Pork

Pork is the culinary name for the meat of a domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus). It is the most commonly consumed meat worldwide,[1] with evidence of pig husbandry dating back to 5000 BC.

For other uses, see Pork (disambiguation).
Pork belly cut, showing layers of muscle and fats.
Slow-roasting pig on a rotisserie.

Pork is eaten both freshly cooked and preserved. Curing extends the shelf life of the pork products. Ham, smoked pork, gammon, bacon and sausage are examples of preserved pork. Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products, many from pork.

Pork is not only the most popular meat in the Western world and in Central Europe, it is also very popular in the Eastern and non-Muslim parts of India, Southeastern Asia (Indochina, Philippines, Singapore, East Timor) and in Malaysia. It is highly prized in Asian cuisines for its fat content and pleasant texture.

Some religions and cultures, notably Judaism and Islam, prohibit pork consumption.

History
See also: Charcuterie and Animal husbandry § History

Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 13,000 BC.[2]

Pig being prepared in France during the mid-19th century.

Charcuterie is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat products such as bacon, ham, sausage, terrines, galantines, pâtés and confit, primarily from pig.[3] Originally intended as a way to preserve meats before the advent of refrigeration, these preparations are prepared today for the flavors that are derived from the preservation processes.[4] In 15th-century France, local guilds regulated tradesmen in the food production industry in each city. The guilds that produced charcuterie were those of the charcutiers. The members of this guild produced a traditional range of cooked or salted and dried meats, which varied, sometimes distinctively, from region to region. The only "raw" meat the charcutiers were allowed to sell was unrendered lard. The charcutier prepared numerous items, including pâtés, rillettes, sausages, bacon, trotters, and head cheese.

Before the mass production and re-engineering of pigs in the 20th century, pork in Europe and North America was traditionally an autumn dish—pigs and other livestock coming to the slaughter in the autumn after growing in the spring and fattening during the summer. Due to the seasonal nature of the meat in Western culinary history, apples (harvested in late summer and autumn) have been a staple pairing to fresh pork. The year-round availability of meat and fruits has not diminished the popularity of this combination on Western plates.[5]

Consumption patterns
A traditional Austrian pork dish, served with potato croquettes, vegetables, mushrooms and gravy.
Pork vindaloo, spicy pork curry from India.

Pigs are the most widely eaten animal in the world, accounting for about 36% of meat production worldwide.[6] As a result, large numbers of pork recipes are developed throughout the world. Jamón is the most famous Spanish inlay, which is made with the back legs of a pig. Feijoada, the national dish of Brazil (also served in Portugal), is traditionally prepared with pork trimmings: ears, tail and feet.[7]

According to the USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service, nearly 100 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide in 2006 (preliminary data). Increasing urbanization and disposable income has led to a rapid rise in pork consumption in China, where 2006 consumption was 20% higher than in 2002, and a further 5% increase projected in 2007.[8] In 2015 recorded total 109.905 million metric tons of pork were consumed worldwide.[9]:18 By 2017, half the world's pork was consumed in China.[10]

Worldwide pork consumption
Country20092010201120122013201420152016
 China48,82351,15750,00452,72554,25057,19556,66854,070
 EU20,69120,95220,82120,37520,26820,39020,91320,062
 United States9,0138,6548,3408,4418,6168,5459,3419,452
 Russia2,7192,8352,9713,1453,0903,0243,0163,160
 Brazil2,4232,5772,6442,6702,7712,8452,8932,811
 Japan2,4672,4882,5222,5572,5532,5432,5682,590
 Vietnam2,0712,0722,1132,1602,2052,4082,4562,506
 Mexico1,7701,7841,7101,8501,9451,9912,1762,270
 South Korea1,4801,5391,4871,5461,5981,6601,8131,868
 Philippines1,3561,4181,4321,4461,5331,5511,5441,659
 Ukraine7137768069531,006
 Taiwan925901919906892875930897
 Canada853802785834837
 Hong Kong486467558547537
 Australia464482482511528
 Chile369385408430430
Others3,6153,7563,9324,0224,1836,8696,5876,656
Total100,238103,045101,934105,118107,242109,896109,095108,001
In metric tons ('000s), Source: USDA reports, 2009–2013 figures,[11]:16 2014–2016 figures[9]:18

Asian pork consumption
Tonkatsu, Japanese breaded deep fried pork cutlet.

