Fiorello La Guardia

Fiorello Henry La Guardia (/fiəˈrɛloʊ ləˈɡwɑːrdiə/; born Fiorello Enrico La Guardia,[lower-alpha 1] Italian pronunciation: [fjoˈrɛllo enˈriːko la ˈɡwardja]; December 11, 1882 – September 20, 1947) was an American politician. He is best known for being the 99th Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945 as a pro-New Deal liberal progressive Republican. Previously he had been elected to Congress in 1916 and 1918, and again from 1922 through 1930. Irascible, energetic, and charismatic, he craved publicity and is acclaimed as one of the greatest mayors in American history.[2] Only five feet, two inches (1.57 m) tall, he was called "the Little Flower" (Fiorello is Italian for "little flower").

Fiorello La Guardia
99th Mayor of New York City[1]
In office
January 1, 1934 – December 31, 1945
Preceded byJohn P. O'Brien
Succeeded byWilliam O'Dwyer
Member of the
U.S. House of Representatives
from New York
In office
March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1933
Preceded byIsaac Siegel
Succeeded byJames J. Lanzetta
Constituency20th district
In office
March 4, 1917 – December 31, 1919
Preceded byMichael F. Farley
Succeeded byNathan D. Perlman
Constituency14th district
10th President of the
New York City Board of Aldermen
In office
January 1, 1920 – December 31, 1921
Preceded byRobert L. Moran
Succeeded byMurray Hulbert
Personal details
Born
Fiorello Enrico La Guardia

(1882-12-11)December 11, 1882
New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedSeptember 20, 1947(1947-09-20) (aged 64)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political partyProgressive (1912–1917)
Republican (1917–1924; 1934–1947)
Progressive (1924–1934)
Spouse(s)
Thea Almerigotti
​
(
m. 1919; died 1921)

Marie Fisher
(
m. 1929)
Children3
EducationTimothy Dwight School
Alma mater
ProfessionPolitician
Signature
Military service
AllegianceUnited States
Branch/serviceUnited States Army Air Service
Years of service1917 – 1919
Rank Major
Battles/warsWorld War I

La Guardia, a Republican who appealed across party lines, was very popular in New York during the 1930s. As a New Dealer, he supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, and in turn Roosevelt heavily funded the city and cut off patronage for La Guardia's enemies. La Guardia revitalized New York City and restored public faith in City Hall. He unified the transit system, directed the building of low-cost public housing, public playgrounds, and parks, constructed airports, reorganized the police force, defeated the powerful Tammany Hall political machine, and reestablished employment on merit in place of patronage jobs.[3] La Guardia is also remembered for his WNYC radio program "Talk to the People," which aired from December 1941 until December 1945.[4]

La Guardia was seen as a domineering leader who verged on authoritarian but whose reform politics were carefully tailored to address the sentiments of his diverse constituency. He won elections against the historically corrupt Tammany Hall political system, presided during the Great Depression and World War II, implemented New Deal welfare and public works programs in the city, and gave political support to immigrants and ethnic minorities. He was also supported by President Roosevelt. La Guardia was known as a reform mayor who helped clean out corruption, brought in experts, and made the city responsible for its own citizens. His administration engaged new groups that had been kept out of the political system, gave New York its modern infrastructure, and raised expectations to new levels of urban possibility.

Early life and career

La Guardia was born in Greenwich Village in New York City. His father, Achille La Guardia, was a Catholic from Cerignola, Italy, and his mother, Irene Luzzatto Coen, was a Jewish woman from Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; his maternal grandmother Fiorina (Luzzatto) Coen was a Luzzatto, a member of the prestigious Sephardic Italian-Jewish family of scholars, kabbalists, and poets and had among her ancestors the famous rabbi Samuel David Luzzatto.[5] It was in Trieste that Achille La Guardia met and married Irene.[6] Fiorello La Guardia was raised an Episcopalian and practiced that religion all his life. His middle name "Enrico" was anglicized to "Henry" when he was a child.

