Vichy

Vichy (Occitan: Vichèi) is a city in the Allier department of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.

For other uses, see Vichy (disambiguation).

Vichy Vichèi  (Occitan)
Subprefecture and commune
October 2008 aerial view of Vichy
Coat of arms
Location of Vichy
Vichy Show map of France Vichy Show map of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Coordinates: 46°07′40″N 3°25′36″E
Country	France
Region	Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Department	Allier
Arrondissement	Vichy
Canton	Vichy-1 & Vichy-2
Intercommunality	Vichy Communauté
Government
• Mayor (2020–2026)	Frédéric Aguilera[1]
Area ^1	5.85 km^2 (2.26 sq mi)
Population  (2017-01-01)[2]	24,166
• Density	4,100/km^2 (11,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code	03310 /03200
Elevation	243–317 m (797–1,040 ft) (avg. 263 m or 863 ft)
Website	ville-vichy.fr
^1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km^2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

It is a spa and resort town and in World War II was the seat of government of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. The term Vichyste indicated collaboration with the Vichy regime, often carrying a pejorative connotation.[3]

Name

Vichy is the French form of the Occitan name of the town, Vichèi, of uncertain etymology. Dauzat & al. have proposed that it derived from an unattested Latin name (Vippiacus) referencing the most important regional landowner (presumably a "Vippius") during the time of the Roman emperor Diocletian's administrative reorganizations and land surveys at the end of the 3rd century AD.[4]

The name Vichy may be pronounced /ˈvɪʃi/ or /ˈviːʃi/ in either American or British English;[5][6] its usual French pronunciation is [viʃi]. The pronunciation of the Occitan name Vichèi is [viˈʃe].

In French, the present demonym for residents of Vichy is Vichyssoise for women and Vichyssois for men or mixed groups. Until the 18th century, it was also common to use Vichois(e), which derived from the Occitan name of the town.

Geography

Vichy lies on the banks of the Allier River. The source of the Allier is in the nearby Massif Central plateau which lies only a few miles to the south, near the region's capital, Clermont-Ferrand.

The historical existence of volcanic activity in the Massif Central is somewhat visually evident. Volcanic eruptions have happened for at least 150,000 years, but all volcanoes there have been dormant for at least 112 years. Volcanic activity in the area is the direct cause of the many thermal springs that exist in and around Vichy.

Climate

The city enjoys an inland oceanic climate that incorporates some characteristics of a mountain climate because of the nearby Massif Central and Alps. Heavy snows in the Massif Central often make roads impassable, but Vichy is low enough — about 249 metres (817 feet) above sea level — that the climate is more continental than mountain. Rainfall is moderate around Vichy, averaging about 779.5 millimetres (30.7 in) annually.

Town	Sun	Rain	Snow	Storms	Fog
Paris	1,797 hr/yr	642 mm/yr	15 dy/yr	19 dy/yr	13 dy/year
Nice	2,694 hr/yr	767 mm/yr	1 dy/yr	31 dy/yr	1 dy/yr
Strasbourg	1,637 hr/yr	610 mm/yr	30 dy/yr	29 dy/yr	65 dy/yr
Vichy	1,880 hr/yr	790 mm/yr	... dy/yr	... dy/yr	... dy/yr
National Average	1,973 hr/yr	770 mm/yr	14 dy/yr	22 dy/yr	40 dy/yr

