1940 United States Senate elections

The United States Senate elections of 1940 coincided with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt to his third term as President.

1940 United States Senate elections

November 5, 1940

32 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate
49 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader Alben Barkley Charles McNary
Party Democratic Republican
Leader since July 22, 1937 January 3, 1941
Leader's seat Kentucky Oregon
Seats before 69 24
Seats won 66 27
Seat change 2 3
Popular vote 19,715,831 19,831,926
Percentage 47.5% 47.8%
Seats up 23 7
Races won 21 10

  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Farmer–Labor Progressive
Seats before 1 1
Seats won 0 1
Seat change 1
Popular vote 310,875[1] 605,609
Percentage 25.7%[1] 1.5%
Seats up 1 1
Races won 0 1

  Fifth party
 
Party Independent
Seats before 1
Seats won 1
Seat change
Seats up 0
Races won 0

Results of the elections:
     Democratic gain      Democratic hold
     Republican gain      Republican hold
     Progressive hold
     No election

Majority Leader before election

Alben Barkley
Democratic

Elected Majority Leader

Alben Barkley
Democratic

Although Roosevelt was re-elected, support for his administration had dropped somewhat after eight years, and the Republican opposition gained three seats from the Democrats. However, the New Deal Democrats regained firm control of both the House and Senate because Progressives dominated the election.[2] The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party also disappeared from the Senate, as Henrik Shipstead joined the Republican party and Ernest Lundeen had died during the preceding term. Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri was elected to his final term in the Senate in 1940. Truman resigned in 1945 to serve as President Roosevelt's third Vice President.

Gains and losses

Republicans had a net gain of three seats in the regular elections, plus one more in a November special election.

Three came from wins over Democrats:

  1. Indiana: First-term Democrat Sherman Minton narrowly lost to Republican Raymond E. Willis.
  2. Nebraska: First-term Democrat Edward R. Burke lost renomination to Robert LeRoy Cochran, who then lost the regular election to Republican Hugh Butler.
  3. Ohio: First-term Democrat A. Victor Donahey retired and was replaced by Republican Harold H. Burton.

Republicans picked up a seat from Farmer–Labor when an incumbent changed party:

  1. Minnesota: Three-term Farmer–Labor Henrik Shipstead was re-elected, but changed party to Republican.

Democrats did win one seat from a Republican:

  1. Delaware: Two-term Republican John G. Townsend Jr. lost to Democrat James M. Tunnell.

Also, in a special election, Republicans gained an additional seat from the Democrats:

  1. Illinois: Democratic interim appointee James M. Slattery lost to Republican C. Wayland Brooks.

Change in composition

Before the elections

  D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38 D37 D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29
D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45
Ill. (sp)
Ran
D46
Ky. (sp)
Ran
D47
Ran
D48
Ran
Majority → D49
Ran
D58
Ran
D57
Ran
D56
Ran
D55
Ran
D54
Ran
D53
Ran
D52
Ran
D51
Ran
D50
Ran
D59
Ran
D60
Ran
D61
Ran
D62
Ran
D63
Ran
D64
Ran
D65
Ran
D66
Ran
D67
Ran
D68
Retired
R19
Ran
R20
Ran
R21
Ran
R22
Ran
R23
Ran
R24
Retired
FL1
Ran
P1
Ran
I1 D69
Retired
R18
Ran
R17
Idaho (sp)
Ran
R16
Vt. (sp)
Retired
R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8

Election results

  D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8
D18 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9
D19 D20 D21 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28
D38 D37 D36 D35 D34 D33 D32 D31 D30 D29
D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45
Ky. (sp)
Elected[lower-alpha 1]
D46
Re-elected
D47
Re-elected
D48
Re-elected
Majority → D49
Re-elected
D58
Re-elected
D57
Re-elected
D56
Re-elected
D55
Re-elected
D54
Re-elected
D53
Re-elected
D52
Re-elected
D51
Re-elected
D50
Re-elected
D59
Re-elected
D60
Re-elected
D61
Re-elected
D62
Gain
D63
Hold
D64
Hold
D65
Hold
D66
Hold
I1 P1
Re-elected
R19
Re-elected
R20
Re-elected
R21
Re-elected
R22
Hold
R23
Hold
R24
Gain
R25
Gain
R26
Gain
R27
Gain
R28
Ill. (sp)
Gain
R18
Re-elected
R17
Idaho (sp)
Elected[lower-alpha 1]
R16
Vt. (sp)
Hold
R15 R14 R13 R12 R11 R10 R9
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8
Key
D# Democratic
FL# Farmer–Labor
P# Progressive
R# Republican
I# Independent