He moved to Arizona with his family, where his father had a bandmaster position at Fort Whipple in the U.S. Army. La Guardia attended public schools and high school in Prescott, Arizona.[7] After his father was discharged from his bandmaster position in 1898, Fiorello lived in Trieste.[8] He graduated from the Dwight School, a private school on the Upper West Side of New York City.

La Guardia joined the State Department and served in U.S. consulates in Budapest, Trieste (Austria-Hungary, now Italy), and Fiume (Austria-Hungary, now Rijeka, Croatia), (1901–1906). He returned to the United States to continue his education at New York University. From 1907 to 1910, he worked as an interpreter for the U.S. Bureau of Immigration at the Ellis Island immigration station.

He graduated from New York University School of Law in 1910, was admitted to the bar the same year, and began a law practice in New York City.[7]

Marriages and family

La Guardia married twice. His first wife was Thea Almerigotti, an Istrian immigrant, whom he married on March 8, 1919. In June 1920 they had a daughter, Fioretta Thea, who died May 9, 1921, of spinal meningitis. His first wife died of tuberculosis on November 29, 1921, at the age of 26.[9] In 1929 he married Marie Fisher (1895–1984) who had been his secretary while in Congress; they adopted two children, Eric Henry (born 1930), a Hobart College graduate who became a professor at the University of Washington,[10] and the biological daughter of Thea's sister, Jean Marie (1928–1962), a Barnard College graduate who later became an editor of Mademoiselle.[11][12][13][14][15]

La Guardia between two Italian officers in front of a Ca.44, c. 1918

Early political career

Elected to Congress

La Guardia became Deputy Attorney General of New York in January 1915.[16] In 1916, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he had a reputation as a fiery and devoted reformer.[17] As a Representative, La Guardia represented an ethnically diverse slum district in East Harlem and, although barred from important committee posts because of his political independence, he was a tireless and vocal champion of progressive causes.[18] La Guardia took office on March 4, 1917, but soon was commissioned into the United States Army Air Service; he rose to the rank of major in command of a unit of Ca.44 bombers on the Italian-Austrian front in World War I. He resigned his seat in Congress on December 31, 1919. He served as senior advisor to President Herbert Hoover from 1930–33.

President of the Board of Aldermen
The New York Times front page November 5, 1919
La Guardia during his time in Congress, c. 1929

In 1919 La Guardia was chosen to run as the Republican candidate for the office of President of the New York City Board of Aldermen. His Democratic opponent was Robert L. Moran, an alderman from the Bronx who had succeeded to the Board presidency in 1918 when Alfred E. Smith, who had been elected board president in 1917, became governor.[19] Michael "Dynamite Mike" Kelly, commander of New York's Third "Shamrock" Battalion, also joined the race. Tammany Hall looked with alarm upon Kelly's entrance into the campaign and tried to persuade him to withdraw his candidacy and throw his support behind Moran. When he refused, Tammany went to the New York Supreme Court and successfully sued to keep Kelly's name off the ballot.[20] When Election Day arrived, over 3,500 of Kelly's supporters wrote Kelly's name on the ballot.[20] This number was sufficient to defeat Moran, who lost to La Guardia by 1,363 votes.[21]

Immigration

As the son of Italian immigrants and an interpreter on Ellis Island between 1907 and 1910, La Guardia had experienced how immigration policies affected the families that came to the United States. He wanted a change for the immigrants, especially with the immigrant medical examinations that took place on Ellis Island. His passion for justice among immigrants, and his ability to speak Italian, Yiddish, and Croatian helped him in his endeavor for justice amongst immigrant factory workers and set him on his path in public service.[22]