Climate data for Vichy (1981–2010 averages)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	19.2 (66.6)	25.7 (78.3)	26.3 (79.3)	30.8 (87.4)	33.0 (91.4)	39.2 (102.6)	41.2 (106.2)	40.6 (105.1)	36.4 (97.5)	30.6 (87.1)	26.2 (79.2)	21.7 (71.1)	41.2 (106.2)
Average high °C (°F)	7.4 (45.3)	9.0 (48.2)	13.0 (55.4)	15.8 (60.4)	20.0 (68.0)	23.5 (74.3)	26.4 (79.5)	26.1 (79.0)	22.2 (72.0)	17.6 (63.7)	11.2 (52.2)	7.8 (46.0)	16.7 (62.1)
Average low °C (°F)	−0.4 (31.3)	−0.2 (31.6)	1.9 (35.4)	3.9 (39.0)	8.1 (46.6)	11.2 (52.2)	13.3 (55.9)	12.9 (55.2)	9.8 (49.6)	7.3 (45.1)	2.8 (37.0)	0.4 (32.7)	6.0 (42.8)
Record low °C (°F)	−26.9 (−16.4)	−24.0 (−11.2)	−13.3 (8.1)	−7.3 (18.9)	−4.2 (24.4)	−0.2 (31.6)	3.7 (38.7)	1.7 (35.1)	−2.0 (28.4)	−9.0 (15.8)	−11.3 (11.7)	−18.5 (−1.3)	−26.9 (−16.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	46.8 (1.84)	39.8 (1.57)	44.2 (1.74)	69.3 (2.73)	98.2 (3.87)	78.2 (3.08)	71.6 (2.82)	74.2 (2.92)	75.4 (2.97)	68.0 (2.68)	63.3 (2.49)	50.5 (1.99)	779.5 (30.69)
Average precipitation days	10.0	8.9	9.0	10.8	12.2	9.5	8.1	8.8	8.7	10.4	10.3	10.0	116.7
Average relative humidity (%)	84	80	75	74	77	76	73	75	78	83	84	85	78.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours	78.1	94.8	153.7	175.4	203.4	225.0	248.9	238.3	183.5	128.1	76.7	55.9	1,861.7
Source 1: Météo France[7][8]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, 1961–1990)[9]

History

Roman era

The first known settlement at Vichy was established by Roman legionnaries in 52 BC. Returning south from their defeat at the Battle of Gergovia by the Gauls under Vercingetorix, they found the hot mineral springs beside the Flumen Elaver ("River Allier") and established the township of Aquae Calidae (Latin for "Hot Waters"). During the first two centuries AD, Vichy became fairly prosperous because of the supposed medicinal value of the thermal springs.

Middle Ages

On 2 September 1344, John II of France ceded the noble fiefdom of Vichy to Peter I, Duke of Bourbon. On 6 December 1374, the last part of Vichy was acquired by Louis II, Duke of Bourbon. At that point Vichy was incorporated into the House of Bourbon. In 1410, a Celestinian monastery was founded with twelve monks. A building located above the Celestinian Spring is still visible.

In 1527, the House of Bourbon was incorporated into the French Kingdom. By the end of the 16th century, the mineral baths had obtained a reputation for having quasi-miraculous curing powers and attracted patients from the noble and wealthy classes. Government officials, such as Fouet and Chomel, began to classify the curing properties of the mineral baths.

Vichy's thermal baths

Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, marquise de Sévigné was a patient in 1676 and 1677 and would popularize Vichy's Thermal Baths through the written descriptions in her letters. The Vichy waters were said to have cured the paralysis in her hands, thus enabling her to take up letter-writing. In 1761 and 1762, Adélaïde and Victoire of France, the daughters of Louis XV, came to Vichy for the first time and returned in 1785. The bath facilities seemed extremely uncomfortable to them because of the muddy surroundings and insufficient access. When they returned to Versailles, they asked their nephew Louis XVI to build roomier and more luxurious thermal baths, which were subsequently completed in 1787.

In 1799, Laetitia Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon, came to be cured with her son Louis. Under the Empire, Le Parc des Sources, was created on the Emperor's orders. (Decree of Gumbinen of 1812).

Under Charles X, the great increase in patients wishing to be healed at the springs led to an expansion of the hydrotheraputic facilities. Princess Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte expanded the Janson buildings under the plan of Rose – Beauvais (work completed in 1830). From 1844 to 1853, theatrical and poetry recitals were performed for the wealthy in the comfort of their own homes by Isaac Strauss.

Vichy in style

By the 19th century Vichy was a station à la mode, attended by many celebrities. However, it was the stays of Napoleon III between 1861 and 1866 that were to cause the most profound transformation of the city: dikes were built along the Allier, 13 hectares (32 acres) of landscaped gardens replaced the old marshes and, along the newly laid-out boulevards and the streets, chalets and pavilions were built for the Emperor and his court. Recreational pursuits were not spared; in view of the park, a large casino was built by the architect Badger in 1865. The Emperor would be the catalyst of the development of a small rail station, which multiplied the number of inhabitants and visitors by ten in fifty years.

After the Second French Empire, the Belle Époque marked the second large construction campaign in Vichy. In 1903, the Opera House (l'Opéra), the Hall of Springs and a large bath designed in the eastern style were inaugurated. In 1900, the Parc des Sources was enclosed by a metal gallery which came from the World Fair of 1889. 700 metres (2,300 feet) long, it is decorated by a frise de chardons and was completed by the ironworker Emile Robert. Many private mansions with varied architectural styles were erected during the first half of the 20th century.

