Spanish diaspora

The Spanish diaspora consists of Spanish people and their descendants who emigrated from Spain. The diaspora is concentrated in places that were part of the Spanish Empire. Countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela, and, to a lesser extent, Brazil, Belize, Haiti, the United States, Canada and the rest of Europe.

Spanish diaspora
Total population
Spanish nationals abroad:
2,618,592[1]
(of which 766,966 were born in Spain)
2020 estimates
Regions with significant populations
Number of Spanish citizens by country
Argentina473,519[2]
 France273,290[2]
 United States167,426[2]
 Germany167,151[2]
 United Kingdom152,291[2]
 Cuba147,617[2]
 Mexico144.553[2]
 Venezuela142,302[2]
 Brazil133,188[2]
Switzerland124,414[2]
 Belgium67,960[2]
 Uruguay67,414[2]
 Chile66.399[2]
 Ecuador58.646[2]
 Romania46,000[3]
 Colombia37,086[2]
 Netherlands29,984[2]
 Peru28,425[2]
Dominican Republic27,310[2]
 Andorra26,558[2]
 Italy25,446[2]
 Australia22,785[2]
 Canada18,118[2]
 Bolivia16,676[2]
 Panama14,503[2]
 Portugal14.274[2]
Morocco11.342[2]
 Sweden11.235[2]
 Ireland10.681[2]
 Norway7,000
 Philippines3,110[4]
 El Salvador2,450[5]
 New Zealand2,043
 Turkey3, 000
 Costa Rica1,826[6]
 Iceland1, 000
 Ukraine965[7]
 Israel843
 Guatemala822
Languages
Spanish languages (mainly Spanish, also Basque, Catalan, Galician, etc.), French, English, Portuguese, German, and others.
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups

Origins (1402–1521)

Castile, under the reign of Henry III, began the colonization of the Canary Islands in 1402, authorizing under feudal agreement to Norman noblemen Jean de Béthencourt. The conquest of the Canary Islands, inhabited by Guanche people, was only finished when the armies of the Crown of Castille won, in long and bloody wars, the islands of Gran Canaria (1478–1483), La Palma (1492–1493) and Tenerife (1494–1496).

The marriage of the Reyes Católicos (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) created a confederation of reigns, each with their own administrations, but ruled by a common monarchy. According to Henry Kamen, it was only after centuries of a common rule that these separated realms formed a fully unified state.

In 1492, Spain drove out the last Moorish king of Granada. After their victory, the Catholic monarchs negotiated with Christopher Columbus, a Genoese sailor attempting to reach Cipangu by sailing west. Castile was already engaged in a race of exploration with Portugal to reach the Far East by sea when Columbus made his bold proposal to Isabella. Columbus instead inadvertently "discovered" the Americas, inaugurating the Spanish colonization of the continents. The Indies were reserved for Castile.

Columbus and his Spanish crew arriving in the New World.

Age of Discovery

After the Age of Discovery, the Spanish were the earliest and one of the largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the Spanish Empire's expansion during the first half of the 16th century saw an "extraordinary dispersion of the Spanish people", with particular concentrations "in North and South America".

The Spanish Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by Spanish people" who left Spain and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures" in the Americas. As a result of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, what became Latin America was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant Spanish".

