Harold Stassen

Harold Edward Stassen (April 13, 1907 – March 4, 2001) was an American politician who was the 25th Governor of Minnesota. He was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 1948, considered for a time to be the front-runner. He thereafter regularly continued to run for that and other offices, such that his name became most identified with his status as a perennial candidate.

Harold Stassen
Director of the United States Foreign Operations Administration
In office
August 3, 1953 – March 19, 1955
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Director of the Mutual Security Agency
In office
January 28, 1953 – August 1, 1953
PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded byW. Averell Harriman
Succeeded byPosition abolished
3rd President of the University of Pennsylvania
In office
1948–1953
Preceded byGeorge William McClelland
Succeeded byWilliam Hagan DuBarry (acting)
Chair of the National Governors Association
In office
January 7, 1941 – June 21, 1942
Preceded byWilliam H. Vanderbilt
Succeeded byHerbert O'Conor
25th Governor of Minnesota
In office
January 2, 1939 – April 27, 1943
LieutenantC. Elmer Anderson
Edward John Thye
Preceded byElmer Austin Benson
Succeeded byEdward John Thye
Personal details
Born
Harold Edward Stassen

(1907-04-13)April 13, 1907
West St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
DiedMarch 4, 2001(2001-03-04) (aged 93)
Bloomington, Minnesota, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse(s)
Esther Glewwe
​
(
m. 1929; died 2000)
EducationUniversity of Minnesota (BA, LLB)
Military service
Branch/service United States Navy
Years of service1942–1945
Rank Captain
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsLegion of Merit

Born in West St. Paul, Minnesota, Stassen was elected as the district attorney of Dakota County, Minnesota after graduating from the University of Minnesota. He won election as Governor of Minnesota in 1938. Stassen was then and remains the youngest person elected to that office.[1] He gave the keynote address at the 1940 Republican National Convention. He resigned as governor to serve in the United States Navy during World War II, becoming an aide to Admiral William Halsey Jr. After the war, he became president of the University of Pennsylvania, holding that position from 1948 to 1953. Stassen sought the presidential nomination at the 1948 Republican National Convention, winning a significant share of the delegates on the first two ballots of the convention. During the Republican primaries preceding the convention, he engaged in the Dewey–Stassen debate, the first recorded debate between presidential candidates.

Stassen sought the presidential nomination again at the 1952 Republican National Convention, and helped Dwight D. Eisenhower win the nomination by shifting his support to Eisenhower. After serving in the Eisenhower administration, Stassen sought various offices. Between 1958 and 1990, he campaigned unsuccessfully for the positions of Governor of Pennsylvania, Mayor of Philadelphia, United States Senator, Governor of Minnesota, and United States Representative. He further sought the Republican nomination for president in 1964, 1968, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992.

Early life (1907–1930)

Stassen, the third of five children, was born in West St. Paul, Minnesota, to Elsie Emma (née Mueller) and William Andrew Stassen, a farmer and several-times mayor of West St. Paul. His mother was German and his father was born in Minnesota, to German and Czech parents.[2][3][4][5][6] At the age of 11 Stassen graduated from elementary school and four years later graduated from high school.[7] At the University of Minnesota, Stassen was an intercollegiate debater and orator,[8] and captain of the champion university rifle team in 1927.[9] He received his B.A. degree in 1927,[10] and his LL.B. degree from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1929.[11][12] That year, he married his wife, the former Esther Glewwe, whose sister, Martha, was married to Harold's younger brother, William.[13]

Career

Early political career (1930–1938)

In 1930, after opening a law office with Elmer J. Ryan in South St. Paul, Stassen defeated Alfred Joyce, the incumbent District Attorney of Dakota County, and took office on January 5, 1931, months after Joyce was suspended from practicing law.[14] Three years after taking office Stassen was elected president of the Minnesota County Attorney's association.[15][5]

In 1935, Stassen participated in the creation of the Young Republicans committee in Minnesota and was one of three elected to be temporary members of the state committee to carry on pre-convention work and would be elected its chairman later that year.[16][17] In 1936 Stassen led an effort by the Young Republicans that demanded greater representation for them at county conventions and for their inclusion in state leadership before his tenure as chairman ended later that year.[18][19]