Vichy welcomed 40,000 curistes in 1900, and that figure had risen to nearly 100,000 just before the onset of the First World War. La vie thermale had its heyday in the 1930s. The success in treating ailments that was attributed to the Vichy Baths led la Compagnie Fermière to enlarge the Baths again by creating the Callou and Lardy Baths. The Art Nouveau-style Opéra, inaugurated in 1903, accommodated all the great names on the international scene. Vichy became the summertime music capital of France, but the war of 1914 would put a brutal end to that development.

Vichy France — seat of the French State, the pro-German collaborationist government

Main article: Vichy France

The Opera in Vichy. In this building, the parliament of the French Third Republic decided to grant full powers to Marshal Philippe Pétain, thereby terminating the republican regime and inaugurating Vichy France (10 July 1940).

Following the armistice signed on 22 June 1940, the zone which was not occupied by the Germans took the name of the French State (État Français) (as opposed to the traditional name, République Française or French Republic) and set up its capital in Vichy on 1 July, because of the town's relative proximity to Paris (4.5 hours by train) and because it was the city with the second largest hotel capacity at the time. Moreover, the existence of a modern telephone exchange made it possible to reach the whole world via phone.[10]

On 1 July, the government took possession of many hotels. Six hundred members of the French Parliament (Appointed Members and Senators) would come to Vichy for the meeting of the Chambers. On 9 and 10 July, in the main auditorium of the Opera House, the members of Parliament voted for the end of the Third Republic. The republican system was abolished, and the French State, with Philippe Pétain at its helm as Head of State, replaced it. Only 80 of the 600 members of Parliament voiced their opposition.

Starting from this date, Vichy would be, for more than four years, the de facto capital of the French State. Paris was still the official capital, although the Vichy France government never operated from there. This government is often called the Vichy Regime. The term "Vichyste," which designates partisans of this regime, should not be confused with "Vichyssois" which designates the inhabitants of the city. The latter term is sometimes used erroneously to designate Pétain's supporters.

Reine des villes d'eaux

The 1950s and 1960s would become the most ostentatious period for Vichy, complete with parading personalities, visits from crowned heads (The Glaoui, the Pasha of Marrakech, Prince Rainier III of Monaco) and profits from a massive influx of North African French clients who holidayed in Vichy, spending lavishly. There were thirteen cinemas (which sometimes showed special previews), eight dance halls and three theatres. It was at this period that the station would take the title of "Reine des villes d'eaux" (Queen of the Spa Towns).

From June to September, so many French-Algerian tourists were arriving that it almost seemed like there was an airlift set up between Vichy-Charmeil and the airports of Algeria. Mayor Pierre Coulon (1950–1967) decided to create Lake Allier (10 June 1963) and Omnisports Park (1963–68), giving the city its current look.

Decline of Vichy

The war in Algeria, which led to decolonization, marked once again a halt in the prosperity of this city, which from then on had to deal with much less favorable conditions. The need to continue to pay the debts incurred by the considerable investments that had been made in more prosperous times obligated the new mayor, Jacques Lacarin (1967–1989), the successor of Pierre Coulon, to adopt a much more careful policy of management.

Modern revival

Claude Malhuret, former Minister of Human Rights, born in Strasbourg in 1950, was mayor from 1989 to 2017. He and Bernard Kouchner are the co-founders of Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières). The city and its economic partners have concluded an important program of restoration and modernization. These projects include:

• creation of a vast pedestrian zone in the city center
• a program of modernization
• upgrading of hotels to the sector standards
• rebuilding and restoration of the thermal baths
• organization of a balneotherapy center dedicated to well-being
• development of the architectural heritage
• construction of a congress center within the old Casino, and
• restoration of the Opera
• rebuilding of the covered market, called "Grand Marché" (2006)
• restoration of the train station and surroundings (2009)
• restoration of the "Rue de Paris", a main street in the city centre (2010)

Administration

Town hall in 2014.