List of countries by population of Spanish descent
CountryHispanic population% of countryReferenceCriterion
Argentina25,000,000The majority of Argentines have at least partial Spanish ancestry.
Mexico110,700,00090 +[8]estimated: 17% as White and 70-75% as mestizos.
Chile15,623,28988.9(White/Spanish+mestizo)
Brazil8,000,000–20,000,0004.2–8[9][10]
Colombia39,000,00086
Cuba10,050,84988.9[11]self-description as white, mulatto and mestizo
Peru18,600,00060
Guatemala9,341,51758Ladinos (non-indigenous)
Salvador6,170,76999
Nicaragua5,056,114 - 5,350,07486 or 91mestizo and white combined (perhaps 5% of mulattos)
Costa Rica3,344,00083.6
Puerto Rico3,064,86280.5[12][13]
[14][15]
[16]		self-description as White, 83,879 (2.1%) identified as Spaniard
United States2,389,841–3,500,0000.8–1.1[17]self-description, 625,562 (0.2%) identified as Spaniard
Canada368,3051.4
Philippines2,700,0003.5
Bolivia1,300,00023
Uruguay~1,000,00080+
Dominican Republic9,589,38888[18]Genealogical testing in 2012 found the average Dominican is 58% European, 35% Sub-Saharan African and 7% Asian-Native American.
Venezuela25,079,92390.1
Total in Diaspora292,800,000
Spain46,000,0008[19]undefined
France1,200,000

Africa
Spanish settlers in Oran, Algeria

Conquest of the Canary Islands
Main articles: Conquest of the Canary Islands and Canarian people

The first period of the conquest of the Canaries was carried out by the Norman nobles Jean de Béthencourt and Gadifer de la Salle. Their motives were basically economic: Bethencourt possessed textile factories and dye works and the Canaries offered a source of dyes such as the orchil lichen. The treaty settled disputes between Castile and Portucalense County over the control of the Atlantic, in which Castilian control of the Canary islands was recognized but which also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores, Madeira, the Cape Verde islands and gave them rights to lands discovered and to be discovered...and any other island which might be found and conquered from the Canary islands beyond toward Guinea.

The Castilians continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native Guanches, complete pacification was not achieved until 1495, when Tenerife and La Palma were finally subdued by Alonso Fernández de Lugo. After that, the Canaries were incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.

The islands were conquered by mostly Andalusians and some Castilians at the beginnings of the 15th century. In 1402, they began to subdue the native Guanche population and the Guanches were initially enslaved and gradually absorbed by the Spanish colonizers.

After subsequent settlement by Spaniards and other European peoples, mainly Portuguese, the remaining Guanches were gradually diluted by the settlers and their culture largely vanished. Alonso Fernández de Lugo, conqueror of Tenerife and La Palma, oversaw extensive immigration to these islands during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, and immigrants included Galicians, Castilians, Portuguese, Italians, Catalans, Basques and Flemings. At subsequent judicial enquiries, Fernández de Lugo was accused of favoring Genoese and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians.[20]

Equatorial Guinea

Americas

Argentina
Main article: Spanish Argentines
Immigrant's Festival in Misiones, Argentina

Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of Spanish emigrants in Argentina, took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish Empire was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 Argentine declaration of independence. Thus, before 1816, a great part of the European settlers in Argentina were from Spain, and they carried the Spanish colonial administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish-descended Criollo population gradually built up in the new cities, while some mixed with the indigenous populations (Mestizos), with the black slave population (Mulattoes), or with other European immigrants. Since a great part of the immigrants to Argentina before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and the fact that a significative part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Argentina were Spaniards, the vast majority of Argentinians are of mostly Spanish ancestry. However, this prevalence and the numerous shared cultural aspects between Argentina and Spain (the Spanish language, Roman Catholicism, Criollo/Hispanic traditions), massive Immigration to Argentina at the turn of the 20th century involved a majority of non-Spanish peoples from all over Europe.

