Poutine

Poutine (/puːˈtiːn/ poo-TEEN, Quebec French: [put͡sɪn] (listen)) is a dish that includes french fries and cheese curds topped with a brown gravy. It originated in the Canadian province of Quebec and emerged in the late 1950s in the Centre-du-Québec area. It has long been associated with Quebec cuisine. For many years, it was perceived negatively and mocked, and even used by some to stigmatize Quebec society. Poutine later became celebrated as a symbol of Québécois cultural pride. Its rise in prominence led to its popularity outside the province, especially in Ontario, the Maritimes, and in the Northeastern United States.

This article is about the dish of french fries, cheese curds and gravy. For the Acadian dish of boiled potato dumplings, see Poutine râpée. For the Russian politician, see Vladimir Putin.

Poutine
A serving of poutine from Montreal, Quebec
CourseMain course or side dish
Place of originCanada
Region or stateQuebec
Created byMany claims
Inventedlate 1950s
Main ingredientsFrench fries, gravy, cheese curds
Part of a series on
Canadian cuisine
  •  Canada portal

Annual poutine celebrations occur in Montreal, Quebec City, and Drummondville, as well as Toronto, Ottawa, New Hampshire and Chicago. Today, it is often identified as a quintessential Canadian food. It has been called "Canada's national dish", though some believe this labelling represents a misappropriation of Québécois national identity. Many variations on the original recipe are popular, leading some to suggest that poutine has emerged as a new dish classification in its own right, as with sandwiches and dumplings.[1]

History

Origins

The dish was created in the Centre-du-Québec area in the late 1950s.[2]:12–31 Several restaurants in the area claim to be the originators of the dish, but no consensus exists.[2]:12–31[3][4]

  • Le Lutin qui rit, Warwick – Restaurateur Fernand Lachance of Le Café Ideal (later Le Lutin qui rit[5]), is said to have exclaimed in 1957, "ça va faire une maudite poutine!" (English: "It will make a damn mess!") when asked by a regular to put a handful of cheese curds in a take-out bag of french fries.[6][7][8][9] The dish "poutine" appears on the establishment's 1957 menu.[10] Lachance served this on a plate, and beginning in 1962 added hot gravy to keep it warm.[9][3]
  • Le Roy Jucep, Drummondville – This drive-in restaurant served french fries with gravy, to which some customers would add a side order of cheese curds.[3] Owner Jean-Paul Roy began serving the combination in 1958 and added it to the menu in 1964 as "fromage-patate-sauce".[3][5] Felt to be too long a name, this was later changed to poutine for a cook nicknamed "Ti-Pout" and a slang word for "pudding".[lower-alpha 1][3][4][10] The restaurant displays a copyright registration certificate, issued by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office, which alludes to Roy having invented poutine.[10]
  • La Petite Vache, Princeville – Customers would mix cheese curds with their fries, a combination which was added to the menu. One option included gravy and was called the "Mixte".[3]

Development

Poutine was consumed in small "greasy spoon" diners (commonly known in Quebec as cantines or casse-croûtes), pubs, at roadside chip wagons (commonly known as cabanes à patates, literally "potato shacks") and in hockey arenas.[1] For decades it remained a country snack food in Quebec's dairy region, due to the narrow freshness window of cheddar cheese curds.[9][11] In 1969, poutine was brought to Quebec City in Ashton Leblond's food truck (a business which grew into the Chez Ashton fast-food chain).[12] In the early 1970s, La Banquise began serving poutine in Montreal,[13] followed by the Burger King chain in 1983. Others that followed used inferior cheese and the dish's reputation declined. Poutine was largely perceived as an unsophisticated backwoods creation or unhealthy junk food[14][9] to be consumed after a night of drinking.[15]

Montreal chefs would make poutine to feed their staffs but had not dared to put it on their menus. In the 1990s, attempts were made to elevate the dish by using baked potatoes and duck stock. In November 2001, Martin Picard of bistro Au Pied de Cochon began serving a foie gras poutine which was praised by customers and food critics.[16] This influenced chefs in Toronto and Vancouver to feature poutine on upscale menus.[17] Chef Mark McEwan served lobster poutine at his Bymark eatery, and chef Jamie Kennedy served braised beef poutine at his eponymous restaurant. Over the next decade, poutine gained acceptance and popularity in all types of restaurants, from haute cuisine to fast food, and spread across Canada and internationally.[1]

Etymology

The Dictionnaire historique du français québécois lists 15 meanings of poutine in Québécois and Acadian French, most of which are for kinds of food; the word poutine in the meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" is dated to 1982.[18] Other senses of the word have been in use since at least 1810.[19]

While the exact provenance of the word poutine is uncertain, some attribute it to the English word pudding.[18] Among its various culinary senses, that of "a dessert made from flour or bread crumbs" most clearly shows this influence; the word pouding, borrowed from the English pudding, is in fact a synonym in this sense.