Stassen was a delegate to the 1936 Republican National Convention. On April 24, 1937 he gave the keynote address at the Minnesota Republican state convention.[20][21] In October he announced his intention to run for governor in 1938, and formally started his campaign in November. Despite being a member of the party's executive committee Stassen seconded a motion preventing a gubernatorial endorsement at the convention in December.[22][23]

Governorship (1939–1943)

On January 2, 1939 Stassen was inaugurated by Chief Justice Henry M. Gallagher. His first action was to order an audit of expenditures in every state department. He would later sign into law Minnesota's first civil service law.[24] In September he organized a farm problems conference with World War Two's effect on agricultural being the main issue that was attended by the governors of South Dakota, Wisconsin, Kansas, North Dakota, and Illinois or their representatives.[25] When New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey traveled to Minneapolis during the 1940 presidential campaign he was introduced by Stassen.[26] By the end of 1939 Stassen's approval rating was over 80% and he had the support of over 80% of both Democrats and Farmer-Laborers.[27] Despite the fact that Stassen was then constitutionally ineligible for the presidency because of his age, some Republicans supported his involvement in presidential politics and Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes commented that Stassen was a political upcomer and was more serious than Dewey.[28]

Year Approve Disapprove
1939 81% 19%
1943 91% 5%[29]

World War II
Commander Harold E. Stassen, USNR while serving as Aide to Admiral William F. Halsey, Commander, Third Fleet
External video
Booknotes interview with Stassen on Eisenhower: Turning the World Toward Peace, October 14, 1990, C-SPAN

Stassen, who was reelected as governor of Minnesota in 1940 and 1942, supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policy and encouraged the state Republican Party to repudiate American isolationism before the attack on Pearl Harbor. During the 1942 campaign, he announced that, if re-elected, he would resign to serve on active duty with the United States Naval Reserve, which Stassen had joined with the rank of lieutenant commander earlier that year.[5][30]

Stassen was re-elected governor in November 1942 and, true to his campaign promise, resigned as governor on April 23, 1943 prior to reporting for active duty with the Navy. (Although he would run in 13 more elections in his life, this was the last time he would hold an elected office.)

After being promoted to the rank of commander, he joined the staff of Admiral William F. Halsey, Commander of the Third Fleet in the Pacific Theater. He was awarded the Legion of Merit for meritorious service in this position. After almost two and a half years of service, he was promoted to the rank of captain on September 27, 1945 and was released from active duty in November of the same year.[30]

Stassen lost some of his political base while overseas, whereas Republican candidates such as Thomas E. Dewey had a chance to increase theirs. Stassen was a delegate at the San Francisco Conference that established the United Nations, and was one of the US signatories of the United Nations Charter. He served as president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1948 to 1953. His attempt to increase the prominence of the university football team was unpopular and soon abandoned.[3] From 1953 to 1955, he was the director of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's short-lived Foreign Operations Administration.[31]

Presidential politics (1944–1964)

Stassen was later best known for being a perennial candidate for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States, seeking it nine times between 1944 and 1992 (1944, 1948, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992). He never won the Republican nomination, much less the presidency; in fact, after 1952, he never even came close, but continued to campaign actively and seriously for President until just a year before his death.

Due to his victory in the gubernatorial race, status as America's youngest governor and overwhelming approval rating Stassen was touted as a possible future Republican presidential nominee starting in 1940 despite the fact that he would be constitutionally unable to serve.[32]

Stassen's strongest bid for the Republican presidential nomination was in 1948, when he won a series of upset victories in early primaries. His challenge to the front runner, New York Governor and 1944 G.O.P. presidential nominee Thomas E. Dewey, was serious enough that Dewey challenged Stassen to a debate on the night before the Oregon Republican primary. The May 17 Dewey–Stassen debate was the first recorded modern debate between presidential candidates to take place in the United States. The debate, which concerned the criminalization of the Communist Party of the United States, was broadcast over the radio throughout the nation.

At the convention in Philadelphia, Osro Cobb, the then Republican state chairman in Arkansas, made a seconding speech for Stassen, having been motivated by Stassen's promise if nominated to campaign actively in the South. Cobb described the South as "the last frontier to which we can turn for substantial gains for our party – gains that can be held in the years to come. There is a definite affinity between the southern farmer and the grassroots Midwestern Republicans. ...Our party simply cannot indulge the luxury of a Solid South, handed on a silver platter to the opposition every four years...."[33]

In the first two rounds of balloting, Stassen finished third behind Dewey, the front runner, and Robert Taft. After the second round, Stassen and Taft bowed out and Dewey was selected unanimously as the nominee on the next ballot. In all Republican conventions since 1948, the nominee has been selected on the first ballot.