Brazil
Main articles: Spanish Brazilians and Spanish immigration to Brazil

Spanish immigration was the third largest among immigrant groups in Brazil; about 750,000 immigrants entered Brazil from Spanish ports (a number smaller only than that of Argentina and Cuba after the independence of Latin American countries).[21] Numbers of Spaniards coming to Brazil before independence are unknown, but they had a presence, particularly more significant during the Iberian Union period and in São Paulo state. During the dynastic union between Portugal and Spain (1580–1640), many Spaniards settled in Brazil, particularly in São Paulo. As a consequence, there is a large number of Brazilian descendants of these early settlers, especially since the early inhabitants of São Paulo explored and settled in other parts of Brazil. The descendants of Bartolomeu Bueno de Ribeira, born in Seville around 1555, who settled in São Paulo around 1583, marrying Maria Pires, are an example of it.[22] Afonso Taunay, in his book dealing with early São Paulo, São Paulo in the XVI century, mentions also Baltazar de Godoy, Francisco de Saavedra, Jusepe de Camargo, Martin Fernandes Tenório de Aguilar, Bartolomeu de Quadros, among others. In his genealogical account of the settling of São Paulo, Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme, also mentions the three Rendon brothers, Juan Matheus Rendon, Francisco Rendon de Quebedo and Pedro Matheus Rendon Cabeza de Vaca, as well as Diogo Lara, form Zamora. Spaniards from Galicia also settled in Brazil during that time, like Jorge de Barros, for example.[23] The family names Bueno, Godoy, Lara, Saavedra, Camargo, etc., tracing back to these early settlers, are quite popular throughout Southeast Brazil, Southern Brazil and the Center-West. Silva Leme, in his work Genealogia Paulistana ("Paulistana Genealogy"), addresses several of these families.[24] Brazilian censuses do not research "ethnic origins" or ancestry, which makes it very difficult to give accurate numbers of Brazilians of Spanish descent. The only reliable research available is the 1998 July PME, the scope of which, however, is limited (it covers only six metropolitan regions), resulting in probably skewed results, as it includes the metropolitan regions of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, and Salvador, probably the most important concentrations of Brazilians of Spanish descent.[25] In the 1998 PME, Brazilians of Spanish descent were 4.4%[26] of the analysed populations. If the same proportion would be found in all territory, this would mean about 8,400,000 Brazilians of Spanish descent, but such extrapolation is problematic, and quite certainly results in an overestimate, due to the issues pointed above.

Canada
Main article: Spanish Canadians

The population of Canadians of Spanish descent is 368,305.

Chilean President Germán Riesco was the son of a Spanish merchant. His mother was the sister of President Federico Errázuriz Zañartu, of Basque descent.

Chile

The earliest European immigrants were Spanish colonisers who arrived in the 16th century. They came to form the majority of the population by the time of Chilean independence.[27] They came mainly from Castile and Andalusia and formed the majority population. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many Basques from both Spain and France came to Chile were they integrated into the existing elites of Castilian origin.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Other European nationalities then followed and also became rich and fused with each other and the Basque–Castilian elite to create modern Chilean culture. In the 20th century, there was an influx of refugees of the Spanish Civil War and Franco's regime. (see Winnipeg ship) They have kepted their Spanish national identity and set up Spanish clubs throughout the country. The Spanish culture of the original settlers slowly evolved into Chilean folk culture, especially the huaso one, and at the time of independence had abandoned national affiliation with Spain.

Colombia
Main article: Spanish Colombian

Spanish emigration to Colombia began in the early 16th century and continues to the present day. About 500,000 Spaniards emigrated to Colombia during the colonial period. There are currently over 27,000 Spanish immigrants in Colombia.

Cuba
Main article: Spanish immigration to Cuba
Jose Marti - Cuban poet had Spanish parents.

Spanish immigration to Cuba began in 1492, when Christopher Columbus first landed on the island, and continues to the present day. The first sighting of a Spanish boat approaching the island was on 28 October 1492, probably at Baracoa on the eastern point of the island. Christopher Columbus, on his first voyage to the Americas, sailed south from what is now the Bahamas to explore the northeast coast of Cuba and the northern coast of Hispaniola. Columbus found the island believing it to be a peninsula of the Asian mainland.[36][37] In 1511, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar set out with three ships and an army of 300 men from Santo Domingo to form the first Spanish settlement in Cuba, with orders from Spain to conquer the island. Most heritage comes from Canarians, Asturians, Galicians and Castilians. The native white population are nearly all descendants of the Spaniards.[38]

20th and 21st centuries

Other results show that between 1902 and 1931, 780,400 (60.8%) were from Spain, 197,600 (15.4%) from Haiti, 115,600 (9.0%) from Jamaica and 190,300 (14.8%) other countries.[39]