The Dictionnaire historique mentions the possibility that the form poutine is simply a gallicization of the word pudding. However, it considers it more likely that it was inherited from regional languages spoken in France, and that some of its meanings resulted from the later influence of the similar-sounding English word pudding. It cites the Provençal forms poutingo "bad stew" and poutité "hodgepodge" or "crushed fruit or foods"; poutringo "mixture of various things" in Languedocien; and poutringue or potringa "bad stew" in Franche-Comté as possibly related to poutine. The meaning "fries with cheese and gravy" of poutine is among those held as probably unrelated to pudding, provided the latter view is correct.[19]

According to Merriam-Webster, a popular etymology is that poutine is from a Québécois slang word meaning "mess".[18]

Recipe
La Banquise in Montreal serves more than thirty varieties of poutine.[13]

The traditional recipe for poutine consists of:

  • French fries: These are usually of medium thickness and fried (often twice) such that the inside stays soft, while the outside is crispy.[20]
  • Cheese curds: Fresh cheese curds are used to give the desired texture. The curd size varies as does the amount used.[21]
  • Brown gravy: Traditionally, it is a light and thin chicken gravy,[20][5] somewhat salty and mildly spiced with a hint of pepper;[13] or a sauce brune,[11] which is a combination of chicken and beef stock.[20][7] Poutine sauces (mélange à sauce poutine) are sold in Quebec, Ontario, and Maritime grocery stores in jars or cans and in powdered mix packets; some grocery chains offer their own house-brand versions. Many stores and restaurants also offer vegetarian gravy.[22]

To maintain the texture of the fries, the cheese curds and gravy are added immediately before serving the dish. The hot gravy is usually poured over room-temperature cheese curds, so they are warmed without melting completely.[13] The thin gravy allows all the fries to be coated.[20] The serving dish typically has some depth to act as a basket for the fries so that they retain their heat.[23]:195 It is important to control the temperature, timing, and the order in which the ingredients are added to obtain the right food textures—an essential part of the experience of eating poutine.[1]

Freshness and juiciness of the curds is essential. Air and moisture seep out of the curds over time, altering their acidity level. This causes proteins to lose their elasticity, and the curds to lose their complex texture and characteristic squeaky[lower-alpha 2] sound when chewed.[21] The curds should be less than a day old, which requires proximity to a dairy.[11] While Montreal is 60 kilometres (37 mi) from a cheese plant in Mirabel, restaurants and specialty cheese shops outside of dairy regions may be unable to sell enough curds to justify the expense of daily deliveries. Furthermore, Canadian food safety practices require curds to be refrigerated within 24 hours, which suppresses the properties of their texture.[21] This has resulted in poutineries which specialize in the dish; busy poutineries may use 100 kilograms (220 lb) of curds per day.[13] Poutineries which are too distant from dairies may make their own cheese curds on site, in batches every few hours, to ensure a fresh and steady supply.[9]

Variations
Poutine made with thick beef gravy on french fried potatoes with fresh cheese curds is a style commonly found outside Quebec.

The texture, temperature and viscosity of poutine's ingredients differ and continuously change as the food is consumed, making it a dish of highly dynamic contrasts. Strengthening these contrasts, superior poutines are identified by the crispiness of the fries, freshness of the curds, and a unifying gravy.[1] Even small variations in ingredients or preparation—the oil used for frying, the origin of the curds, or spices in the gravy—can result in a distinctly different experience of eating the poutine.[1]

Some recipes eliminate the cheese, but most Québécois would call such a dish a frite sauce (English: french fries with gravy), not poutine. When curds are unavailable, mozzarella cheese may be an acceptable alternative.[20] Shredded mozzarella is commonly used in Saskatchewan.[24] Sweet potato may be used as a healthier alternative to french fries, adding more dietary fibre and vitamins.[25]