Return to Congress

Running as a Republican, La Guardia won a seat in Congress from the Italian stronghold of East Harlem in 1922 and served in the House until March 3, 1933.[18] A leading liberal reformer, La Guardia sponsored labor legislation and railed against immigration quotas. His major legislation was the Norris–La Guardia Act, cosponsored with Nebraska senator George Norris in 1932. It circumvented Supreme Court limitations on the activities of labor unions, especially as those limitations were imposed between the enactment of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914 and the end of the 1920s. Based on the theory that the lower courts are creations not of the Constitution but of Congress, and that Congress therefore has wide power in defining and restricting their jurisdiction, the act forbids issuance of injunctions to sustain anti-union contracts of employment, to prevent ceasing or refusing to perform any work or remain in any relation of employment, or to restrain acts generally constituting component parts of strikes, boycotts, and picketing. It also said courts could no longer enforce yellow-dog contracts, which are labor contracts prohibiting a worker from joining a union.[23][24]

Foreign policy

Never an isolationist, he supported using American influence abroad on behalf of democracy or for national independence or against autocracy. Thus he supported the Irish independence movement and the anti-czarist Russian Revolution of 1917, but did not approve of Vladimir Lenin. Unlike most progressive colleagues, such as Norris, La Guardia consistently backed internationalism, speaking in favor of the League of Nations and the Inter-Parliamentary Union as well as peace and disarmament conferences. In domestic policies he tended toward socialism and wanted to nationalize and regulate; however he was never close to the Socialist Party and never bothered to read Karl Marx.[25]

A voice for the people

As a congressman, La Guardia was a tireless and vocal champion of progressive causes, from allowing more immigration and removing U.S. troops from Nicaragua to speaking up for the rights and livelihoods of striking miners, impoverished farmers, oppressed minorities, and struggling families. He fought for progressive income taxes, greater government oversight of Wall Street, and national employment insurance for workers idled by the Great Depression.[18]

Prohibition

La Guardia was one of the first Republicans to voice his opinion about prohibition, urging that the Dry cause "would prove disastrous in the long run". This was breaking a taboo, given the fact that both parties "avoided taking a stand on prohibition issues" at the time.[26][27]

Defeats in 1929 and 1932

As a Republican, La Guardia had to support Harding in 1920; he had to be silent in the 1928 campaign although he favored Al Smith, a Democrat.[28]

Mayor of New York

1933 election

Walker and his Irish-run Tammany Hall were forced out of office by scandal and La Guardia was determined to replace him. First he had to win the nomination of both the Republican party and also the "Fusion" group of independents. He was not the first choice of either, for they distrusted Italians. On the other hand, La Guardia had enormous determination, high visibility, the support of reformer Samuel Seabury and the ability to ruin the prospects of any rival by a divisive primary contest. He secured the nominations and expected an easy win against hapless incumbent Mayor John P. O'Brien. However, at the last minute Joseph V. McKee entered the race as the nominee of the new "Recovery party". McKee was a formidable opponent because he was sponsored by Bronx Democratic boss Edward J. Flynn and apparently was opposed by President Franklin Roosevelt. La Guardia made corruption his main issue. The campaign saw mud slung three ways, with La Guardia denounced as a far-left "Red", O'Brien as a pawn of the bosses, and McKee as an anti-Semite. La Guardia's win was based on a complex coalition of regular Republicans (mostly middle class German Americans in the boroughs outside Manhattan), a minority of reform-minded Democrats, Socialists, a large proportion of middle-class Jews, and the great majority of Italians. The Italians had been loyal to Tammany; their switch proved decisive.[29]

Agenda
La Guardia and Franklin D. Roosevelt

La Guardia came to office in January 1934 with five main goals:[30]

  • Restore the financial health and break free from the bankers' control
  • Expand the federally funded work-relief program for the unemployed
  • End corruption in government and racketeering in key sectors of the economy
  • Replace patronage with a merit-based civil service, with high prestige
  • Modernize the infrastructure, especially transportation and parks

He achieved most of the first four goals in his first hundred days, as FDR gave him 20% of the entire national CWA budget for work relief. La Guardia then collaborated closely with Robert Moses, with support from the governor, Democrat Herbert Lehman, to upgrade the decaying infrastructure. The city was favored by the New Deal in terms of funding for public works projects.