Stassen's home-state delegation played a key role in the 1952 Republican contest when, over his objection, his delegates were released to Dwight D. Eisenhower. This swing helped Eisenhower to defeat Robert A. Taft on the first ballot.[34] He served in the Eisenhower Administration, filling posts including director of the Mutual Security Administration (foreign aid) and Special Assistant to the President for Disarmament.[31] During this period, he held cabinet rank and led a quixotic effort (perhaps covertly encouraged by Eisenhower, who had reservations about Richard Nixon's maturity for the presidency)[35] to "dump Nixon" at the 1956 Republican Convention.[31]

Stassen's last significant presidential campaign was in 1964. Despite being a supporter of the "Stop Goldwater" movement and attempting to form an alliance with Margaret Chase Smith to prevent a Goldwater nomination Stassen was approached by Goldwater over the possibility of being his running mate and stated that "I would consider running with you. But with no one else."[36] However, Goldwater later chose Representative William E. Miller.

Later life (1964–2001)

Stassen also ran for:

  • Dakota County District Attorney (he won in 1930 and 1934);
  • Governor of Minnesota on four occasions (he won on his first three attempts in 1938, 1940, and 1942, but was unsuccessful in 1982);
  • United States Senate twice (1978 and 1994 in Minnesota);
  • Governor of Pennsylvania twice (1958) and (1966)
  • Mayor of Philadelphia once (1959);
  • U.S. Representative (he was the Republican nominee against Bruce Vento of Minnesota in 1986).[37]

After leaving the Eisenhower Administration, Stassen campaigned unsuccessfully for governor of Pennsylvania (1958 and 1966) and for mayor of Philadelphia (1959). In 1978, Stassen moved back to Minnesota and ran a campaign for the U.S. Senate. In 1982, he campaigned for the Minnesota governorship and in 1986 for the fourth district congressional seat. He campaigned for the Republican Party presidential nomination in every election except 1956, 1960, and 1972.[38] He was on the ballot in the 1988 New Hampshire Republican primary and received 130 votes, and also received 1 vote in the Democratic primary.

Harold Stassen, as Governor

On the death of Happy Chandler, Stassen became the earliest serving governor of any U.S. state still living. When he died, the title was passed to Charles Poletti, a former governor of New York State. Stassen died in 2001 in Bloomington, Minnesota, at the age of 93 and is buried at the Acacia Park Cemetery in Mendota Heights, Minnesota. The Minnesota Department of Revenue headquarters near the State Capitol is named for him.

Religious life

Raised as a Baptist, Stassen was active with regional Baptist associations as well as many other religious organizations. During the 1960s, he gained a reputation as a liberal, particularly when, as president of the American Baptist Convention in 1963, he joined Martin Luther King in his march on Washington, D.C.[3] Much of Stassen's political thought came from his religious beliefs. He held important positions in his denomination and in local and national councils of churches.[5] In the latter 1960s and early 1970s, Stassen also participated with the U.S. Inter-religious Committee on Peace, which sponsored a series of conferences on religion and peace.[38] Baptists writing memorials remembered him as much as a church figure as a political candidate.[39] His son Glen Stassen was a prominent Baptist theologian.

Political positions

Throughout his life, Stassen was a liberal Republican and challenged the more conservative elements of the Republican Party such as when he primaried Senator Robert A. Taft, favorite son and a leader of the conservative coalition, in his home state of Ohio during the 1948 Republican primary.[40]

Economics

During the 1938, Minnesota gubernatorial campaign Stassen ran against the creation of a sales tax and later in life supported a form of universal basic income in which unemployed mothers of two or more children would be given $115 per month.[41][42]

Foreign policy

Despite having called for the banning of the Communist Party in the United States, Stassen differed from the majority of conservatives with his stances against the embargo on Cuba and military intervention in Vietnam, instead favoring both North and South Vietnam joining the UN where their problems could be settled.[43][44]

United Nations

Stassen was one of the founders of the United Nations and supported it throughout his life. When he died on March 4, 2001, aged 93, he was the last living signer of the United Nations Charter.