In 2014, there were 108,858 with Spanish citizenship, with only 2,114 born in Spain.[40][41]

Dominican Republic
Maria Montez
Main article: White Dominicans
Oscar de la Renta

The presence of whites in the Dominican Republic dates back to the founding of La Isabela, the first European settlement in the Americas, by Christopher Columbus in 1493 after the destruction of the Fuerte de la Navidad a year prior by the Cacique Caonabo. In 1510, there were 10,000 Spaniards in the colony of Santo Domingo, and it rose to over 20,000 in 1520. During the eighteenth century, there were French colonists that settled in many Spanish towns, particularly in Santiago de los Caballeros; by 1730 they accounted for 25% of the population. In 1718 a Royal Decree ordered the expel of the French people from the colony of Santo Domingo. The Grand Mayor of Santiago, Antonio Pichardo Vinuesta, refused to obey the decree arguing that most of the Frenchmen had married local Spanish women and therefore, their expulsion would damage the economy of the Cibao Region. The Grand Mayor Pichardo was tried and imprisoned in the city of Santo Domingo, but in the next year, the Council of the Indies reasoned in favor of Pichardo and decided a pardon to the Frenchmen. In 1720-1721, a revolt in Santiago against a new tax on beef exports to the Saint Domingue colony, arose Frenchification fears in the Santo Domingo elite; Captain-General Fernando Constanzo, governor of the Santo Domingo, accused the Elite of the Cibao of seeking to annex their provinces to France. After the failed plans of the Spanish Monarchy to expel the French colonists, the Monarchy decided to actively encourage the mass settlement of Spanish families in its territory. Over the nineteenth century, the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo was the subject of a mass migration of Spaniards, most of whom came from the Canary Islands.[42] Due to this migration, it decreased the amount of non-whites in the colony with the black population dropping to 12%, the mulatto population to 8%, and the quadroons to 31%

In present times the majority of the descendants of these Spaniards can be found in the North or Cibao Region of Dominican Republic, representing a significant portion of the population in Provinces such as Valverde, Espaillat, Hermanas Mirabal, La Vega and specially in Santiago; but other places with important white minorities include Distrito Nacional, La Romana, Bonao, San Felipe de Puerto Plata, Punta Cana Village and Santa Cruz de Barahona. It is estimated that there are currently 26,880 Spanish nationals living in the Dominican Republic.[42]

Guatemala
Main article: Spanish immigration to Guatemala

The arrival of the Spaniards in Guatemala began in 1524 with the conquest of the territory under the command of Pedro de Alvarado. After the conquest and the colonial era, more people came to the country, not as conquerors, but to do business or daily activities.[43] The Spanish embassy in Guatemala City reports some 9,311 Spaniards living in Guatemala in 2014. Early European immigrants from Guatemala were Spaniards who conquered the indigenous Mayan population in 1524. They ruled for almost 300 years. Although the Spanish conquest of Guatemala was primarily the result of its technical superiority, the Spaniards were helped by the Mayans who were already involved in a bitter internal struggle. After a period of political instability exacerbated by the collapse of the world market for indigo, main exporter in the region of Europe, each province seceded from the federation, starting with Costa Rica. The federation collapsed between 1838 and 1840, when Guatemala became an independent nation.[44]

Mexico
Main article: Spaniards in Mexico
Belinda Peregrín
Ricardo Montalbán
The charrería, a Mexican sport with Spanish origins
Guillermo del Toro

Spanish immigration to Mexico began in 1519 and spans to the present day.[45] The first Spanish settlement was established in February 1519, as a result of the landing of Hernán Cortés in the Yucatán Peninsula, accompanied by about 11 ships, 500 men, 13 horses and a small number of cannons.[46] In March 1519, Cortés formally claimed the land for the Spanish crown, and the conquest of the Aztec Empire, a key event in the Spanish conquest of modern-day Mexico in general, was completed in 1521.