African-American politics

In 1935 a riot of 1935 took place on in Harlem. Termed the Harlem riot of 1935, it has been described as the first "modern" race riot, because it was committed primarily against property rather than persons. Mayor La Guardia commissioned a study of the causes of the riot and a detailed report was prepared. The report identified "injustices of discrimination in employment, the aggressions of the police, and the racial segregation" as conditions which led to the outbreak of rioting. However, the Mayor shelved the committee's report, and did not make it public. The report would be unknown, except that a black New York newspaper, the Amsterdam News, subsequently published it in serial form.[31]

Ethnic politics

La Guardia governed in an uneasy alliance with New York's Jews and liberal WASPs, together with ethnic Italians and Germans.[32]

La Guardia was not an orthodox Republican. He also ran as the nominee of the American Labor Party, a union-dominated anti-Tammany left wing group that supported Franklin D. Roosevelt for president beginning in 1936. La Guardia supported Roosevelt, chairing the Committee of Independent Voters for Roosevelt and Wallace with Senator George Norris during the 1940 presidential election.

La Guardia was the city's first Italian-American mayor, but was not a typical Italian New Yorker. He was a Republican Episcopalian who had grown up in Arizona and had a Triestine Jewish mother[6] and a lapsed Catholic father. He spoke several languages; when working at Ellis Island, he was certified as an interpreter for Italian, German, Yiddish, and Croatian.[33] It served him well during a contentious congressional campaign in 1922. When Henry Frank, a Jewish opponent, accused him of anti-Semitism, La Guardia rejected the suggestion that he publicly disclose that his mother was Jewish as "self-serving". Instead, La Guardia dictated an open letter in Yiddish that was also printed in Yiddish. In it, he challenged Frank to publicly and openly debate the issues of the campaign "ENTIRELY IN THE YIDDISH LANGUAGE." Frank, although he was Jewish, could not speak the language and was forced to decline—and lost the election.[34][35]

Crime

La Guardia loathed the gangsters who brought a negative stereotype and shame to the Italian community.[36] His first action as mayor was to order the chief of police to arrest mob boss Lucky Luciano on whatever charges could be found. La Guardia then went after the gangsters with a vengeance, stating in a radio address to the people of New York in his high-pitched, squeaky voice, "Let's drive the bums out of town". In 1934 he went on a search-and-destroy mission looking for mob boss Frank Costello's slot machines, which La Guardia executed with gusto, rounding up thousands of the "one armed bandits", swinging a sledgehammer and dumping them off a barge into the water for the newspapers and media. In 1935 La Guardia appeared at the Bronx Terminal Market to institute a citywide ban on the sale, display, and possession of artichokes, whose prices were inflated by mobs. When prices went down, the ban was lifted.[37] In 1936, La Guardia had special prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey, a future Republican presidential candidate, single out Lucky Luciano for prosecution. Dewey led a successful investigation into Luciano's lucrative prostitution operation, eventually sending Luciano to jail with a 30–50 year sentence. The case was made into the 1937 movie Marked Woman, starring Bette Davis.

La Guardia proved successful in shutting down the burlesque theaters, whose shows offended his sensibilities.[38]

Public works

La Guardia's admirers credit him, among other things, with restoring the economy of New York City during and after the Great Depression. He is given credit for many massive public works programs administered by his powerful Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, which employed thousands of voters. The mayor's relentless lobbying for federal funds allowed New York to develop its economic infrastructure.[39]

To obtain large-scale federal money the mayor became a close ally of Roosevelt and New Deal agencies such as the CWA, PWA, and WPA, which poured $1.1 billion into the city from 1934–39. In turn he gave FDR a showcase for New Deal achievement, helped defeat FDR's political enemies in Tammany Hall (the Democratic party machine in Manhattan). He and Moses built highways, bridges and tunnels, transforming the physical landscape of New York City. The West Side Highway, East River Drive, Brooklyn Battery Tunnel, Triborough Bridge, and two airports (LaGuardia Airport, and, later, Idlewild, now JFK Airport) were built during his mayoralty.[40]

1939

1939 was a busy year, as he opened the 1939 New York World's Fair at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens, opened New York Municipal Airport No. 2 in Queens (later renamed Fiorello H. LaGuardia Field), and had the city buy out the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation, thus completing the public takeover of the subway system. When the city's newspapers were closed by a strike he famously read the comics on the radio.[41] The U.S. arrival of Georg and Maria Von Trapp and their children from Austria that fall at Ellis Island who would eventually become the Trapp Family Singers was another significant decade-ending event that year in La Guardia's mayoralty.