Poutineries, like Montreal's La Banquise, which is credited for much of the innovation and popularization of poutine, have dozens of varieties of poutine on their menus.[13] Many of these are based on the traditional recipe with an added meat topping such as sausage, chicken, bacon, brisket, or Montreal-style smoked meat, with the gravy adjusted for balance.[26] The Quebec City-based chain Chez Ashton is known for its poutine Galvaude (topped with chicken and green peas) and Dulton (with ground beef).[27] New variations are frequently introduced. Pulled pork was popular around 2013, followed a couple years later by Asian-fusion poutines.[28]

Montreal's multiculturalism[29] has led to many takes on the dish inspired by other cuisines, such as Haitian, Mexican, Portuguese,[28] Indian, Japanese,[11] Greek and Italian.[30] These poutines may bear little resemblance to the traditional recipe. They replace some or all of the ingredients but maintain the dynamic contrasts of textures and temperatures with a crispy element, a dairy or dairy-like element, and a unifying sauce.[1] Many variations on the original recipe are popular, leading some to suggest that poutine has emerged as a new dish classification in its own right, as with sandwiches, dumplings, soups, and flatbreads.[1]

Poutineries will frequently offer limited-time promotional specials, such as a Thanksgiving poutine with turkey, stuffing and cranberry sauce.[31] In anticipation of the legalization of cannabis in Canada, Montreal's Le Gras Dur served a "pot poutine" with a gravy that included hemp protein, hemp seeds and hemp oil, offered with a joint-like roll of turkey, wild mushrooms and arugula.[32]

Gourmet poutine with three-pepper sauce, merguez sausage, foie gras[33] or caviar and truffle can be found. This is a trend that began in the 1990s and is credited to David McMillan of Montreal's Joe Beef and Globe restaurants.[34][16] Savoury sauces like Moroccan harissa, lobster sauce, and red-wine veal jus have been used to complement artisanal cheeses and rich ingredients.[27]

Chains such as Smoke's Poutinerie,[35] New York Fries,[36] McDonald's,[37][38] Wendy's,[39][40] A&W,[41] KFC,[42][43] Burger King,[44][45] Harvey's,[46][38] Mary Brown's,[47][48] Arby's,[49] and Wahlburgers restaurants also sell versions of poutine in Quebec and the rest of Canada (although not always country-wide).[50] Tim Hortons began selling poutine in 2018.[51] Fast-food combination meals in Canada often have the options to have french fries "poutinized" by adding cheese curds (or shredded cheese in the Prairies and Western Canada) and gravy, or substituting a poutine for a fries side.[52]

Internationally

Poutine is found in the northern border regions of the United States, including New England and the larger Northeast, the Pacific Northwest, and the Upper Midwest.[53] These regions offer further variations of the basic dish, usually by utilizing cheeses other than fresh curds, which are not widely available in the US. In the country culture, a mixed fry can also come with cooked ground beef on top and is referred to as a hamburger mix, though this is less popular than a regular mix.[54][20]

Disco fries, french fries typically covered in mozzarella cheese and brown gravy, were popularized in New Jersey in the 1990s.[55] They gained their name in the 1970s for being a favourite of late-night diners, who often came from dancing at disco clubs.[56]

Poutine spread to the United Kingdom, Korea and Russia, where it has been referred to as "Raspoutine".[12] The first poutinerie in Paris, La Maison de la Poutine, opened in 2017 and quickly gained attention from mainstream media and gastronomers.[29]

Cultural aspects

A cultural marker, poutine had long been Quebec's adored junk food before spreading across the rest of Canada and the United States.[1][57][58] It had by then made inroads with food critics and established culinary circles, challenging its junk food status.[1] Food critic Jacob Richler noted in 2012 that Canadian dishes are too similar to their European roots to be considered original, with the exception of poutine, which he credited as the country's most famous culinary creation.[59] In May 2014, the word "poutine" was added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of the English language.[7]

In 2007, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) declared the results of an online survey on the greatest Canadian inventions, in which poutine ranked at No. 10.[60] Maclean's 2017 survey of "favourite iconic Canadian food" placed poutine first with 21% of respondents, ahead of maple syrup with 14%.[61] By 2011, media outlets were reporting 11 April as National Poutine Day.[62][61][63]