Pork is popular throughout eastern Asia and the Pacific, where whole roast pig is a popular item in Pacific Island cuisine. It is consumed in a great many ways and highly esteemed in Chinese cuisine.[12] Currently China is the world's largest pork consumer, with pork consumption expected to total 53 million tons in 2012, which accounts for more than half of global pork consumption.[13] In China, pork is preferred over beef for economic and aesthetic reasons; the pig is easy to feed and is not used for labour. The colours of the meat and the fat of pork are regarded as more appetizing, while the taste and smell are described as sweeter and cleaner. It is also considered easier to digest.[14] In rural tradition, pork is shared to celebrate important occasions and to form bonding. In China, pork is so important that the nation maintains a "strategic pork reserve".[15] Red braised pork (hong shao rou), a delicacy from Hunan Province, was one of Mao Zedong's favorite dishes.[16] Other popular Chinese pork dishes are sweet and sour pork, bakkwa, and charsiu. In the Philippines, due to 300 years of Spanish colonization and influence, lechon, which is an entire roasted suckling pig, is a national delicacy.

Pork products
Smoked pork ribs.

Pork may be cooked from fresh meat or cured over time. Cured meat products include ham and bacon. The carcass may be used in many different ways for fresh meat cuts, with the popularity of certain cuts varying worldwide.

Fresh meat

Most of the pig can be used to produce fresh meat and in the case of a suckling pig, the whole body of a young pig ranging in age from two to six weeks is roasted. Danish roast pork or flæskesteg, prepared with crispy crackling is a national favourite as the traditional Christmas dinner.[17]

Processed pork
Display of hams, pig's trotters, salamis, and mortadella in a pork butcher's shop, Bologna, Italy

Pork is particularly common as an ingredient in sausages. Many traditional European sausages are made with pork, including chorizo, fuet, Cumberland sausage and salami. Many brands of American hot dogs and most breakfast sausages are made from pork. Processing of pork into sausages and other products in France is described as charcuterie.

Ham and bacon are made from fresh pork by curing with salt (pickling) or smoking. Shoulders and legs are most commonly cured in this manner for Picnic shoulder and ham, whereas streaky and round bacon come from the side (round from the loin and streaky from the belly).[18]

Ham and bacon are popular foods in the west, and their consumption has increased with industrialisation. Non-western cuisines also use preserved meat products. For example, salted preserved pork or red roasted pork is used in Chinese and Asian cuisine.

Bacon is defined as any of certain cuts of meat taken from the sides, belly or back that have been cured or smoked. In continental Europe, it is used primarily in cubes (lardons) as a cooking ingredient valued both as a source of fat and for its flavour. In Italy, besides being used in cooking, bacon (pancetta) is also served uncooked and thinly sliced as part of an antipasto. Bacon is also used for barding roasts, especially game birds. Bacon is often smoked with various wood fuels for up to ten hours. Bacon is eaten fried, baked, or grilled.

A side of unsliced bacon is a "flitch" or "slab bacon", while an individual slice of bacon is a "rasher" (Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) or simply a "slice" or "strip" (North America). Slices of bacon are also known as "collops". Traditionally, the skin is left on the cut and is known as "bacon rind". Rindless bacon, however, is quite common. In both Ireland and the United Kingdom, bacon comes in a wide variety of cuts and flavours, and is predominantly known as "streaky bacon", or "streaky rashers". Bacon made from the meat on the back of the pig is referred to as "back bacon" and is part of traditional full breakfast commonly eaten in Britain and Ireland. In the United States, back bacon may also be referred to as "Canadian-style Bacon" or "Canadian Bacon".[19]

The canned meat Spam is made of chopped pork shoulder meat and ham.

Industrial raw material

Due to the fact that pigs can eat unused food originally meant for humans, and due to the high availability of such food in many industrialized countries, pork and other products from pigs have become securely sourced and low-priced commodities. This makes pig products very popular as raw material in many industrially produced products.