Race summaries

Special elections during the 76th Congress

In these special elections, the winner elected during 1940 and seated once qualified; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history
Idaho
(Class 2)
John W. Thomas Republican 1928 (Appointed)
1928 (Special)
1932 (Lost)
1940 (Appointed)
Interim appointee elected November 5, 1940.
Illinois
(Class 2)
James M. Slattery Democratic 1939 (Appointed) Interim appointee lost election to finish term.
New senator elected November 5, 1940.
Republican gain.
Kentucky
(Class 2)
Happy Chandler Democratic 1939 (Appointed) Interim appointee elected November 5, 1940.
  • Y Happy Chandler (Democratic) 58.3%
  • Walter B. Smith (Republican) 41.7%
Vermont
(Class 3)
Ernest W. Gibson Jr. Republican 1940 (Appointed) Interim appointee retired.
New senator elected November 5, 1940.
Republican hold.
  • Y George Aiken (Republican) 61.6%
  • Herbert B. Comings (Democratic) 38.4%

Races leading to the 77th Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1941; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral
history
Arizona Henry F. Ashurst Democratic 1912
1916
1922
1928
1934
Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
California Hiram Johnson Republican 1916
1922
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Connecticut Francis T. Maloney Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected.
Delaware John G. Townsend Jr. Republican 1928
1934
Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Democratic gain.
Florida Charles O. Andrews Democratic 1936 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
Indiana Sherman Minton Democratic 1934 Incumbent lost re-election.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
Maine Frederick Hale Republican 1916
1922
1928
1934
Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
Maryland George L. P. Radcliffe Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts David I. Walsh Democratic 1926 (Special)
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Michigan Arthur Vandenberg Republican 1928 (Appointed)
1928 (Special)
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Minnesota Henrik Shipstead Farmer–Labor 1922
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.
Republican gain.
Mississippi Theodore G. Bilbo Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected.
Missouri Harry S. Truman Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected.
Montana Burton K. Wheeler Democratic 1922
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Nebraska Edward R. Burke Democratic 1934 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
  • Y Hugh A. Butler (Republican) 57.0%
  • Robert LeRoy Cochran (Democratic) 41.5%
Nevada Key Pittman Democratic 1913 (Special)
1916
1922
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Winner died November 10, 1940 and Berkeley L. Bunker (D) was appointed both to finish the term and to start the next term.
  • Y Key Pittman (Democratic) 60.5%
  • Samuel Platt (Republican) 39.5%
New Jersey William Warren Barbour Republican 1931 (Appointed)
1932 (Special)
1936 (Lost)
1938 (Special)
Incumbent re-elected.
New Mexico Dennis Chávez Democratic 1935 (Appointed)
1936 (Special)
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Dennis Chávez (Democratic) 56.0%
  • Albert K. Mitchell (Republican) 44.1%
New York James M. Mead Democratic 1938 (Special) Incumbent re-elected.
North Dakota Lynn Frazier Republican (Nonpartisan League) 1922
1928
1934
Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Republican hold.
Ohio A. Victor Donahey Democratic 1934 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Republican gain.
  • Y Harold H. Burton (Republican) 52.4%
  • John McSweeney (Democratic) 47.6%
Pennsylvania Joseph F. Guffey Democratic 1934 Incumbent re-elected.
Rhode Island Peter G. Gerry Democratic 1916
1922
1928 (Lost)
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Peter G. Gerry (Democratic) 55.2%
  • James O. McManus (Republican) 44.8%
Tennessee Kenneth McKellar Democratic 1916
1922
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Texas Tom Connally Democratic 1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Tom Connally (Democratic) 94.3%
  • George I. Shannon (Republican) 5.7%
Utah William H. King Democratic 1916
1922
1928 (Lost)
1934
Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Vermont Warren Austin Republican 1931 (Special)
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
  • Y Warren Austin (Republican) 66.5%
  • Ona S. Searles (Democratic) 33.6%
Virginia Harry F. Byrd Democratic 1933 (Appointed)
1933 (Special)
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Washington Lewis B. Schwellenbach Democratic 1934 Incumbent retired.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Incumbent resigned December 16, 1940.
Winner appointed to finish the term.
  • Y Monrad Wallgren (Democratic) 54.2%
  • Stephen F. Chadwick (Republican) 45.8%
West Virginia Rush Holt Sr. Democratic 1934 Incumbent lost renomination.
New senator elected.
Democratic hold.
Wisconsin Robert M. La Follette Jr. Progressive 1925 (Special)
1928
1934
Incumbent re-elected.
Wyoming Joseph C. O'Mahoney Democratic 1933 (Appointed)
1934
Incumbent re-elected.