A poutine stand sign styled as the Flag of Canada during Canada Day celebrations in Trafalgar Square

In March 2016, poutine was served at the White House during the first state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama and Canada's Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.[64] Poutine has been a highlight of Canada Day celebrations in Trafalgar Square in London, England, for several years,[65] and was a comfort food for the local community after the 2013 Lac-Megantic derailment.[66] It was served at the inaugural Canadian Comedy Awards.[67]

The first poutine festival was held in Warwick, Quebec, in 1993. This annual event expanded to become the largest cheese festival in Canada.[10] In 2014, it was moved to the larger town of Victoriaville.[68] Montreal has hosted La Poutine Week, an annual festival, food tour, and competition held 1–7 February, since 2013.[69][70][28] Participating restaurants numbered over 100 in 2015.[71] In 2018, this grew to 170 restaurants in Montreal[72] plus another 70 in Quebec City, Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Regina, Edmonton and Vancouver.[73] Poutine festivals are also held in Drummondville (since 2008),[74][75][76] Ottawa-Gatineau,[1] Toronto,[61] Calgary,[77] Vancouver,[78] Quebec City and Sherbrooke.[79] Some US cities such as Chicago, IL,[11][80] Manchester, NH,[81] and Knoxville, TN, have also held festivals.[7][82]

Joey Chestnut holds the trophy at the 2012 World Poutine Eating Championship in Toronto.

Since 2010, the International Federation of Competitive Eating (IFCE) has held a world poutine-eating championship sponsored by Toronto-based chain Smoke's Poutinerie. There was criticism that the inaugural contest was held outside of Quebec and excluded Québécois. The IFCE stated that Montreal poutineries had not expressed any interest in holding the competition. Regulations for contests in Quebec make it difficult to include the province, which is often absent from national contests.[83] Smoke's has since sponsored a cross-Canada poutine eating tour.[84] In 2011, chef Chuck Hughes won on Iron Chef America (episode 2 of season 9) by beating Bobby Flay with a plate of lobster poutine.[85]

Jones Soda Co., originally a Canadian company now based in the US, created a poutine-flavoured limited-edition soft drink in 2013, which received international pop culture attention.[86] Bacon-poutine was one of four flavours selected as a finalist in the 2014 Lay's Canada Do Us A Flavour potato chip contest.[87] Though it did not win,[88] Lay's later added a bacon-poutine variety in its Canada entry for the World Flavourites.[89] Loblaws' President's Choice and Ruffles brands also offer poutine-flavoured potato chips in Canada.[90] Giapos Ice Cream of New Zealand has served a "poutine ice cream" of oolong matcha tea, ice cream and caramel sauce over hand-cut fries since 2017.[91] In a 2018 promotional campaign for the film Crazy Rich Asians, "the world's richest poutine" was created with wagyu steak, lobster, truffles, shiitake and chanterelle mushrooms, edible orchids, and gold flakes, priced just under $450.[92]

Joel Edmundson, of the 2018–19 National Hockey League champion team, ate poutine from the Stanley Cup during celebrations attended by over 4,000 fans in his hometown of Brandon, Manitoba.[93][94][95]

Social mobility and appropriation

The social status of poutine has evolved dramatically since its origins in rural Quebec in the 1950s. The dish was long mocked as a culinary invention and used as a means of stigmatization by non-Québécois against Quebec society to reduce its legitimacy.[2]:74–109[1] While the first generations that suffered from the poutine stigma opted to disidentify from the dish, Quebec youth has recently been operating a reappropriation of poutine to positively revalue the dish as a symbol of Quebecois cultural pride.[1][2]:74–109 Today, the dish is celebrated in many annual poutine festivals in Quebec,[96][97] the rest of Canada,[98][99] and in the United States.[100][80]

The evolution of the different symbols associated with poutine was first studied by Charles-Alexandre Théorêt in Maudite Poutine!.[2] Théorêt revisited many of these stigmas in an interview given at Tout le monde en parle on 11 November 2007.[101]