New York City Center

In 1943, La Guardia saved the Mecca Temple on 55th Street from demolition. Together with New York City Council President Newbold Morris, La Guardia converted the building to the New York City Center of Music and Dance. On December 11, 1943, City Center opened its doors with a concert from the New York Philharmonic—La Guardia even conducted a rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner."[42]

Reform

Responding to popular disdain for the sometimes corrupt City Council, La Guardia successfully proposed a reformed 1938 City Charter that created a powerful new New York City Board of Estimate, similar to a corporate board of directors.

Germany

He was an outspoken and early critic of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime. In a public address in 1934, La Guardia warned that "part of Hitler's program is the complete annihilation of the Jews in Germany". In 1937, speaking before the Women's Division of the American Jewish Congress, he called for the creation of a special pavilion at the upcoming New York World's Fair, "a chamber of horrors" for "that brown-shirted fanatic".[43] He also encouraged the boycotting of German goods, led anti-Nazi rallies, and promoted legislation to facilitate the U.S. rescue of the Jewish refugees.[44]

Gemma La Guardia Gluck

La Guardia's sister, Gemma La Guardia Gluck (1881–1962),[45] and brother-in-law, Herman Gluck (a Hungarian Jew whom she met while teaching English in Europe), were living in Hungary and were arrested by the Gestapo on June 7, 1944,[46] when the Nazis took control of Budapest. Adolf Eichmann and Heinrich Himmler knew that Gemma was La Guardia's sister and ordered her to be held as a political prisoner. She and Herman Gluck were deported to Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria, where he died, as Gemma learned from reading a newspaper account a year after her own release.[47][48] She was transferred from Mauthausen to the notorious women's concentration camp at Ravensbrück, located some fifty miles from Berlin, where unbeknownst to Gemma at the time, her daughter Yolanda[45] (whose husband also died in the camps[49]) and baby grandson were also held for a year in a separate barracks.[50] Gemma Gluck, who was held in Block II of the camp and assigned prisoner #44139,[46] was one of the few survivors of this camp[51] and wrote about her time at Ravensbrück. [52][53] She also wrote that the Soviets were "violating girls and women of all ages", and about her, her daughter's and grandson's suffering as displaced persons in postwar Berlin, where the Germans abandoned them for a possible hostage exchange in April 1945, as the Russians were advancing. Gemma and her family did not speak German, and had no identity papers, money, or means of documenting where they had been. Gemma finally managed to get word to the Americans who contacted La Guardia, who had no idea where they were. He worked to get them on the immigration lists, but asserted in a letter, included in the appendix of Gemma's memoir, that her "case was the same as that of hundreds of thousands of displaced people" and "no exceptions can be made". Thus, despite Gemma's intimate connection with a powerful American politician, who was then director of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), it took two years for her to be cleared and sent to the United States. She returned to New York in May 1947, where she was reunited with her brother only four months before he died. As he had made no provision for her, she lived in very reduced circumstances, in a public housing project in Queens, New York, until her death in 1962.[45][54] Gluck is one of the few American-born women interned by the Nazis. (Another was Virginia d'Albert-Lake.)