Arizona

1940 United States Senate election in Arizona[3]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Ernest McFarland 101,495 71.61%
Republican Irving A. Jennings Sr. 39,657 27.98%
Prohibition A. Walter Gehres 579 0.41%
Majority 61,838 43.63%
Turnout 141,731
Democratic gain from Republican Swing

California

1940 United States Senate election in California[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Hiram W. Johnson (Incumbent) 2,238,899 82.50%
Prohibition Fred Dyster 366,044 13.49%
Communist Anita Whitney 97,478 3.59%
Write-In John Anson Ford 7,415 0.27%
None Scattering 4,029 0.15%
Majority 1,872,855 69.01%
Turnout 2,713,865
Republican hold

Connecticut

1940 United States Senate election in Connecticut[4]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Francis T. Maloney 416,740 53.15%
Republican Paul L. Cornell 358,313 45.70%
Socialist Kenneth W. Thurlow 6,557 0.84%
Socialist Labor James A. Hutchin 1,343 0,17%
Communist Isadore Wofsy 1,114 0,14%
Majority 58,427 12.45%
Turnout 784,067
Democratic hold

Delaware

1940 United States Senate election in Delaware[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic James M. Tunnell 68,294 50.63%
Republican John G. Townsend Jr. (Incumbent) 63,799 47.30%
Independent Democratic William F. Allen 2,786 2.07%
Majority 4,495 3.33%
Turnout 134,879
Democratic gain from Republican

Florida

1940 United States Senate election in Florida[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Charles O. Andrews (Incumbent) 323,216 100.00%
Democratic hold

Idaho (Special)

1940 United States Senate special election in Idaho[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican John W. Thomas 124,535 52.96%
Democratic Glen H. Taylor 110,614 47.04%
Majority 13,921 5.92%
Turnout 235,149
Republican hold

Illinois (Special)

1940 United States Senate special election in Illinois[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican C. Wayland Brooks (Incumbent) 2,045,924 50.07%
Democratic James M. Slattery 2,025,097 49.56%
None Enoch A. Holtwick 8,625 0.21%
None Clarence H. Mayer 6,517 0.16%
None Scattering 16 0.00%
Majority 20,827 0.51%
Turnout 4,086,179
Republican hold

Indiana

1940 United States Senate election in Indiana[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Raymond E. Willis 888,070 50.45%
Democratic Sherman Minton (Incumbent) 864,803
Prohibition Carl W. Thompson 5,621 0.32%
Socialist John H. Kingsbury 1,751 0.10%
Majority 23,267 1.32%
Turnout 1,760,245
Republican gain from Democratic

Kentucky (Special)

1940 United States Senate special election in Kentucky[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Happy Chandler (Incumbent) 561,151 58.27%
Republican Walter B. Smith 401,812 41.73%
Majority 159,339 16.54%
Turnout 962,963
Democratic hold

Maine

1940 United States Senate election in Maine[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Ralph Owen Brewster (Incumbent) 150,149 58.61%
Democratic Louis J. Brann 105,740 41.27%
None Lewis Gordon 305 0.12%
Majority 44,409 17.34%
Turnout 256,194
Republican hold

Maryland

1940 United States Senate election in Maryland[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic George L. P. Radcliffe (Incumbent) 394,239 64.74%
Republican Harry W. Nice 203,912 33.48%
None Edwin B. Abbott 4,204 0.69%
None David L. Elliott 3,423 0.56%
None Robert Kadish 1,848 0.30%
None Albert E. Blumberg 1,349 0.22%
Majority 190,327 31.26%
Turnout 608,975
Democratic hold

Massachusetts

1940 United States Senate election in Massachusetts[5]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic David I. Walsh 1,088,838 55.64
Republican Henry Parkman Jr. 838,122 42.38
Prohibition George L. Thompson 9,632 0.49
Communist Philip Frankfeld 9,465 0.48
Socialist George Lyman Paine 6,876 0.35
Socialist Labor Horace I. Hillis 4,133 0.21
Majority 250,716 12.82%
Turnout 1,957,089
Democratic hold

