Excise1.4591.6691.281.28
Environment

Coal
Main article: Coal mining in Poland

In 2009 Poland produced 78 megatonnes (Mt) of hard coal and 57 Mt of brown coal.

Coal and the environment

Coal mining has far-reaching effects on local water resources. Coal mining requires large amounts of water. Mining activities have dropped the water level of Lake Ostrowskie by almost two meters in the Kuyavia–Pomerania and the lakes in the Powidz Landscape Park. According to Poznań's University of Agriculture, the water drainage in the Kleczew brown coal mining areas has formed craters in the area.[1] Statistics from Eurostat shows that Poland accounts for 30% of the European Union’s annual consumption of coal.[5]

Coal and the public

In April 2008, five thousand people demonstrated in Kruszwica to protect cultural heritage and the nature reserve at Lake Gopło. This was the first protest of its kind in the country's history. Gopło Millennium Park (Nadgoplański Park Tysiąclecia) is protected by the European Union's Natura 2000 program and includes a major bird sanctuary. The Tomisławice opencast mine (less than 10 kilometers away from the Kruszwica mine) was due to open in 2009.[1]

Coal and business

The Bełchatów Power Station in the Łódź region supplies almost 20% of Poland's energy. It is the largest brown coal power plant in Europe.

Electricity
Poland electricity generation by source

In 2018 48% of electricity produced in Poland came from hard coal, 29% from brown coal, 13% from renewable sources (mostly wind power) and 7% from natural gas.[6]

Renewable energy

A binding European Union resolution, the Renewable Energy Directive 2009, stipulates a 15% renewable energy target for total energy use in Poland by 2020. According to the Polish National Renewable Energy Action Plan, the 2020 figure is set to exceed this target by 0.5% at 15.5% of overall energy use, broken down as 19.1% of total electricity consumption, 17% in the heating and cooling sector, and 10.1% in the transport sector.[7]

As of 2014 - 2015 renewable energy provided around 10% of total primary energy supply in Poland as well as around 13% of total electricity generation.[8]

Progress towards targets
Renewable energy Progress Report Poland, 2013 and 2014.
2013[9] 2014[9] 2015[10] 2016[10] 2017[10] 2018[10]
Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector 14.07% 13.95% 14.54% 14.68% 14.48% 14.56%
Renewable energy share of electricity sector 10.73% 12.40% 13.43% 13.36% 13.09% 13.03%
Renewable energy share of transport sector 6.03% 5.67% 5.62% 3.92% 4.20% 5.63%
Renewable energy share of total energy consumption 11.34% 11.45% 11.74% 11.27% 10.90% 11.16%

As of year end 2014 Poland had achieved an 11.45% share of renewable energy use as a percentage of overall energy usage. The overall 2014 share breaks down as 13.95% of the heating and cooling sector, 12.40% of the electricity sector and 5.67% of the transport sector.

Sources

Biomass and waste

As of 2015 Biomass and waste was the largest source of renewable energy in Poland providing an estimated 8.9% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in that year and an estimated 6.1% of electricity generation.[8]

Solid biomass is the most important source by volume, providing fuel for heat and power plants or consumed directly for industrial or household heat requirements. Biogasses are also used in heat and power plants as well whilst waste is mainly used as a fuel in industry.[8] In 2014 0.7 Mtoe of biofuels were used in transport, 81% as biodiesel and 19% as biogasoline, making up 5% of the total energy consumption in the transport sector in 2014.[8]

Wind power
Main articles: Wind power in Poland and Wind power in the European Union
EU and Poland Wind Energy Capacity (MW)[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]
No Country 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
-EU-27153,641[18] 142,042[18] 128,751[19] 117,384[19] 105,69693,95784,07474,76764,71256,51748,06940,51134,38328,59923,15917,31512,8879,6786,453
9Poland5,782[18]5,100[18] 3,834[19]3,390[19]2,4971,6161,107725544276153836363270000

Wind power is estimated to have provided 6.6% of total electricity generation in 2015.[8]

The Polish NREAP plan is targeting 6,700 MW of wind power by 2020 whilst EWEA's 2009 forecast suggests a higher wind capacity of 10–12 GW is possible.[20]

The Polish government had plans to reach 2,000 MW in wind power capacity and a 2.3% share of wind generation in domestic energy consumption by 2010.[21] By the end of 2010, the capacity stood at 1,107 MW.[22] If Poland had the same wind power density as Denmark, there would have been 23 GW of wind power by the end of 2008.[23]

Hydroelectric power
Name Location Coordinates Capacity, MWe Type Ref
Żarnowiec Pomorskie 680 pumped storage [24]
Żar Śląskie 500 pumped storage [25]
Solina Solina 200 pumped storage [26]
Włocławek Kujawsko-Pomorskie 160 river dam [27]
Żydowo Zachodnio-Pomorskie 150 pumped storage [28]
Niedzica Małopolskie 92.75 pumped storage [29][30]
Dychów Lubuskie 90 pumped storage [31]
Rożnów Małopolskie 50 run of the river [32][33]
Grajówka Lubuskie 2.79 run of the river [34][35]
Future planned plants
Mloty Dolnośląskie 750 pumped storage [30][36]

In 2014 there were 2,364 MW installed capacity of hydroelectric power as well as 1,406 MW pumped storage capacity.[37] In 2015 hydroelectricity generated approximately 1.1% of total electricity in Poland.[38]

Solar power
Main article: Solar power in Poland
PV in Poland (MWpeak)[39][39][40][41][42][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0.3 0.4 0.6 1 1 21.83.44.229.9 110.9 193.9 287 486.5

Solar power expanded slowly reaching 4.2 MW by 2013. After 2013 installed capacity began to rise more quickly reaching 486.5 MW by 2018.

Air quality
Air quality information on PM10 displayed in Katowice, Poland

The PM10 warning limit is 300 μg/m3 in Poland, whereas it is 80 in Paris.[50]

Global warming

Poland opposed the 2009 EU proposal to support developing countries in applying measures against global warming, at a cost of 5-7 billion € during the years 2010–2012.[51]

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gollark: Yes, Google is definitionally Google.
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See also

References
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  2. IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2014-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  3. "Energy in Sweden Facts and Figures" (PDF). The Swedish Energy Agency. 2010. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-17. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
  4. Michel, Sharon. ENERGY PRICES AND TAXES, COUNTRY NOTES, 3rd Quarter 2015 Archived January 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, page 40. International Energy Agency, 2015
  5. "Poland accounts for almost a third of the EU's coal consumption". Emerging Europe | News, Intelligence, Community. 2019-08-26. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
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  12. EWEA Staff (February 2011). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2010" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
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  14. Wind in power: 2012 European statistics February 2013
  15. http://www.euractiv.com/sections/energy/polands-renewable-capacity-grows-94-6-gw-2014-311760
  16. "Mapa odnawialnych źródeł energii na podstawie udzielonych przez Prezesa URE koncesji oraz wpisów do rejestrów prowadzonych przez Prezesa URE i Prezesa ARR". www.ure.gov.pl.
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  19. EWEA: "Wind in power: 2014 European statistics", February 2014
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  25. "Porabka-Zar Pumped Storage Power Plant Poland". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
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  28. "Zydowo Pumped Storage Hydroelectric Power Plant". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
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  30. Administrator. "Hydro Power Plants". www.energoprojekt.pl. Retrieved 2017-06-25.
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  32. "TAURON Ekoenergia Sp. z o.o." (in Polish). Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
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  40. Photovoltaic energy barometer 2007 – EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 178, p. 49-70, 4/2007
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  42. Photovoltaic energy barometer 2011 – EurObserv’ER
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