As poutine gained popularity outside Quebec provincial borders in the mid-2000s, the dish gradually stopped being mocked and was eventually introduced into the popular discourse as a symbol of Canadian nationalism.[1] Today, the dish is often presented as being of Canadian cuisine, even as Canada's national dish.[1] Nicolas Fabien-Ouellet, the author of Poutine Dynamics (a peer-reviewed article published in the journal CuiZine) has suggested that this "Canadization" of poutine constitutes cultural appropriation, despite the fact that Quebec is part of Canada.[1][102][103][14] This supposed appropriation is not linked to its preparation or consumption outside Quebec provincial borders per se, but strictly to its presentation as a Canadian dish instead of a Québécois dish.[1][104][30]

In politics

In a Talking to Americans segment on the Canadian mock television news show This Hour Has 22 Minutes, during the 2000 US election, comedian Rick Mercer posed as a reporter and asked US politicians what they thought of "Prime Minister Jean Poutine" and his endorsement of George W. Bush for president. (The Prime Minister of Canada at the time was Jean Chrétien.) None of the interviewees noticed the insertion of "Poutine" and Bush pledged to "work closely" with Mr. Poutine.[60][105][106] A few years later, when Bush made his first official visit to Canada as president, he joked in a speech, "There's a prominent citizen who endorsed me in the 2000 election, and I wanted a chance to finally thank him [...] I was hoping to meet Jean Poutine." The remark was met with laughter and applause.[107]

Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel had a Canadian lunch with counterpart Justin Trudeau on 16 June 2017, during which they ate hotdogs and poutine. Michel tweeted later that this was "A great way to meet a dear friend though our fries are better", referring to the popular claim that fries were originally invented in Belgium.[108] In 2019, Canada attempted to garner support for its campaign to be elected to the United Nations Security Council by serving poutine to UN diplomats.[109]

gollark: You should try ZIP bombs instead, would be easier.
gollark: Most things manage a compression ratio of 3-4ish.
gollark: I don't think you'll get compression ratios that good on most data.
gollark: NVMe ones should manage a few GB/s though.
gollark: With a fancy NVMe one, 4 minutes.

See also

Footnotes

Notes
  1. The dish was originally called fromage-patate-sauce (cheese-fries-gravy) but this proved too long to put on the menu.[3][10] According to Renée Brousseau, the general manager of Le Roy Jucep, the drive-in's servers demanded a name for the popular dish to facilitate taking orders from curbside to kitchen. They said "Ti-Pout makes the pudding", using the nickname of a cook and pouding, the slang word they used for strange combinations of food. Brousseau stated that this was how they came up with 'poutine'.[9][3]
  2. Cheese curds are also known as squeaky cheese.[3] The fresher the curds, the louder they squeak when chewed.[1][21] In The Wall Street Journal, Adam Leith Gollner described chewing fresh curds as "like a rusty doorhinge swinging open between your teeth".[11] Those from the Centre-du-Québec region do not consider a poutine authentic if it does not squeak.[20]