Michigan

1940 United States Senate election in Michigan[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Arthur Vandenberg (Incumbent) 1,053,104 52.65%
Democratic Frank Fitzgerald 939,740 46.98%
Socialist Nahum Burnett 3,580 0.18%
Communist Elmer Johnson 2,290 0.11%
Prohibition Carroll P. Pahman 937 0.05%
Socialist Labor Theos A. Grove 691 0.03%
Majority 113,364 5.67%
Turnout 2,000,342
Republican hold

Minnesota

1940 United States Senate election in Minnesota[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Henrik Shipstead (Incumbent) 641,049 53.00%
Farmer–Labor Elmer Austin Benson 310,875 25.70%
Democratic John E. Regan 248,658 20.56%
None Grace Holmes Carlson 8,761 0.72%
None Carrl Winter 256 0.02%
Majority 330,174 27.30%
Turnout 1,209,599
Republican gain from Farmer–Labor

Mississippi

1940 United States Senate election in Mississippi[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Theodore G. Bilbo (Incumbent) 143,431 100.00%
Democratic hold

Missouri

1940 Missouri United States Senate election[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Harry S. Truman (incumbent) 930,775 51.17
Republican Manvel H. Davis 886,376 48.73
Socialist W.F. Rinck 1,669 0.09
Socialist Labor Theodore Baeff 196 0.01
Majority 44,499 2.44%
Turnout 1,819,016
Democratic hold

Montana

1940 United States Senate election in Montana[1]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Burton K. Wheeler (Incumbent) 176,753 73.43% +3.29%
Republican E. K. Cheadle 63,941 26.57% -2.17%
Majority 112,812 46.87% +5.47%
Turnout 240,694
Democratic hold Swing

Nebraska

1940 United States Senate election in Nebraska[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Hugh Butler (Incumbent) 340,250 57.00%
Democratic R. L. Cochran 247,659 41.49%
None Albert F. Ruthven 8,982 1.50%
Majority 92,591 15.51%
Turnout 596,891
Republican gain from Democratic

Nevada

1940 United States Senate election in Nevada[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Key Pittman (Incumbent) 31,351 60.48%
Republican Samuel Platt 20,488 39.52%
Majority 10,863 20.96%
Turnout 51,839
Democratic hold

New Jersey

1940 United States Senate election in New Jersey[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican W. Warren Barbour 1,029,331 55.11%
Democratic James H. R. Cromwell 823,893 44.11%
Socialist McAlister Coleman 8,836 0.47%
Independent James A. Tumulty Jr. 2,784 0.15%
Communist Mary Ellen Dooner 1,519 0.08%
Prohibition Edson R. Leach 645 0.03%
Socialist Labor Harry Santhouse 464 0.02%
Socialist Workers George Breitman 303 0.02%
Majority 225,438 11.00%
Turnout 1,867,775
Republican hold

New Mexico

1940 United States Senate election in New Mexico[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Dennis Chávez (Incumbent) 103,194 55.95%
Republican Albert K. Mitchell 81,257 44.05%
Majority 21,937 11.90%
Turnout 184,451
Democratic hold

New York

The whole ticket nominated by Democrats and American Laborites was elected.

Democratic ticket Republican ticket American Labor ticket Prohibition ticket
James M. Mead 2,893,407 Bruce Barton 2,868,852 James M. Mead 381,359 Stephen W. Paine 4,944

North Dakota

1940 United States Senate election in North Dakota[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican William Langer 100,647 38.11%
Independent William Lemke 92,593 35.06%
Democratic Charles V. Vogel 69,847 26.45%
N/A Jasper Haaland 1,014 0.38%
Majority 8,054 3.05%
Turnout 264,101
Republican hold

Ohio

1940 United States Senate election in Ohio[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Harold H. Burton 1,602,498 52.37%
Democratic John McSweeney 1,457,304
Majority 145,194 4.74%
Turnout 3,059,802
Republican gain from Democratic

Pennsylvania

General election results[1]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Joseph F. Guffey (Incumbent) 2,069,980 51.79% +1.01%
Republican Jay Cooke 1,893,104 47.36% -0.90%
Socialist David H.H. Felix 15,449 0.39% 0.00%
Prohibition H. B. Mansell 11,113 0.28% -0.40%
Communist Carl Reeve 4,761 0.12% -0.09%
Socialist Labor Frank Knotek 2,503 0.06% -0.10%
N/A Other 110 0.00% N/A
Majority 176,876 4.43%
Turnout 3,997,020
Democratic hold