In the 16th century, following the military conquest of most of the new continent, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in the next century.[47] Since the conquest of Mexico, this region became the principal destination of Spanish colonial settlers in the 16th century. The first Spaniards who arrived in Mexico were soldiers and sailors from Extremadura, Andalusia and La Mancha after the conquest of the Americas.[48][49] At the end of the 16th century both commoner and aristocrat from Spain were migrating to Mexico.

Saint Rose of Lima

Peru

The regions from which most Spanish immigrants originated were those of Extremadura, Castile, Galicia, Catalonia and Andalusia. Most of the colonial immigrants, in consequence, went from the southern regions of Spain to what now is considered the coastal Peruvian region. These immigrants generally departed from the ports of Cádiz or Seville and arrived in the ports of Callao, Mollendo and Pimentel. Many of these immigrants made a stopover in a Caribbean port before arriving in Peru. Before the development of the Panama Canal, ships went around Cape Horn to reach Peruvian ports. Although not many, a few travelers made their way from Europe to Peru via the Amazon River. These immigrants would seek passage on the many commercial ships going to retrieve rubber in Peru to bring back to Europe. These immigrants arrived at the river port of Iquitos. Almost all of them stayed there. These immigrants numbered no more than a few thousand. Around 44% of Peruvians are mestizos (people of mixed white and native Peruvian descent), more than 7% are mulattoes, making a total of 51% mixed segment.[50]

Puerto Rico
Main article: Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico
Manuel Fernández wrote La Borinqueña.
Monica Puig at the 2016 US Open.

Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico began in 1493 (continuing to 1898 as a part of the Spanish Empire) and continues to the present day. On 25 September 1493, Christopher Columbus set sail on his second voyage with 17 ships and 1,200–1,500 men from Cádiz, Spain.[51] On 19 November 1493, he landed on the island, naming it San Juan Bautista in honor of Saint John the Baptist.

The first Spanish settlement, Caparra, was founded on 8 August 1508 by Juan Ponce de León, born in Valladolid, Spain, a lieutenant under Columbus, who later became the first governor of the island.[52]

From the start of the conquest of Puerto Rico, Castilians ruled over the religious (Roman Catholicism) and political life. Some came to the island for just a few years and then returned to Spain, however many stayed.

Puerto Rico's founding family were Castilians (Ponce de León family). Their home was built in 1521 by Ponce de León but he died in the same year, leaving "Casa Blanca" to his young son Luis Ponce de León. The original structure didn't last long; two years after its construction, a hurricane destroyed it, and it was rebuilt by Ponce de León's son-in-law Juan Garcia Troche. The southern city of Ponce is named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, the great-grandson of Juan Ponce de León.[53]

Immigration to the island caused the population to grow rapidly during the 19th century. In 1800 the population was 155,426 and ended the century with almost a million inhabitants (953,243), multiplying the population by about six times. The main component responsible was the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 which led to immigrants from some 74 countries arriving. Included were hundreds of Corsican, French, Irish, German, Lebanese, Maltese and Portuguese families moving to the island. Some countries were represented by only a few (51 Chinese individuals for example). The country that still sent the most people was Spain.

From the start of colonization, other groups from Catalonia, Asturias, Galicia, and Majorca had also immigrated, although the Canarian people formed the basis. Once the 19th century came, things changed drastically. According to Puerto Rican authors such as Cifre de Loubriel who researched the immigration wave patterns made to the island, during the 19th century the greatest number of Spaniards that came to the island with their families were Catalans and Mallorcans from the nearby Mediterranean regions.

The second most common Spanish region with the largest numbers were the Galicians and Asturians, and the third regions were Canary Islanders, Basques and Andalusians. The Catalans, Galicians, Majorcans and Asturians would come with whole families most of the time. There were regions of the island that attracted some immigrants more than others which was mainly for political or economic reasons.