References
  1. Fabien-Ouellet, Nicolas (2016). "Poutine Dynamics". Cuizine: The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures. 7 (2). doi:10.7202/1038479ar. ISSN 1918-5480.
  2. Théorêt, Charles-Alexandre (2007). Maudite poutine!. [Montréal]: Héliotrope. ISBN 9782923511078. OCLC 166321360.
  3. "Many lay claim to inventing poutine, but who was the first to combine fries, curds and gravy on a menu?". National Post. Toronto: Postmedia Network Inc. 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  4. Kane, Marion (8 November 2008). "The war of the curds". The Toronto Star. Toronto: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  5. Donnelly, Catherine; Kehler, Mateo (2016). The Oxford Companion to Cheese. Oxford University Press. pp. 585–586. ISBN 978-0-19-933089-8. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  6. Hutchinson, Sean (1 July 2017). "A Brief History of Poutine". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  7. Covington, Linnea (11 June 2014). "9 Things You Probably Didn't Know About Poutine". foodrepublic.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  8. "Drummondville claims ownership of poutine in new tourism campaign". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  9. Woods, Allan (23 June 2017). "Is poutine Canada's national treasure or culinary appropriation?: Canadian Myths". The Toronto Star. Toronto: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  10. Verma, Sonia (7 December 2009). "The sticky mess of the origins of poutine". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  11. Gollner, Adam Leith (2 May 2014). "On the Hunt for Quebec's Best Poutine". The Wall Street Journal. New York City: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  12. Arfonovitch, Davida. "Poutine". thecanadianencyclo[edia.ca. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  13. Semenak, Susan (8 February 2015). "Backstage at La Banquise – because it's always poutine week there". Montreal Gazette. Montreal, Quebec: Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  14. Forster, Tim (30 May 2017). "Is Canada Stealing Poutine From Quebec?". Eater. Montreal. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  15. "Where to Find NYC's Newest Poutine". Eater. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  16. Krauss, Clifford (26 April 2004). "Quebec Finds Pride in a Greasy Favorite". The New York Times. Toronto. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  17. Chesterman, Lesley (5 November 2011). "From the Archive: 12 dishes that say 'Montreal'". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  18. "poutine - \poo-TEEN\". Merriam-Webster. 15 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014. Although the earliest evidence of the word "poutine" in an English publication is from 1982, historical accounts of the dish itself date to several decades earlier ... Some assert that "poutine" is related to the English word "pudding," but a more popular etymology is that it's from a Québécois slang word meaning "mess."
  19. Poirier, Claude; Canac-Marquis, Steve (1998). Dictionnaire historique du français québécois. Université Laval. ISBN 978-2-7637-7557-9.
  20. Garrett, Jonny (14 October 2014). "Tips for the perfect poutine". JamieOliver.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  21. Edmiston, Jake (28 October 2017). "Rest of Canada problems: Why don't cheese curds squeak in Toronto?". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  22. "things to do, people to see, places to go". 604 Now. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  23. Julian, Armstrong (2014). Made in Quebec: A Culinary Journey. Toronto: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-1-44342-531-5.
  24. Sharp, Jenn (20 February 2013). "Poutine's gooey goodness not for the faint of heart". Regina Leader-Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  25. Michael, Souzan (21 June 2012). "Playful Poutine Recipes". foodnetwork.ca. Food Network. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  26. Katz, CJ (18 June 2014). "Taste Regina: Prairie Poutine – Local chefs create Saskatchewan variations of Quebec-born dish". The Leader-Post. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  27. Chavich, Cinda (18 April 2018). "Haute poutine". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  28. Haldane, Maeve (January 2017). "La Poutine Week 2017: dozens of restaurants play around with a classic". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  29. Song, Vivian. "At long last, Paris gets its first Maison de la Poutine". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  30. Lau, Rachel (1 June 2017). "Canada is culturally appropriating poutine from Quebec: academic". Global News. Toronto: Corus Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  31. Watson, Amie (10 April 2012). "Poutine for the rest of Canada". Regina Leader-Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Postmedia News. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  32. Rudin, David (13 October 2017). "Montreal restaurant serves pot poutine 'in honour of Justin Trudeau'". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  33. Koentges, Christopher (4 October 2012). "How To Make Poutine 2.0: Gravy Hacks, Cheese Curd Modification". Very Ethnic. Archived from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  34. Harrison, Ian (21 September 2015). "New Article on the Rise of Poutine Gets It All Wrong". Eater. Montreal. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  35. "Smoke's Poutinerie World Famous Great Canadian Cross Country Plaid Gravy Train Fries Curd & Gravy Weird Wild and Wacky Poutine Eating Tour 2014 is Rolling Across Canada" (Press release). Toronto: Canadian News Wire. 29 July 2014. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  36. Ouellette, Jennifer (4 July 2013). "New York Fries Announces Expansion into Turkey". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  37. Day, Adam. "Oh Canada, we stand on guard for ... poutine?". The Digital Times. Kamloops, BC: Journalism Students at Thompson Rivers University. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  38. Henry, Michele (11 December 2013). "McDonald's poutine taste test: How does it compare?". The Toronto Star. Toronto: Toronto Star Newspapers Limited. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  39. Marchisella, Rosa (15 November 2016). "Wendy's Restaurant Poutine (Review)". Delishably. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  40. "Poutine Fries To Go Near You". Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  41. "Poutine". A&W Trade Marks. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  42. Taylor, Bill (2 December 2016). "KFC Debuts New Spicy Popcorn Chicken Poutine In Canada". Chew Boom. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  43. "Signature Sides". KFC. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  44. "Our menu—Poutine". Burger King. Archived from the original on 6 April 2007. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  45. Sara, Laux (12 June 2017). "The ultimate ranking of Canada's fast-food poutine". Cottage Life. Blue Ant Media. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  46. "Menu". Harvey's. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  47. Taylor, Bill (15 August 2018). "Mary Brown's Adds New International Poutines". Canadify. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  48. "Ontario Menu". Mary Brown's Famous Chicken & Taters. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  49. Rose, Lily (16 January 2018). "Arby's Canada Launches Curly Fry Poutine". The Daily Meal. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  50. "Vive le McPoutine libre: McDonald's re-introduces fries, gravy and cheese curds dish on menus across Canada | National Post". NationalPost.com. 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  51. Keith, Elizabeth (June 2018). "Tim Hortons Just Released A Poutine But It Doesn't Look Quite Right". Narcity. Narcity Media Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  52. "Is McDonald's new poutine any good? Peter Nowak investigates". www.canadianbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  53. Klein, Michael (21 June 2017). "Let's Eat: Raising the roof in Center City; poutine on South Street". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Media Network. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  54. Stern, Jane; Stern, Michael (3 October 2014). "Is there such a thing as good poutine?". The Splendid Table. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  55. Santana, Fabiana (31 January 2017). "NJ Vocabulary: What Are Disco Fries?". bestofnj.com. Florham Park, NJ. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  56. Lazor, Drew (27 April 2016). "There's No Drunk Food Like Disco Fries". Saveur. Bonnier Corporation. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  57. Blitz, Matt (22 June 2017). "Vive La Poutine: The Origins of Quebec's Favorite Snack". Food & Wine. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  58. "Vive la Poutine". Gastropost. National Post. Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  59. Richler, Jacob (2012). My Canada Includes Fois Gras. Toronto: Viking Canada. pp. 58, 139. ISBN 978-0-670-06582-0.
  60. Sekules, Kate (23 May 2007). "A Staple From Quebec, Embarrassing but Adored". The New York Times. New York City: The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2 January 2019. Granted, poutine came in only at No. 10. But it beat, among other things, the electron microscope, the BlackBerry, the paint roller and the caulking gun, lacrosse, plexiglass, radio voice transmission and basketball.
  61. Jeha, Laura (18 June 2017). "The history of poutine: How it became our most iconic dish". Maclean's. Toronto: Rogers Media. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  62. Balla, Lesley (11 April 2011). "How L.A. Does Poutine for National Poutine Day: 5 Great Places to Eat Like a Canadian". LA Weekly. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  63. Ciotoli, Adriano (10 April 2018). "4 Poutines to indulge in on National Poutine Day". Windsor Eats. Windsor, Ontario. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
  64. Sietsema, Tom (9 March 2016). "State dinner will start with a gussied-up version of Canada's late-night party food". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  65. Perreaux, Les (5 May 2013). "Canada Day heads to the Big Apple". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  66. Loriggio, Paola (11 July 2013). "Lac-Mégantic: Poutine shack serves comfort food near derailment site". Montreal Gazette. Montreal: Postmedia Network Inc. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  67. Niester, Alan (7 April 2000). "A night for the Groucho glasses". The Globe and Mail. Toronto: The Globe and Mail Inc. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  68. "Le Festival de fromages de Warwick déménagerait à Victoriaville… | La Terre de Chez Nous". La Terre de Chez Nous (in French). 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  69. "Poutine Week Montreal". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  70. "Creative chefs offer take on fries, curds and gravy during La Poutine Week". Metro News. 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  71. Semenak, Susan (28 January 2015). "Poutine Week: A saucy nod to our most-loved fast food". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  72. Brownstein, Bill (29 August 2018). "Load up the plate during La Poutine Week, but hold the guilt". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  73. Hum, Peter (30 January 2018). "Which Ottawa restaurant's special poutine looks most edible to you?". Regina Leader-Post. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  74. Johnston, David (19 November 2008). "Quebec restaurant claims to be 'inventor' of poutine". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  75. "The Festival de la Poutine lineup is here, ready to clog your arteries". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  76. "The Festival de la Poutine lineup is here, ready to clog your arteries". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. 29 May 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  77. "Victoria Poutine Week Oct 16–22". Poutine with purpose. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  78. "La Poutine Week B.C. Offers a solid 7 days of poutine indulgence". 11 January 2019. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  79. "Official #LaPoutineWeek – Semaine de La Poutine Week 2014". LapoutineWeek.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  80. Knight, Lauren (23 February 2016). "What You Missed at Poutine Fest 2016". Chicago Food Magazine. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  81. "NH PoutineFest". Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  82. Brobeck, Greg (25 June 2015). "First-ever Poutinefest to be held Friday night in Knoxville". WATE 6 News. Knoxville, Tennessee. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  83. Schwartz, Susan (16 April 2010). "Sacre bleu! A poutine-eating contest . . . in Toronto?". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  84. O'Neil, Lauren (6 October 2014). "American wins world poutine eating championship, Canadians heartbroken". CBC News. Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  85. "Quebec chef wins Iron Chef with lobster poutine". CBC News. Montreal: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  86. Sibonney, Claire (2 May 2013). "Jones Soda's Poutine Flavour: Awful Or Amazing?". HuffPost Canada. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  87. "Lay's Canada announces 2014 Do Us a Flavour finalists" (Press release). Mississauga, Ontario: PepsiCo Canada. 7 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  88. "Calgary man wins potato chip contest with 'Jalapeno Mac N' Cheese' flavour". 21 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  89. Kwan, Tammy (9 August 2016). "Lay's potato chips announces winning international flavours that Canadians voted for". Georgia Straight. Vancouver, British Columbia: Vancouver Free Press. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  90. "PC World of Flavours Poutine Flavour Rippled Potato Chips". Loblaw Companies Limited. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  91. Rudin, David (12 July 2017). "Québécois poutine became ice cream in New Zealand, and now we're scared". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  92. Rudin, David (1 August 2018). "Because nothing's sacred, here's the $448 'World's Richest Poutine'". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  93. Khan, Ahmar (8 July 2019). "'Dream come true': Brandon-born St. Louis Blues defenceman Joel Edmundson back home with Stanley Cup". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  94. Thompson, Sam (9 July 2019). "Manitoba NHLer eats poutine out of Stanley Cup in Brandon". Global News. Corus Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  95. Crabb, Josh (8 July 2019). "'It's a dream come true': Brandon's Joel Edmundson brings Stanley Cup to his hometown". CTV News. Bell Media. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  96. "Accueil – Half Moon Run, Les Trois Accords, Alex Nevsky, Les Soeurs Boulay, Fred Fortin, Kevin Parent". Festival de la poutine de Drummondville (in French). Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  97. "Découvrez des poutines incroyables! – La Poutine Week". www.lapoutineweek.com (in French). Archived from the original on 24 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  98. "World Poutine Eating Championship – Smoke's Poutinerie". smokespoutinerie.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  99. "Ottawa PoutineFest". ottawapoutinefest.ca. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  100. "NH PoutineFest 2017 – Live Free and Eat Poutine!". www.nhpoutinefest.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  101. mapoutineca (12 March 2010). "Maudite poutine (partie 1 de 2)". Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2017 – via YouTube.
  102. Charlebois, Mattieu (3 February 2016). "La poutine, un plat pour les Québécois de sauce". L'actualité (in French). Mishmash Media. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  103. "*FAQ*". The Poutine Pundit. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  104. Butterfield, Michelle (29 May 2017). "Poutine A Victim Of Cultural Appropriation, Argues Quebec Researcher". Huffpost Canada. Toronto: HPMG News. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  105. Trillin, Calvin (15 November 2009). "Funny Food". The New Yorker. Toronto: Conde Nast. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2019. I appreciate his strong statement [...] He understands I believe in free trade. He understands I want to make sure our relations with our most important neighbor to the north of us is strong. And we’ll work closely together.
  106. "22 Minutes star pulls prank on George W. Bush". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 22 March 2000. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  107. "President Discusses Strong Relationship with Canada". whitehouse.archives.gov (Press release). Office of the Press Secretary (United States), The White House. 1 December 2004. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019. I told Paul that I really have only one regret about this visit to Canada. There's a prominent citizen who endorsed me in the 2000 election, and I wanted a chance to finally thank him for that endorsement. I was hoping to meet Jean Poutine.
  108. "Michel eet hotdogs en poutine met Trudeau, maar "onze frieten zijn beter"". Het Laatste Nieuws. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  109. Fillion, Stephanie (27 March 2019). "Canada, Ireland and Norway, Now Vying for the 2020 UN Security Council Vote". PassBlue. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  • Media related to Poutine at Wikimedia Commons
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.