Rhode Island

1940 United States Senate election in Rhode Island[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Peter G. Gerry (Incumbent) 173,927 55.16%
Republican James O. McManus 141,401 44.84%
Majority 32,526 10.32%
Turnout 315,328
Democratic hold

Tennessee

1940 United States Senate election in Tennessee[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Kenneth D. McKellar (Incumbent) 295,440 70.80%
Republican Howard Baker Sr. 121,790 29.19%
Independent John Randolph Neal, Jr. 35.06 0.01%
Majority 173,650 41.61%
Turnout 417,265
Democratic hold

Texas

1940 United States Senate election in Texas[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Tom Connally (Incumbent) 978,095 94.24%
Republican George I. Shannon 59,340 5.72%
Communist Homer Brooks 408 0.04%
Majority 918,755 88.52%
Turnout 1,037,843
Democratic hold

Utah

1940 United States Senate election in Utah[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Abe Murdock 155,499 62.85%
Republican Philo Farnsworth 91,931 37.15%
Majority 63,568 25.70%
Turnout 247,430
Democratic hold

Vermont

There were 2 elections due to the June 20, 1940 death of two-term Republican Ernest Willard Gibson.

Vermont (Regular)

Two-term Republican Warren Austin was easily re-elected. He faced no opponents in the primary.[6]

Vermont regular election[6]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Warren Austin (Incumbent) 93,283 66.4%
Democratic Ona S. Searles 47,101 33.6%
Total votes 140,384 100.0%
Majority 46,182 32.9%
Total votes 140,388
Republican hold

Austin served only until his August 2, 1946 resignation to become United States Ambassador to the United Nations.

Vermont (Special)

Gibson's son, Republican Ernest W. Gibson Jr. was appointed June 24, 1940 to continue his father's term, pending a special election, in which he was not a candidate.

Vermont special election[6]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican George Aiken 87,150 61.6%
Democratic Herbert B. Comings 54,263 38.4%
Majority 32,887 23.20%
Total votes 141,413
Republican hold

Aiken did not take the seat until January 10, 1941, as he wanted to remain Governor of Vermont. He would be repeatedly re-elected and serve until his 1975 retirement.

Virginia

1940 United States Senate election in Virginia[1]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Democratic Harry F. Byrd Sr. (Incumbent) 274,260 93.32% +17.36%
Independent Hilliard Berstein 11,159 3.80%
Independent Alice Burke 8,250 2.81%
Write-ins 212 0.07% +0.05%
Majority 263,101 89.53% +34.50%
Turnout 293,881
Democratic hold

Washington

1940 United States Senate election in Washington[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Monrad C. Wallgren 404,718 54.16%
Republican Stephen F. Chadwick 342,589 45.84%
Majority 62,129 8.32%
Turnout 747,307
Democratic hold

West Virginia

1940 United States Senate election in West Virginia[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Harley M. Kilgore (Incumbent) 492,413 56.33%
Republican Thomas Sweeney 381,806 43.67%
Majority 110,607 12.66%
Turnout 874,219
Democratic hold

Wisconsin

1940 United States Senate election in Wisconsin[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Progressive Robert M. La Follette Jr. 605,609 45.26%
Republican Fred H. Clausen 553,692 41.38%
Democratic James E. Finnegan 176,688 13.20%
Communist Ted Furman 1,308 0.10%
Socialist Labor Adolf Wiggert Jr. 838 0.06%
Majority 51,917 4.88%
Turnout 1,338,135
Progressive hold

Wyoming

1940 United States Senate election in Wyoming[1]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Joseph C. O'Mahoney (Incumbent) 65,022 58.74%
Republican Milward L. Simpson 45,682 41.26%
Majority 19,340 17.48%
Turnout 110,704
Democratic hold
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See also

Notes

  1. Appointee elected

References

  1. "Statistics of the Congressional and Presidential election of November 5, 1940" (PDF). Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House. Retrieved November 26, 2014.
  2. "CONGRESS: New Houses". November 11, 1940. Retrieved December 20, 2017 via www.time.com.
  3. "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1940". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  4. "Our Campaigns - CT US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1940". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  5. "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Nov 05, 1940". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
  6. "VT Elections Database » Search Elections". VT Elections Database. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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