World War II

In 1941 during the run-up to American involvement in World War II, President Roosevelt appointed La Guardia first director of the new Office of Civilian Defense (OCD). Roosevelt was an admirer of La Guardia; after meeting Winston Churchill for the first time he described him as "an English Mayor La Guardia".[55] The OCD was the national agency responsible for preparing for blackouts, air raid wardens, sirens, and shelters in case of German air raids. The government knew that such air raids were impossible, but the goal was to psychologically mobilize many thousands of middle class volunteers to make them feel part of the war effort. At the urging of aviation advocate Gill Robb Wilson, LaGuardia, in his capacity as Director of the OCD, created the Civil Air Patrol with Administrative Order 9, signed by him on December 1, 1941 and published December 8, 1941.[56] La Guardia remained Mayor of New York, shuttling back and forth with three days in Washington and four in the city in an effort to do justice to two herculean jobs. On top of this, he still performed other gestures, such as arranging police protection with his personal assurances for local artists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, when they were threatened by Nazi supporters for their new patriotic comic book superhero, Captain America.[57] After the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, his role was turned over to full-time director of OCD, James M. Landis. La Guardia's popularity slipped away and he ran so poorly in straw polls in 1945 that he did not run for a fourth term.[58]

Unemployment ended, and the city was a gateway for military supplies and soldiers sent to Europe, with the Brooklyn Navy Yard providing many of the warships and the garment trade providing uniforms. The city's great financiers, however, were less important in decision making than the policy makers in Washington, and very high wartime taxes were not offset by heavy war spending. New York was not a center of heavy industry and did not see a wartime boom, as defense plants were built elsewhere.[59] FDR refused to make La Guardia a general and was unable to provide fresh money for the city. By 1944 the city was short of funds to pay for La Guardia's new programs.[60]

Later life and death
The grave of Fiorello La Guardia

La Guardia was the director general for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in 1946.

A man of short stature, La Guardia's height is sometimes given as 5 feet 0 inches (1.52 m). According to an article in The New York Times, however, his actual height was 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m).[61]

La Guardia was a Scottish Rite Freemason,[62][63][64] and was a member of Garibaldi Lodge #542, in New York City.[65]

He died of pancreatic cancer in his home at 5020 Goodridge Avenue, in Riverdale, Bronx, on September 20, 1947, aged 64.[66] La Guardia is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.[67]

Legacy

La Guardia was ranked first among the nation's mayors in a 1993 poll of historians and social scientists.[3][68] According to biographer Mason B. Williams, his close collaboration with Roosevelt's New Deal proved a striking success in linking national money and local needs.[69] La Guardia enabled the political recognition of new groups that had been largely excluded from the political system, such as Jews and Italians.[70] His administration (in cooperation with Robert Moses) gave New York its modern infrastructure.[39] His far-sighted goals raised ambitions for new levels of urban possibility. According to Thomas Kessner, trends since his tenure mean that "people would be afraid of allowing anybody to take that kind of power".[3]

Memorials
14¢ Fiorello LaGuardia U.S. postage stamp issued April 24, 1972
The footstone of Fiorello La Guardia

In 1972 the United States Postal Service honored La Guardia with a 14-cent postage stamp.

New York's LaGuardia Airport, LaGuardia Community College, and other parks and buildings around New York City are named for him.

A strong supporter of Zionism, LaGuardia Street and LaGuardia interchange both in Tel Aviv, Israel, were named in his honor.

A street in Rijeka, Croatia is named after Fiorello LaGuardia. La Guardia worked in Rijeka as a U.S. Consular Agent from 1903 to 1906, when the city was known as Fiume and was under Hungarian administration. It was during this time that Rijeka's port played a vital role in connecting the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the United States, featuring direct passenger service between Rijeka and New York.

Known for his love of music, La Guardia was noted for spontaneously conducting professional and student orchestras and was instrumental in the creation of the High School of Music & Art in 1936, now renamed the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts.[71]

La Guardia was a fictionalized character in many films – in Ghostbusters II La Guardia's ghost talks to New York Mayor Lenny (played by David Margulies). He was also the subject of the hit 1959 Broadway musical Fiorello!, portrayed by actor Tom Bosley and in The Little Flower, portrayed by Tony Lo Bianco. The original production of Fiorello! won 3 Tony Awards including Best Musical, as well as a Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1960, and ran for two years from 1959 to 1961. He was also featured in the ever popular Jewish children’s tape, “When Zaidy Was Young, Tale Two”, and the CD, When Zaidy was Young, Tale Three, by Rabbi Shmuel Kunda, in which some people mistakenly thought his name was "Mayor Figgaleli La Garden Hose".