Cuts
Main article: Cut of pork

Nutrition
Pork, fresh, loin, whole,
separable lean and fat,
cooked, broiled
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,013 kJ (242 kcal)
0.00 g
Sugars0.00 g
Dietary fibre0.0 g
27.92 g
Saturated5.230 g
Monounsaturated6.190 g
Polyunsaturated1.200 g
13.32 g
Tryptophan0.338 g
Threonine1.234 g
Isoleucine1.260 g
Leucine2.177 g
Lysine2.446 g
Methionine0.712 g
Cystine0.344 g
Phenylalanine1.086 g
Tyrosine0.936 g
Valine1.473 g
Arginine1.723 g
Histidine1.067 g
Alanine1.603 g
Aspartic acid2.512 g
Glutamic acid4.215 g
Glycine1.409 g
Proline1.158 g
Serine1.128 g
VitaminsQuantity %DV†
Vitamin B6
36%
0.464 mg
Vitamin B12
29%
0.70 μg
Choline
19%
93.9 mg
Vitamin C
1%
0.6 mg
Vitamin D
9%
53 IU
MineralsQuantity %DV†
Calcium
2%
19 mg
Copper
4%
0.073 mg
Iron
7%
0.87 mg
Magnesium
8%
28 mg
Phosphorus
35%
246 mg
Potassium
9%
423 mg
Sodium
4%
62 mg
Zinc
25%
2.39 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water57.87 g
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

Its myoglobin content is lower than that of beef, but much higher than that of chicken. The USDA treats pork as a red meat.[20] Pork is very high in thiamin (vitamin B1).[21][22][23][24] Pork with its fat trimmed is leaner than the meat of most domesticated animals, but is high in cholesterol and saturated fat.

In 1987 the U.S. National Pork Board began an advertising campaign to position pork as "the other white meat"—due to a public perception of chicken and turkey (white meat) as healthier than red meat. The campaign was highly successful and resulted in 87% of consumers identifying pork with the slogan. The board retired the slogan on 4 March 2011.[25]

Religious beliefs
Main article: Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork

Eating of pork is prohibited by orthodox Jewish dietary laws and Islamic dietary laws, and is also avoided by mainstream Seventh-day Adventists, Rastafarians, and members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. There is also a theory that pork was taboo in Scotland until roughly 1800.

Judaism

Pork is a well-known example of a non-kosher food. This prohibition is based on Leviticus chapter 11 and Deuteronomy chapter 14:

These are the creatures that you may eat from among all the animals that are upon the land. Everything that possesses a split hoof, which is fully cloven, and that brings up its cud—this you may eat. But this is what you shall not eat from what brings up its cud or possesses split hooves—the camel, because it brings up its cud but does not possess split hooves...and the pig, because it has split hooves that are completely cloven, but it does not bring up its cud—it is impure to you and from its flesh you may not eat.

—Leviticus 11:2–4, 7–8

And the pig, because it possesses split hooves and does not bring up its cud—from its flesh you may not eat.

—Deuteronomy 14:8

As indicated by the Torah verses, pork is non-kosher because Jews may not consume an animal that possesses one trait but not the other of cloven hooves and regurgitating cud. Hogs, which are not ruminants, do not chew cud as cattle and sheep do. Practicing Jews suffice on the biblical explanation of the swine as 'unclean'. According to one rabbinic commentary, anyone who has seen the swine's filthy habits will not inquire into why it is prohibited. Maimonides shared this view in classifying the swine as an unclean creature in both its habit and diet.[26]

The prohibition of swine eating in Ancient Israelite cuisine, according to Douglas, was because the pig was raised by non-Israelites, ate carrion and did not fit into the classification of ungulates. Harris disagrees and points out that Egyptians and Sumerians also restricted pigs and that goats also ate corpses, yet were not declared unclean in Ancient Israel. Harris offers an explanation based on environmental and economic factors instead.[27]

In Israel pig-raising has been limited by law to certain areas and institutions.[28][29] Some pig-related laws are openly circumvented.[30] Swine production has increased from an estimated annual slaughter of 50,000 swine in 1960[28] to 180,000 in 2010.[31] Pig meat consumption per capita was 2.7 kg in 2009.[32] Although pork marketing is prohibited in some religious localities,[29] pork products are available elsewhere at non-kosher butchers and by the Mizra and Tiv Ta'am non-kosher supermarket chain, which caters to Russian immigrants.[33] A modern Hebrew euphemism for pork is "white meat".[33]