Military awards
  • Legion of Merit
  • Navy Commendation Ribbon
  • Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four battle stars
  • World War II Victory Medal

Legion of Merit citation

Commander Harold E. Stassen, United States Navy, is awarded the Legion of Merit for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Assistant Chief of Staff, Administration, and Aide and Flag Secretary on the staff of Commander, THIRD Fleet, from 15 June 1944 to 26 January 1945.[45]

General Orders: Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin No. 337 (April 1945) & No. 363 (May 1947)

Action Date: June 15, 1944 – January 26, 1945

Cultural references
Stassen at the 1980 Republican National Convention
  • In the Lord of the Rings parody Bored of the Rings, the "Bath of Lavalier" (which parodies the Mirror of Galadriel in The Fellowship of the Ring) is shown predicting a happy ending for all concerned, and Lavalier says that it bodes well, because the Bath of Lavalier never lies. After the characters leave, the Bath of Lavalier is described as showing "the triumphant reception of the RMS Titanic in New York Harbor, the repayment of the French war debt, and the inaugural ball of Harold Stassen."
  • Stassen appears in Harry Turtledove's alternate history novels Colonization: Aftershocks (part of the Worldwar series) and Joe Steele (a standalone).
  • In the ninth episode of the 18th season of The Simpsons, while staying with the titular family, Gil Gunderson makes breakfast and asks the kids "Who wants some eggs à la Harold Stassen?" When met with dumbfounded looks, he reveals the punchline: "They're always running!"
  • In Elia Kazan's 1947 movie Gentleman's Agreement starring Gregory Peck, the lead character played by Peck mentions early in the film his disappointment with being assigned to write on antisemitism by his magazine editor. Peck's character mentions he feels his first assignment should involve some theme of import, such as "covering Stassen". This is presumably a reference to the then looming 1948 United States presidential election Republican party primary nomination which Stassen and Thomas E. Dewey were both then in heated competition to win.

Electoral history
Harold Stassen electoral history

Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1938[46]

  • Harold Stassen (R) – 678,839 (59.92%)
  • Elmer Austin Benson (Farmer-Labor) (inc.) – 387,263 (34.18%)
  • Thomas F. Gallagher (D) – 65,875 (5.82%)
  • John William Castle (Industrial) – 899 (0.08%)

Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1940[47]

  • Harold Stassen (R) (inc.) – 654,686 (52.06%)
  • Hjalmar Petersen (Farmer-Labor) – 459,609 (36.55%)
  • Edward Murphy (D) – 140,021 (11.14%)
  • John William Castle (Industrial) – 3,175 (0.25%)

Minnesota gubernatorial election, 1942[48]

  • Harold Stassen (R) (inc.) – 409,800 (51.60%)
  • Hjalmar Petersen (Farmer-Labor) – 299,917 (37.76%)
  • John D. Sullivan (D) – 75,151 (9.46%)
  • Martin Mackie (Communist) – 5,082 (0.64%)
  • Harris A. Brandborg (Industrial) – 4,278 (0.54%)

1944 Republican presidential primaries[49]

1948 Republican presidential primaries[50]

1948 Republican National Convention[51]

1952 Republican presidential primaries[52]

  • Robert A. Taft – 2,794,736 (35.84%)
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower – 2,050,708 (26.30%)
  • Earl Warren – 1,349,036 (17.30%)
  • Harold Stassen – 881,702 (11.31%)
  • Thomas H. Werdel – 521,110 (6.68%)
  • George T. Mickelson – 63,879 (0.82%)
  • Douglas MacArthur – 44,209 (0.57%)
  • Grant A. Ritter – 26,208 (0.34%)
  • Edward C. Slettedahl – 22,712 (0.29%)
  • Riley A. Bender – 22,321 (0.29%)
  • Mary E. Kenny – 10,411 (0.13%)
  • Wayne L. Morse – 7,105 (0.09%)
  • Perry J. Stearns – 2,925 (0.04%)
  • William R. Schneider – 580 (0.01%)

1952 Republican National Convention (1st ballot)

Republican primary for Governor of Pennsylvania, 1958[53]

  • Arthur T. McGonigle – 578,286 (54.52%)
  • Harold Stassen – 344,043 (32.44%)
  • William S. Livengood – 138,284 (13.04%)

Philadelphia mayoral election, 1959[54]

1964 Republican presidential primaries[55]

Republican primary for Governor of Pennsylvania, 1966[56]

  • Raymond P. Shafer – 835,768 (78.02%)
  • Harold Stassen – 172,150 (16.07%)
  • George J. Brett – 63,366 (5.92%)