List of Successive Mayors[11][12]

Period	Identity	Party	Profession
October 2017	Frédéric Aguilera[1]	LR
March 1989 to September 2017	Claude Malhuret	UMP	Physician
September 1967 to March 1989	Jacques Lacarin		Physician
August 1950 to August 1967	Pierre Coulon		Industrialist
April 1949 to July 1950	Pierre-Victor Léger		Pharmacist
May 1945 to April 1949	Louis Moinard		Trader
August 1944 to May 1945	Jean Barbier		Director of College
May 1929 to August 1944	Pierre-Victor Léger		Pharmacist
December 1919 to May 1929	Louis Lasteyras		Journalist
May 1912 to November 1919	Armand Bernard		Shareholder
May 1900 to May 1912	Louis Lasteyras		Journalist
21 May 1893 to 20 May 1900	Ferdinand Debrest		Pharmacist
15 May 1892 to 21 May 1893	Gabriel Nicolas		Lawyer
June 1879 to May 1892	Georges Durin		Lawyer
January to September 1878	Alfred Bulot		Lawyer
1876 to 1878	Antoine Jardet		Physician
1874 to 1876	Ernest Jaurand		Physician
1870 to 1874	Antoine Jardet		Physician
15 September 1865 to 9 September 1870	Joseph Bousquet		Lawyer
7 May 1860 to 15 September 1865	Norbert Leroy		Notary
7 May 1857 to 7 May 1860	Antoine Guillermen		Hotel owner
20 August 1853 to 7 May 1860	Victor Noyer		Surgeon
August 1848 to 1853	Victor Prunelle		Physician and Waters inspector
1843 to 1848	Claude Ramin-Prêtre		Hotel owner
1833 to 1842	Christophe Bulot		Shareholder
1831 to 1832	Louis Chaloin		Hotel master
1822 to 1831	Baron Lucas		Physician and Waters inspector
26 October 1815 to 1822	Antoine Fouet
21 May 1815 to 26 October 1815	Jean-Joseph Gravier
17 March 1814 to 21 May 1815	Antoine Fouet
1809 to 10 March 1814	Godefroy de Bardon
29 March 1805 to 1809	Gilbert Chocheprat
November 1802 to 29 March 1805	Godefroy de Bardon
13 July 1800 to November 1802	Louis-Antoine Sauret
1798 to 1800	Jean-Joseph Gravier Du Monceau
1791 to 1795	Jean-Joseph Gravier Du Monceau
2 February 1790 to 13 November 1791	François-Claude Chocheprat

Population

Demography

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1793	1,763	—
1800	839	−52.4%
1806	1,000	+19.2%
1821	776	−22.4%
1831	985	+26.9%
1836	1,148	+16.5%
1841	1,361	+18.6%
1846	1,601	+17.6%
1851	1,696	+5.9%
1856	2,910	+71.6%
1861	3,740	+28.5%
1866	5,666	+51.5%
1872	6,028	+6.4%
1876	6,428	+6.6%
1881	8,486	+32.0%
1886	10,344	+21.9%
1891	10,870	+5.1%
1896	12,330	+13.4%
1901	14,254	+15.6%
1906	15,315	+7.4%
1911	16,502	+7.8%
1921	17,501	+6.1%
1926	19,507	+11.5%
1931	22,207	+13.8%
1936	25,074	+12.9%
1946	29,370	+17.1%
1954	30,403	+3.5%
1962	30,614	+0.7%
1968	33,506	+9.4%
1975	32,117	−4.1%
1982	30,527	−5.0%
1990	27,714	−9.2%
1999	26,528	−4.3%
2008	25,221	−4.9%
2011	24,992	−0.9%

Economy

The city was first noted for its thermal cures in Roman times. Its waters come from springs such as the Vichy Celestins and Vichy Saint-Yorre.

A tin of Vichy Pastilles

Vichy Pastilles (made in Vichy) are octagon-shaped candies made from soda contained in the spring waters.

The health and beauty business, with the laboratories of the L'Oréal company, also make it possible to publicize the city's name to a worldwide audience under the Vichy brand. (This French website discusses the history of this brand.)

Unlike the neighbouring communes on the Allier such as industrial Montluçon and administrative seat Moulins, Vichy's economy is centred on the tertiary sector, with companies like the Compagnie de Vichy developing the health and well-being sector to mitigate the decline of medical hydrotherapy. The local market, open on Sundays, attracts shoppers from tens of kilometres around.