United States
Main article: Spanish Americans
Immigration to the United States[54]
Years Arrivals Years Arrivals Years Arrivals
1820–18302,6161891–19008,7311961–197044,659
1831–18402,1251901–191027,9351971–198039,141
1841–18502,2091911–192068,6111981–199020,433
1851–18609,2981921–193028,9581991–200017,157
1861–18706,6971931–19403,2582001–20056,052
1871–18805,2661941–19502,898
1881–18904,4191951–19607,894
Total number of arrivals (183 years): 305,797

The Spanish are one of the longest-established European-American groups with a continuous presence in Florida since 1565[55] and are the eighth-largest (choosing the term "Spaniard") Hispanic group in the United States of America. In addition, a substantial proportion of Americans are also of Spanish descent indirectly via a Latin American country due to Spanish colonialism, although the term "Spanish-American" is used only to refer to Americans whose ancestry originates entirely or partially from Spain. They are found in large concentrations in five major states from 1940 through the early twenty-first century. In 1940, the highest concentration of Spaniards were in New York (primarily New York City), followed by California, Florida, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Immigration to the United States from Spain was minimal but steady during the first half of the nineteenth century, with an increase during the 1850s and 1860s resulting from the social disruption of the Carlist civil wars. Much larger numbers of Spanish immigrants entered the country in the first quarter of the twentieth century—27,000 in the first decade and 68,000 in the second—due to the same circumstances of rural poverty and urban congestion that led other Europeans to emigrate in that period, as well as unpopular wars. The Spanish presence in the United States declined sharply between 1930 and 1940 from a total of 110,000 to 85,000. Many immigrants moved either back to Spain or to another country.

Mabel Alvarez Prominent American artist
Actress Rita Hayworth
Actress Adele Mara
Actor Martin Sheen
Philosopher George Santayana
Union Admiral David Farragut

Number of Spanish Americans

In the 2013 American Community Survey, 759,781 people that reported "Spaniard", 652,884 were native USA-born and 106,897 were foreign-born. 65.3% of the foreign-born were born in Europe, 25.1% were born in Latin America, 8.3% from Asia, 0.6% in Northern America, 0.5% in Africa and 0.1% in Oceania.[56]

  • Spanish – 505,254[17]
  • Spanish American – 21,540[17]

2010 Census

The 2010 Census is the 23rd and most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010.[57]

  • Spaniard – 635,253[57]

Statistics for those who self-identify as ethnic Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American in the 2010 American Community Survey.

  • Spaniard – 694,494[58]
  • Spanish – 482,072[58]
  • Spanish American – 48,810[58]

Uruguay
Main article: Spanish Uruguayans

Spanish settlement in Uruguay took place firstly in the period before Uruguay's independence from Spain (then known as "Banda Oriental", a sparsely populated strip of land). Then again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A substantial Spanish-descended Criollo population gradually built up, while some mixed with the indigenous populations (Mestizos), with the black slave population (Mulattoes), or with other European immigrants.

Since a great part of the immigrants to Uruguay before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and the fact that a significative part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Uruguay were Spaniards, the vast majority of Uruguayans are of mostly Spanish ancestry. However, this prevalence and the numerous shared cultural aspects between Uruguay and Spain (the Spanish language, Roman Catholicism, Criollo/Hispanic traditions), massive Immigration to Uruguay at the turn of the 20th century involved a majority of non-Spanish peoples from all over Europe.

Venezuela
Main article: Spanish immigration to Venezuela

Spanish immigration to Venezuela began with the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and continued during Colonial Venezuela and, after independence in 1830, during the nineteenth century. Further immigration took place particularly following World War II.

Asia

Philippines
Main article: Spanish Filipino
Industrialist Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, CEO of Ayala Corporation. The Zobel de Ayala family are of Spanish and German descent.

A Spanish Filipino is any citizen or resident of the Philippines who is of Spanish ancestral origin. These Filipinos of Spanish descent trace part of their ancestry to Spain directly or via a Latin American country and are mostly descendants of the migrants to the Spanish East Indies now known as the Philippines.