gollark: Thus <@332271551481118732> <@356107472269869058> answer: take A or A+B?
gollark: Paradox thing: there are two boxes in front of you, A and B. B has 10,000 dollars in it, and A contains either 1,000,000 or 0 dollars.you may choose to take either only box A, or take both boxes.a perfect oracle has predicted your choice beforehand, and filled box A with the money if and only if it was predicted that you would take only box A.
gollark: Don't know who did that.
gollark: Your ban was fixed.
gollark: And Olivia.

See also

Notes
  1. He signed his surname as a single word with no space between the La and the capitalized G which follows, but also with no space between his initial F and the surname; in his lifetime his surname was almost always written as two words.

References
  1. "The Green Book: Mayors of the City of New York" Archived May 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine on the official NYC website.
  2. He was ranked first in Melvin G. Holli, The American Mayor (1993)
  3. Kessner, Thomas (1989). Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York.
  4. "Talk to the People | WNYC". WNYC. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  5. Robert, Kuhmann. "Irene Luzzatto". Find A Grave.
  6. Gross, Daniela. "Le radici triestine di Fiorello LaGuardia leggendario sindaco di New York City". Newspaper article (in Italian). Il Piccolo. p. 1. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
  7. United States Congress. "LA GUARDIA, Fiorello Henry (id: L000007)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
  8. For one biographical account about Achille La Guardia, see Foraker, Sheila. "Achille La Guardia: Bandmaster of the 11th U.S. Infantry Territorial Brass". Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  9. "La Guardia and Wagner Archives Photo Collection – Family Album # 2". Retrieved December 1, 2010.
  10. "Eric LaGuardia | Department of English | University of Washington". english.washington.edu. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  11. "Letter form Jean Marie LaGuardia, jobs and futures editor at Mademoiselle magazine, to Margery A. Thackwray, dated July 24, 1953, asking if any updates are necessary for the information Mademoiselle has on the LCU". cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  12. "Fiorello H. LaGuardia Foundation - promoting global sustainable development". www.laguardiafoundation.org.
  13. Lerner, Michael A. (2007). Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 235, 236. ISBN 978-0-674-03057-2.
  14. "Barnard Alumnae Magazine, July 1955 | Barnard Digital Collections". digitalcollections.barnard.edu. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  15. "Barnard Bulletin, June 4, 1947, page 1 | Barnard Digital Collections". digitalcollections.barnard.edu. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  16. Zinn, Howard (2010). LaGuardia in Congress. Cornell University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8014-7617-4. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  17. Zinn, Howard (1997). The Zinn Reader. Seven Stories Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-583229-46-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  18. Zinn, La Guardia in Congress (1959)
  19. "R. L. Moran Led City Alderman" (fee). The New York Times. August 19, 1954.
  20. "Major Kelly Killed by His Own Pistol" (fee). The New York Times. July 23, 1930.
  21. "This Election Near A Collapse for Tammany", New York Times, November 6, 1919.
  22. La Guardia, Fiorello. "An Insurgent's Origin: Immigration and Unions in New York" (PDF). Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  23. Zinn, La Guardia in Congress pp. 226–30
  24. Bernstein, Irving (1966). The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920–1933. pp. 406–9.
  25. Zinn, La Guardia in Congress pp. 267–70
  26. LERNER, Michael A. (June 30, 2009). Dry Manhattan: Prohibition in New York City. Harvard University Press. p. 234. ISBN 9780674040090.
  27. Teaching, Mitchell Shelton, The Harvey Goldberg Center for Excellence in. "Fiorella LaGuardia on Prohibition | Temperance & Prohibition". prohibition.osu.edu. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
  28. McGoldrick, Joseph. "The New York City Election of 1929". The American Political Science Review, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Aug. 1930), pp. 688–690 in JSTOR
  29. Arthur H. Mann, La Guardia Comes to Power 1933 (1969)
  30. Thomas Kessner, Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York (1989) ch 8–9