The closing of two important local employers, the Manurhin company and the Sediver company, has reduced employment in the Vichy basin. Job creation by developing companies such as the NSE electronics company or the Satel call center company may not completely compensate for the removal of jobs which will result from this, despite the internet tour operator Karavel's establishment of a new call center in May 2005.

Nevertheless, the two most important employers of the city belong to the public sector: the hospital (1,120 employees), and the town hall (500[13]).

Since 1989 Vichy has been one of the 7 sites of the European Total Quality Institute (Institut Européen de la Qualité Totale).[14]

The Pôle Universitaire de Vichy (previously called Pôle Universitaire et Technologique Lardy[15]), born from a project of thermal waste land rehabilitation and launched during the mid-nineties, is an economic priority. This 9,000 m² (2.2 acres) campus accommodates 600 students in the downtown area, in ten areas of study including the fields of biotechnology, international trade, multi-media and languages. The CAVILAM - Alliance Française[16] (Centre of Live Approaches to Languages and the Media), created in Vichy in 1964, is located in the Pôle Universitaire de Vichy.

The Palace of the Congresses is a venue primarily for the conferences of trade associations and learned societies. The structure is 1,800 m² (19,000 sq ft) in area, including two plenary rooms and fifteen multi-use rooms. With 25,000 visitors yearly, the conferences must carry the economic role once held by the hydrotherapy industry, which today counts only 12,000 patients each year. The hydrotherapy business will now have to reorganise itself to take a less strict therapeutic-only role, and adapt to patients' stays shorter than the traditional three weeks.

Building projects

Under the authority of the local communities, much work is being done on building sites and projects, which will deeply modify Vichy in the years to come. The construction by the Hotel of the Community of Agglomeration in September 2005 on the old site of the "Commercial City" may precede the total restoration of the market hall "Le Grand Marché" (which would cost €5.9 Million) which would be delivered in September 2006. Other projects include the creation of a 12,000 m² (130,000 sq ft) mother-child centre in the hospital complex, the restoration of the spa façade (removal of the metal boarding to uncover the original style of 1862), the transformation of the spa into a multi-use center, creation of parks with fountains in place of parking lots, the demolition and the transformation of the buildings in a congested area to create an enterprise center intended to create 800 jobs (opened in early 2008), the construction of a new aquatic stadium including five basins (open since 2008), and motorway connection (opened in early 2015).

Personalities

Vichy was the birthplace of:

• Valéry Larbaud (1881–1957), Writer
• Albert Londres (1884–1932), Journalist
• Wilfried Moimbe (Born 18 October 1988), Footballer
• Claude Vorilhon, Raël (Born 30 September 1946), Religious Leader and Founder of the Raëlian Religious Movement

Religion

A wide variety of faiths are practiced. Various Christian denominations such as diverse Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant churches are found throughout the area along with adherents of Judaism, Islam, Buddhism and others.

• Catholicism: Presbytère Saint-Louis Saint-Blaise de Vichy (in French) at 33 Rue Sainte-Cécile and Presbytère Sainte Jeanne d'Arc at 2 Rue Jeanne d'Arc
• Russian Orthodox Church: the nearby Château de Saint-Hubert in Chavenon
• Calvinism: Église reformée[17] located at 9 Rue de l'Intendance
• Lutheranism: Église Saint-Blaise de Vichy (in French) located on the Rue de l'Église
• Judaism: the Synagogue of Vichy[18] located at 2 Bis Rue Maréchal Foch
• Islam: the Mosquée al-Rahma[19] located at 51 Allée des Ailes
• Buddhism: the nearby Pagode Phap Vuong in Noyant-d'Allier

Transportation

Highway access

Vichy is accessible from departmental road (RD) 2209, former route nationale 209 (from the towns of Gannat or Varennes-sur-Allier), the RD 906e, former RD 906 from Thiers, the RD 1093 from Randan or the RD 6 from Charmeil.

The city is situated 20 km (12 mi) from the A719 autoroute and 35 km (22 mi) from the A89 autoroute.