For three centuries (333 years), between 1565 and 1898, Mexicans of Spanish descent, Spaniards, and Latin Americans sailed to and from the Spanish East Indies as government officials, soldiers, priests, settlers, traders, sailors and adventurers in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon, assisting Spain in its trade between Europe and Latin America (Spanish America); and Latin America and China.

According to an 1818 study by the renowned German ethnologist Fëdor Jagor, "The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes", about "1/3rd of the inhabitants of the island of Luzon were mixed with varying degrees of Spanish ancestry and that the vast majority of military personnel have Latin-American origins."[59]

Europe
Jean Reno was born in Casablanca, Morocco, to Spanish Andalusian parents

France
Main article: Spanish immigration to France

French people of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of France who is of Spanish ancestral origin. Famous people of Spanish origin have included Louis de Funès, Eric Cantona, Anne Hidalgo, Diego Buñuel, Luis Fernández, Jean Reno, Olivier Martinez, Paco Rabanne, Mathieu Valbuena, Manuel Amoros, Raymond Domenech, Albert Camus and Manuel Valls.

Germany

Germans of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of Germany who is of Spanish ancestral origin. Between 1960–1973, up to 600,000 Spaniards emigrated to Germany.[60] Notable Spaniards in Germany include Mario Gómez, Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Gonzalo Castro, Francisco Copado, Curro Torres, Enrique Sánchez Lansch, Marc Gallego, Stefan Ortega, Joselu, Daniel Brühl, Oscar Corrochano, Cristian Fiel.

Switzerland

Swiss of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of Switzerland who is of Spanish ancestral origin. Famous Spaniards in Siwtzerland: Ricardo Cabanas, Ricardo Rodríguez, Philippe Senderos, Luis Cembranos, Gerardo Seoane, Riccardo Meili, Raphael Diaz, Vincent Perez.

United Kingdom
Main article: Spaniards in the United Kingdom

British of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of the United Kingdom who is of Spanish ancestral origin. Famous Spaniards in the United Kingdom: John Galliano, Patrick Murray, Geri Halliwell, John Garcia Thompson, Roland Orzabal, Michael Portillo, Lita Roza, Mary I, Edward II, Jay Rodriguez.

Oceania

Australia
Main article: Spanish Australians

There are approximately 78,271 Australians of Spanish descent, most of which reside within the major cities of Sydney and Melbourne, with lesser numbers in Brisbane and Perth. Of these, according to the 2006 Australian census, 12,276 were born in Spain.[61]

New Zealand
Main article: Spanish New Zealanders

There are approximately 2,043 New Zealanders who are of full or partial Spanish descent, most of whom reside within the major cities of Auckland and Wellington.

gollark: Who are "enemies" also hi
gollark: Most of them don't have actual obl*i*gations.
gollark: Depends on the nation.
gollark: https://pastebin.com/RM13UGFa
gollark: Tronzoid... have you tried potatOS?