Islam

Pork meat is prohibited by the Islamic dietary laws. Throughout the Islamic world many countries severely restrict the importation or consumption of pork products. Examples are Iran,[34] Mauritania,[35] Oman,[36] Qatar,[37] Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Yemen, Somalia, Sudan, Afghanistan, Djibouti, Kuwait, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Libya, Pakistan and the Maldives.[38] However, in other Muslim-majority countries with significant non-Muslim minorities, such as Indonesia (except the province of Aceh), Malaysia, Brunei, Lebanon, Iraq, Tunisia, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Jordan, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Syria and the United Arab Emirates (except the Emirate of Sharjah), pork is available in hotels, restaurants and supermarkets that cater to a significant non-Muslim population.[39]

The Qur'anic basis for the Islamic prohibition of pork can be found in surah 2:173, 5:3, 5:60, 6:145 and 16:115.[40][41][42][43][44]

He has forbidden you only the carrion, blood, and the flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than God. But if one is forced by necessity, without wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits, then there is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Oft-forgiving Most Merciful.

—Chapter (Sura) 2 – Verse (Ayat) 173 Al-Baqara (The Cow)

Forbidden for you for food are carrion, blood, flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than God, and animals killed by strangling or by a violent blow or by a head-long fall or by the goring of horns, and those from which a wild animal has eaten, except what you [are able to] slaughter [before its death], and those which are sacrificed on stone altars, and [prohibited is] that you seek decision through divining arrows. That is grave disobedience. This day those who disbelieve have despaired of [defeating] your religion; so fear them not, but fear Me. This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion. But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin – then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.

—Chapter (Sura) 5 – Verse (Ayat) 3 Al-Maidah (The Table Spread)

I do not find within that which was revealed to me [anything] forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine - for indeed, it is impure - or it be [that slaughtered in] disobedience, dedicated to other than Allah . But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit], then indeed, your Lord is Forgiving and Merciful.

—Chapter (Sura) 6 – Verse (Ayat) 145 Al-An'am (The Cattle)

He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah . But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit] - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.

—Chapter (Sura) 16 – Verse (Ayat) 115 An-Nahl (The Bees)

Christianity

While most sects of Christianity do consume pork there are some sects of Christianity do abstain from the consumption of pork. The prohibition is based on Leviticus chapter 11, Deuteronomy chapter 14, and Isaiah chapters 65 and 66. Some denominations that forbid pork consumption are:

When pork was not included on the menu of the Liverpool Council's first Christian Orthodox Interfaith lunch some members of the Macedonian Orthodox community objected, citing the historical significance of the dish to the community during the Ottoman era and raising complaints that the council was discriminating against Orthodox Christians. A spokeswoman for the council explained that the council had not prepared a pork menu option because Muslims, Jews and Hindus do not consume pork and it had seemed inconsistent with the purpose of bringing together persons of different faiths, though after the complaints raised by the Orthodox community a pork alternative was added.[45]

Disease in pork
Vacuum packed pork loin fillets.

Pork is known to carry some diseases such as pork tapeworm and trichinosis and pigbel, thus uncooked or undercooked pork can be dangerous to consume, although raw pork products are sometimes still consumed in Central European and Eastern European countries of which the Eastern European countries are believed to have a higher risk of trichinosis.[46]

Undercooked or untreated pork may harbour pathogens, or can be recontaminated after cooking if left exposed for a long period of time. In one instance, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) detected Listeria monocytogenes in 210 kilograms (460 pounds) of Polidori brand fully cooked pork sausage crumbles, although no one was made ill from consumption of the product.[47] The FSIS has previously stated that listeria and other microorganisms must be "...destroyed by proper handling and thorough cooking to an internal temperature of 71 °C (160 °F)," and that other microorganisms, such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus can be found in inadequately cooked pork, poultry, and other meats.[48] The FSIS, a part of the USDA, currently recommends cooking ground pork to 71 °C (160 °F) and whole cuts to 63 °C (145 °F) followed by a 3-minute rest.[49]

Pigs can be carriers of various helminths, such as roundworms, pinworms, hookworms. One of the more common is Taenia solium, a type of tapeworm, which may transplant to the intestines of humans after consuming undercooked meat.