1968 Republican presidential primaries[57]

1968 Republican National Convention (1st ballot)

1978 Republican primary for the United States Senate from Minnesota[58]

  • Rudy Boschwitz – 185,393 (86.81%)
  • Harold Stassen – 28,170 (13.19%)

1980 Republican presidential primaries[59]

1984 Republican presidential primaries[60]

  • Ronald Reagan (inc.) – 6,484,987 (98.78%)
  • Unpledged delegates – 55,458 (0.85%)
  • Harold Stassen – 12,749 (0.19%)

Minnesota's 4th congressional district, 1986[61]

  • Bruce F. Vento (DFL) (inc.) – 112,662 (72.88%)
  • Harold Stassen (R) – 41,926 (27.12%)

1988 Republican presidential primaries[62]

  • George H. W. Bush – 8,258,512 (67.91%)
  • Bob Dole – 2,333,375 (19.19%)
  • Pat Robertson – 1,097,446 (9.02%)
  • Jack Kemp – 331,333 (2.72%)
  • Unpledged – 56,990 (0.47%)
  • Pete DuPont – 49,783 (0.41%)
  • Alexander M. Haig – 26,619 (0.22%)
  • Harold Stassen – 2,682 (0.02%)

1992 Republican presidential primaries[63]

Republican primary for the United States Senate from Minnesota, 1994[64]

  • Rod Grams – 269,931 (58.17%)
  • Joanell M. Dyrstad – 163,205 (35.17%)
  • Harold Stassen – 22,430 (4.83%)
  • John J. Zeleniak – 8,467 (1.83%)

Bibliography
  • Gunther, John (1947). "Stassen: Young Man Going Somewhere". Inside U.S.A.. New York, London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 293–308.
  • Kirby, Alec, Dalin, David G., Rothmann, John F.. Harold E. Stassen – The Life and Perennial Candidacy of the Progressive Republican (McFarland, 2013) 235pp
  • Pietrusza, David 1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year that Changed America, Union Square Press, 2011.
  • Smemo, Kristoffer. "A "New Dealized" Grand Old Party: Labor and the Emergence of Liberal Republicanism in Minneapolis, 1937–1939." Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas (2014) 11#2 pp: 35–59.
  • Werle, Steve, Stassen Again, (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press), 2015.

Archives

In the Harold E. Stassen Papers at the Minnesota Historical Society, digital content is available for researcher use.[65] Researchers will find content that includes speech files, handwritten notes, memoranda, annotated briefings, correspondence, war diaries, working papers, and draft charters for the United Nations. The entire Harold E. Stassen collection includes campaign and political, naval service, United Nations, Eisenhower administration, and organizational membership files of the Minnesota Governor (1938–1943), Naval Officer (1943–1945), United Nations delegate (April–June 1945), Presidential contender (1948), and Eisenhower cabinet member and Director of the Mutual Security Agency (1953–1958), documenting most aspects of Stassen's six-decade career, including all of his public offices, campaigns, and Republican Party and other non-official activities. Digital selections from this manuscript collection were made based on user and researcher interest, historic significance, and copyright status.

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  64. "MN US Senate – R Primary Race – Sep 13, 1994". Our Campaigns. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
  65. "Harold E. Stassen: An Inventory of His Papers at the Minnesota Historical Society". Mnhs.org. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
Party political offices
Preceded by
Martin A. Nelson		 Republican nominee for Governor of Minnesota
1938, 1940, 1942		 Succeeded by
Edward John Thye
Preceded by
Frederick Steiwer		 Keynote Speaker of the Republican National Convention
1940		 Succeeded by
Earl Warren
Political offices
Preceded by
Elmer Austin Benson		 Governor of Minnesota
1939–1943		 Succeeded by
Edward John Thye
Preceded by
William H. Vanderbilt		 Chair of the National Governors Association
1941–1942		 Succeeded by
Herbert O'Conor
Academic offices
Preceded by
George William McClelland		 President of the University of Pennsylvania
1948–1953		 Succeeded by
William Hagan DuBarry
Acting
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
W. Averell Harriman		 Director of the Mutual Security Agency
1953		 Position abolished
New office Director of the United States Foreign Operations Administration
1953–1955
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Happy Chandler		 Earliest serving U.S. governor
1991–2001		 Succeeded by
Charles Poletti
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