References
  1. El País, 17 March 2016. (In Spanish)
  2. Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020
  3. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination
  4. There are 3,110 immigrants from Spain according to INE, 2012-01-01
  5. Censo electoral de españoles residentes en el extranjero 2009 Archived 2010-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
  6. "Embassy of Spain in Managua, Nicaragua profil e Nicaragua" (PDF). http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/nicaragua/es /Paginas/inicio.aspx (in Spanish). http://www.exteriores.gob.es/embajadas/nicaragua/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx. Retrieved 17 April 2015. External link in |website=, |publisher= (help)
  7. State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
  8. "Mexico – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  9. Embassy's Country Note on Brazil mentioning that 20 million Brazilians are of Spanish descent Archived 2009-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
  10. www.schwartzman.org.br
  11. "Census of population and homes" (in Spanish). Government of Cuba. 16 September 2002. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  12. Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Archived 2009-04-03 at the Library of Congress Web Archives
  13. "Puerto Rico's History on race" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-27.
  14. page 6, Puerto Rican ancestry Archived 2004-12-04 at the Library of Congress Web Archives
  15. Puerto Rican identity
  16. 2010 Census Interactive Population Search: Puerto Rico. Archived 2012-06-28 at the Wayback Machine - assuming this applies to Puerto Rican Diaspora in United States of 4.6 million, 3-4 million should be White, and most of those should be Spanish based on history of European immigration to Puerto Rico - Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  17. "U.S. Census Bureau, Spaniard, 2008 American Community Survey". Retrieved 2010-12-02.
  18. http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/dominican-republic-population
  19. Population of "Official Population Figures of Spain. Population on the 1 April 2010". Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España. Retrieved 5 July 2010. 46,030,109 resident figure
  20. History of La Palma
  21. Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil
  22. GeneAll.net Bartolomeu Bueno de Ribeira
  23. http://www.projetocompartilhar.org/SAESPp/jorgedebarros1615.htm
  24. http://buratto.org/paulistana/
  25. Elda Evangelina Gonzáles Martínez. O Brasil como país de destino para os migrantes espanhóis. In Boris Fausto. Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina. p. 248-251.
  26. Simon Schwartzman. Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil. Quadro 2, p. 7.
  27. Vascos en Chile.
  28. Diario vasco.
  29. Enterview to the president of the Basque parliament. Archived 2009-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
  30. Chilean Basques. Ainara Madariaga (writer). "Imaginarios vascos desde Chile la construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX".
  31. Basques in Chile.
  32. Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano. Instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València. Cite:"Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco".
  33. Basque entrepreneurs. La población chilena con ascendencia vasca bordea entre el 15% y el 20% del total, por lo que es uno de los países con mayor presencia de emigrantes venidos de Euskadi. Archived 2010-02-02 at the Wayback Machine(in Spanish)
  34. El 27% de los chilenos son descendientes de emigrantes vascos. Archived 2013-08-19 at the Wayback Machine From Oñati and Elorza family. Waldo Ayarza Elorza. (in Spanish)
  35. Presencia vasca en Chile. (in Spanish)
  36. Carla Rahn Phillips (1993). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus (reprint, illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-521-44652-5.
  37. Thomas Suarez (1999). Early Mapping of Southeast Asia. Tuttle Publishing. p. 109. ISBN 978-962-593-470-9.
  38. Spanish Emigration to Cuba
  39. Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina By Boris Fausto
  40. "Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2015" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-09-02.
  41. "Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero (PERE)" (PDF). Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  42. Parsons, James J. (April 1983). "The Migration of Canary Islanders to the Americas: An Unbroken Current Since Columbus". The Americas. 39 (4): 447–481. doi:10.1017/S0003161500050173. ISSN 0003-1615.
  43. Minster, Christopher. "The Maya: Conquest of the K'iche by Pedro de Alvarado". About (Education) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  44. Smith, James. "Guatemala: Economic Migrants Replace Political Refugees". MPI. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  45. Encyclopædia Britannica - Mexico: Ethnic Groups
  46. Bernard Grunberg, "La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés", in L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007
  47. Axtell, James (September–October 1991). "The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America". Humanities. 12 (5): 12–18. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  48. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2016-01-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. http://www.allspainaccommodation.com/extremadura/extremadura.htm
  50. (in Spanish) / Etnografía del Perú
  51. "The second voyage of Columbus". World Book, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2006.
  52. Vicente Yáñez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico, but he never arrived on the island.
  53. Founding and History of Ponce
  54. Encyclopedia of North American Immigration By John Powell
  55. "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
  56. "Spaniard: POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES - 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". Retrieved 2015-07-12.
  57. "Interactive Timeline". About the 2010 Census. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
  58. "Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 American Community Survey". Retrieved 2015-07-12.
  59. Jagor, Fedor; et al. (2007). "Part VI People and Prospects of the Philippines". The Former Philippines Through Foreign Eyes. Echo Library. ISBN 978-1-4068-1542-9.
  60. 50 Jahre spanische Einwanderung in der BRD, http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=3471
  61. Australia ancestry 2006.
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