Although not a common cause of illness, Yersinia enterocolitica—which causes gastroenteritis—is present in various foods, but is most frequently caused by eating uncooked or undercooked pork and can grow in refrigerated conditions. The bacteria can be killed by heat.[50] Nearly all outbreaks in the US have been traced to pork.[51]

Pork may be the reservoir responsible for sporadic, locally acquired cases of acute hepatitis E (HEV) reported in regions with relatively mild climates. It has been found to transmit between swine and humans.[52]

Trichinosis, also called trichinellosis, or trichiniasis, is a parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork infected with the larvae of a species of roundworm Trichinella spiralis, commonly called the trichina worm. Infection was once very common, but is now rare in the developed world. From 2002 to 2007, an annual average of 11 cases per year were reported in the United States; the majority were from consuming wild game or the source was unknown. The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game products.[53]

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See also

References
  1. "Sources of Meat". Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 25 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  2. Nelson, Sarah M. (1998). Ancestors for the Pigs. Pigs in prehistory. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 9781931707091.
  3. Ruhlman, 18.; The Culinary Institute of America, 3.
  4. Ruhlman, 19.
  5. Thompson, Michael D., “‘Everything but the Squeal’: Pork as Culture in Eastern North Carolina,” North Carolina Historical Review, 82 (Oct. 2005), 464–98. Heavily illustrated.
  6. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/meat/backgr_sources.html
  7. Brazilbrazil.com Archived 21 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  8. "Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade." Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Circular Series DL&P 2-06, Foreign Agricultural Service, United States Department of Agriculture, October 2006. Retrieved on 15 August 2007.
  9. Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Agriculture. October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  10. "China launches a pork-price index to smooth the "pig cycle"". The Economist. 21 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  11. Livestock and Poultry: World Markets and Trade (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Agriculture. November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2014.
  12. Solomon, Charmaine (1996). Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Melbourne: William Heinemann Australia. p. 288. ISBN 0-85561-688-1.
  13. Mamta Badkar (29 May 2013). "14 Facts About The Staggeringly Huge Chinese Pork Industry". Business Insider. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  14. Tropp, Barbara (1982). The Modern Art of Chinese Cooking. New York: Hearst Books. p. 183. ISBN 0-688-14611-2.
  15. Wines, Michael (15 July 2011). "China Plans to Release Some of Its Pork Stockpile to Hold Down Prices". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  16. Moore, Malcolm (29 January 2010). "China sets standard for Chairman Mao's favourite dish". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  17. "Danish Christmas dinner" Archived 17 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Wonderful Denmark. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  18. Ruhlman, Michael and Polcyn, Brian. Charcuterie: The Craft of Salting, Smoking and Curing. New York: W.W Norton & Company, 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-05829-1
  19. Cattleman's Beef Board & National Cattlemen's Beef Association. Uniform Retail Meat Identity Standards Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  20. Fresh Pork...from Farm to Table Archived 14 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service.
  21. "Calories in Pork, Fresh, Loin, Tenderloin". Calorie Count. Archived from the original on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
  22. "Top 10 Foods Highest in Thiamin (Vitamin B1);
    from google (thiamin source) result 1"    .
  23. "Table 2: Selected Food Sources of Thiamin [10];
    from '(4)' in authoritynutrition.com/foods/pork/ ;
    from google (pork nutrition value) result 1"    .
  24. "Thiamin: Unlike other types of red meat, such as beef and lamb, pork is particularly rich in thiamin. Thiamin is one of the B-vitamins and plays an essential role in various body functions (4);
    from google (pork nutrition value) result 1"    .
  25. "Pork board swaps 'White Meat' for 'Be Inspired'". Associated Press. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  26. Marvin Harris (1996). "The Abominable Pig". In Charles Edward Carter (ed.). Community, Identity, and Ideology: Social Science Approaches to the Hebrew Bible. Carol L. Meyers. Eisenbrauns. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-1-57506-005-7.
  27. Society for Old Testament Study (21 November 1991). The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–. ISBN 978-0-521-42392-2.
  28. Segev, Tom (27 January 2012). "The Makings of History / Pork and the people". HaAretz. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
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  30. Concern for Helping Animals in Israel (CHAI). "Pigs FACTSHEET". Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  31. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "FAOSTAT". Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  32. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "FAOSTAT". Retrieved 6 April 2013.
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  39. "Buying Pork in Dubai – ComingAnarchy.com". cominganarchy.com.
  40. Quran 2:173
  41. Quran 5:3
  42. Quran 5:60
  43. Quran 6:145
  44. Quran 16:115
  45. O'Brien, Natalie (25 July 2015). "Liverpool Council upsets Orthodox community by leaving pork off the menu for interfaith lunch". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
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  53. "Trichinellosis Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control, US Government. 2004. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
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