The A719 autoroute, connecting Vichy to the A71 to Clermont-Ferrand, opened in January 2015.[20]

In 2014, only regional two-lane highways (routes départementales) pass through the urban ring of Vichy. The RD 2209 is the principal axis of circulation for heavily loaded trucks, from the west (via Gannat) or the north (via Varennes-sur-Allier or Saint-Germain-des-Fossés) ; other important routes are the following (listed in the clockwise order):

• the RD 906e, former RD 906, from the south (Abrest, Saint-Yorre, Thiers, Ambert, Livradois and Le Puy-en-Velay) ;
• the route nationale 493/RD 1093, from the southwest (Forest of Randan, Grande Limagne, Maringues, Riom, Clermont-Ferrand);
• the RN 684/RD 984, from the west-southwest (Bellerive-sur-Allier, Effiat, Aigueperse);
• the RD 6, from the northwest (Charmeil, Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule).

The RD 67 is a loop to the north of the city created to limit traffic jams (access to Creuzier-le-Neuf, afterwards by the RD 907, Lapalisse and the RN 7).

• 
  Departmental road 906 towards Thiers.
• 
  Entrance by the Pont de l'Europe.
• 
  Entrance by Bellerive's bridge.
• 
  Rue de l'Hôtel des Postes, a pedestrian way.

Rail transportation

Railway station in May 2011.

Vichy is served by the following train lines: TER and Intercités (national trains, but booking mandatory) to destinations: Paris Gare de Lyon/Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand/Lyon Part-Dieu and by TER, Vichy/Pont-de-Dore/Arlanc.

Public transportation

MobiVie is the network of urban transport for six communes of Vichy Val d'Allier intercommunality. This network is composed of nine lines as of 2014.

"Mobival" is an on-call transportation service for Vichy and its neighborhood. This service offers the local communes a reliable transportation service for areas that are not served by the MobiVie network. Created in October 2004, it has ten lines.

Air transportation

Vichy is five kilometres (3.1 mi) from Vichy — Charmeil Airport, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) from the larger Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne Airport.[21]

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Twin towns – sister cities

Signs (at exit of Parc Omnisports in Bellerive-sur-Allier) indicating twin cities (only German cities)

Vichy is twinned with:[22]

City	Region	Country
Wilhelmshaven	Lower Saxony	Germany
Bad Tölz	Bavaria	Germany
Rhein-Neckar-Kreis	Baden-Württemberg	Germany
Dunfermline	Scotland	United Kingdom
Logroño	La Rioja	Spain
San Giuliano Terme	Tuscany	Italy

See also

• Communes of the Allier department
• Incident At Vichy
• List of spa towns in France

References

1. "Frédéric Aguilera (LR) est le nouveau maire de Vichy" [Frédéric Aguilera (The Republicans) is the new mayor of Vichy]. La Montagne (in French). 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
2. "Populations légales 2017". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
3. vichyste on French Wiktionary.
4. Dauzat, Albert; et al. (1963), Dictionnaire Étymologique des Noms de Lieux en France [Etymological Dictionary of Names of Locations in France] (in French), Paris: Guénégaud.
5. "Vichy, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.
6. "Vichy", Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Springfield: Merriam-Webster, 2019.
7. "Données climatiques de la station de Vichy" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
8. "Climat Auvergne" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
9. "Normes et records 1961–1990: Vichy-Charmeil (03) – altitude 249m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
10. Best of France: Sights, Hotels, Restaurants. Petit Futé. 2012. p. 202. ISBN 2-7469-6008-7.
11. "List of mayors of Vichy". Francegenweb.org (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
12. Carteret, Alain. "Ils ont fait Vichy [They made Vichy]" (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
13. "MAIRIE DE VICHY". Vichy-economie.com (in French). Vichy Val d'Allier Développement. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
14. "European Total Quality Institute". Ieqt.org (in French). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
15. "Pôle universitaire et technologique Lardy", Wikipédia (in French), 29 August 2019, retrieved 13 February 2020
16. "The school". CAVILAM - Alliance Française. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
17. "Site de l'église protestante réformée de Vichy". Erfvichy.free.fr.
18. "Consistoire -". Consistoiredefrance.fr.
19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2019.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
20. "L'A719 Vichy-Gannat ouvrira le 12 janvier à midi" [A719 from Vichy to Gannat will open 12 January at noon]. La Montagne (in French). 22 December 2014. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
21. "En avion" [By avion] (in French). Retrieved 23 August 2015.
22. "Jumelage". ville-vichy.fr (in French). Vichy. Retrieved 16 November 2019.

External links

• Official website (in French)
• "Vichy" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
•  "Vichy" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
• Online books on balneology and the city of Vichy (BU Clermont Auvergne)
• Vichy Minéral 89 - Análisis 2018