  31. North, Anna. How racist policing took over American cities, explained by a historian. Vox, Jun 6, 2020.
  32. Ronald H. Bayor, Fiorello La Guardia: Ethnicity and Reform (1993)
  33. "Interpreter". National Park Service - Ellis Island. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  34. "Fiorello LaGuardia". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  35. Roberts, Sam (July 20, 2009). "Yiddish Resurfaces as City's 2nd Political Language". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 5, 2019 – via NYTimes.com.
  36. Thomas Kessner, Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York (1989) pp 350–68
  37. Gray, Christopher (May 8, 1994). "Streetscapes/Bronx Terminal Market; Trying to Duplicate the Little Flower's Success". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
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  39. Martin Shefter (1992). Political Crisis/fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City. Columbia UP. p. 30. ISBN 9780231079433.
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Further reading
  • Bayor, Ronald H. (1993). Fiorello La Guardia: Ethnicity and Reform. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson. ISBN 0-88295-894-1.
  • Brodsky, Alyn. (2003). The Great Mayor: Fiorello La Guardia and the Making of the City of New York. New York: Truman Talley Books. Civil Rights in New York City, 1941–1943," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Apr. 1977), pp. 160–173 in JSTOR
  • Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.
  • Elliott, Lawrence. (1983). Little Flower: The Life and Times of Fiorello La Guardia. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-02057-7.
  • Garrett, Charles. (1961). The La Guardia Years: Machine and Reform Politics in New York City. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Goldstein, Richard. Helluva Town: The Story of New York City During World War II (2010) Online review
  • Gunther, John (1947). "The Not-So-Little Flower". Inside U.S.A.. New York, London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 578–588.
  • Hecksher II, August. (1978). When La Guardia Was Mayor: New York's Legendary Years. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-07534-6.
  • Jeffers, H. Paul. (2002). The Napoleon of New York: Mayor Fiorello La Guardia. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-02465-1. online edition.
  • Kaufman, Herbert. "Fiorello H. La Guardia, Political Maverick" Political Science Quarterly 1990 105(1): 113–122. ISSN 0032-3195 in Jstor
  • Kessner, Thomas. "Fiorello H. LaGuardia." History Teacher 1993 26(2): 151–159. ISSN 0018-2745 in Jstor
  • Kessner, Thomas. (1989). Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034244-X.
  • La Guardia, Fiorello H. (1948). The Making of an Insurgent: An Autobiography. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
  • La Guardia Gluck, Gemma. (1961). Fiorello's Sister: Gemma La Guardia Gluck's Story. Reissued in 2007 with new material, edited by Rochelle Saidel. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0861-6.
  • Mann, Arthur H. (1959). La Guardia: A Fighter Against His Times 1882–1933. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
  • Mann, Arthur H. (1965). La Guardia Comes to Power 1933. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.
  • Williams, Mason B. (2013). City of Ambition: FDR, La Guardia, and the Making of Modern New York. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06691-6.
  • Zinn, Howard. (1969). LaGuardia in Congress. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-00488-0. online edition
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by
Michael F. Farley		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 14th congressional district
March 4, 1917 – December 31, 1919 (resigned)		 Succeeded by
Nathan D. Perlman
Preceded by
Isaac Siegel		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from New York's 20th congressional district
March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1933		 Succeeded by
James J. Lanzetta
Party political offices
Preceded by
Frank D. Waterman		 Republican Nominee for Mayor of New York City
1929		 Succeeded by
Lewis H. Pounds
Political offices
Preceded by
John P. O'Brien		 Mayor of New York City
1934–1945		 Succeeded by
William O'Dwyer
Government offices
Preceded by
None		 Director of Civilian Defense
1941–1942		 Succeeded by
James Landis
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded by
Herbert H. Lehman		 Director-General of the UNRRA
1946		 Succeeded by
General Lowell Rooks
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