Lao People's Revolutionary Party

The Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Lao: ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ, French: Parti révolutionnaire populaire lao), formerly the Lao People's Party, is the Marxist–Leninist political party in Laos which emerged from the Communist Party of Vietnam founded by Hồ Chí Minh in 1930. It has governed in Laos since 1975. The policy-making organs are the Politburo, Secretariat and the Central Committee. A party congress, which elects members to the politburo and central committee, is held every five years. The congress used to also elect a secretariat, but this body was abolished in 1991. As of 2016, 128 of the 132 members of the National Assembly of Laos were from the Lao People's Revolutionary Party.

"LPRP" redirects here. For the NASA program, see Lunar Precursor Robotic Program.

Lao People's Revolutionary Party ພັກປະຊາຊົນປະຕິວັດລາວ Phak Pasason Pativat Lao
General Secretary	Bounnhang Vorachith
Executive Secretary	Phankham Viphavanh
Founded	22 March 1955
Headquarters	Vientiane
Newspaper	Passasson
Youth wing	Lao People's Revolutionary Youth Union
Armed wing	Lao People's Armed Forces
Membership (2011)	191,700
Ideology	Communism[1] Marxism–Leninism[1]
Political position	Far-left
National affiliation	Lao Front for National Construction
International affiliation	IMCWP[1]
National Assembly	144 / 149
Party flag
Politics of Laos Political parties Elections

History

The party has its origins in the Communist Party of Indochina founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930 (see Communist Party of Vietnam). The ICP was entirely Vietnamese at its inception but grew throughout French Indochina and was able to found a small "Lao section" in 1936. In the mid-1940s, a campaign to recruit Laotian members was instigated and in 1946 or 1947, Kaysone Phomvihan, a law student at the University of Hanoi, was recruited, along with Nouhak Phoumsavan.

In February 1951, the Second Congress of the ICP resolved to disband the party and to form three separate parties representing the three states of Indochina. In reality, the ICP was a Vietnamese organization and the separate parties created were dominated by the Vietnamese parties regardless of their national affiliations. For instance, in February 1951, only 81 of the 2,091 ICP members were Lao.[2] A movement known as the Pathet Lao (Land of Laos) was founded and Prince Souphanouvong became its figurehead leader. It was in theory a communist resistance movement meant to fight alongside the Viet Minh against French colonialism during the first Indochina War, but it never really fought much of anyone and was organized as a reserve organization of the Viet Minh. On March 22, 1955, at its First Party Congress, the clandestine Lao's People's Party or Phak Pasason Lao was officially proclaimed. The First Party Congress was attended by 25 delegates representing a party membership of 300 to 400. The Party Congress was supervised and organized by the Vietnamese. The Central Committee of the Party included Kaysone Phomvihane, Nouhak Phoumsavan, Bun Phommahaxay, Sisavath Keobounphanh, Khamseng (May 1955, supplemented Souphanouvong, Phoumi Vongvichit, Phoun Sipaseut and 1956 supplemented Sisomphon Lovansay, Khamtay Siphandone).

The LPP and its successor, the LPRP, kept their existence secret until 1975, preferring to direct their activities through fronts such as the Pathet Lao.

In 1956, a legal political wing of the Pathet Lao, the Lao Patriotic Front (Neo Lao Hak Xat), was founded and participated in several coalition governments. In the 1960s the North Vietnam-controlled Pathet Lao were given tasks in Vietnamese-occupied areas of Laos. The Pathet Lao participated in a war between their North Vietnamese backers and the U.S.-backed Laotian government. Never very successful on their own, the party still gained power indirectly by North Vietnamese control in the northern and eastern sectors of the country. The Pathet Lao were never a particularly strong military force unless supported directly by the North Vietnamese army.

In February 1972, at the Second Party Congress, the name of the Lao People's Party was changed to the Lao People's Revolutionary Party.[3]

In 1973, a peace agreement was signed that brought the Pathet Lao into the government and was supposed to result in the Vietnamese leaving the country. The Vietnamese army did not leave. In early 1975, the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese began attacking government outposts again. Without the support of the US, the anticommunist elements in the government had little choice other than to gradually allow the Pathet Lao to take power. In the spring of 1975 Pathet Lao forces consolidated their power throughout the country. The royal government fell in May 1975 and the LPRP took power. The LPRP on taking power showed itself to be closely connected to Vietnam. The LPRP signed a treaty of friendship which allowed People's Army of Vietnam units to base themselves in Laos and also brought political advisors from Vietnam into the country. The LPRP economically isolated Laos by cutting off trade with all neighboring countries except for Vietnam.

When the LPRP first revealed itself to the public in 1975, the Central Committee comprised twenty-one members and six alternates. By the Fourth Party Congress, its size had expanded to fifty-one members and nine alternates. The average age of a Central Committee member in 1986 was fifty-two, with the oldest seventy-seven and the youngest thirty-three. The number of women on the Central Committee rose from three to five, including Thongvin Phomvihan, then General Secretary Kaysone's wife, who was chair of the LPRP's People's Revolutionary Youth Union and, in 1982, the first woman appointed to the Central Committee.

In 1979, the Lao Front for National Construction was founded to extend the reach of the LPRP in society, with a particular emphasis on governmental and cultural participation.

The Third Party Congress did not meet until April 1982. Since then Party Congresses have been more regular with the Fourth Party Congress being held in November 1986, and the Fifth Party Congress in March 1991 with further congresses every four or five years since then.

In 1986, during the period in which many socialist states were beginning to change their domestic market policies, Kaysone propounded the New Economic Mechanism, invoking Lenin, but soon moved control of state enterprises to autonomous firms, and by 1989, edged more deliberately toward a market economy.

The LPRP has shown itself to be remarkably resilient. Transitions of power have tended to be smooth, the new generation of leaders has proven more open to reform, and the Politburo now has some ethnic diversity. Organised opposition to the LPRP is weak.[4]

The 10th Party Congress was held in Vientiane from 18 to 22 January 2016. At that Congress, Boungnang Vorachit was elected as the new Secretary General on 22 January 2016 - ending a 25-year long vacancy since the office was retitled from the former office of the Party Chairman.[5]

Party structure

From a membership of a few hundred at its founding the party grew to 11,000 members by 1965 and 21,000 members by 1972. When the party seized power in 1975 it claimed a membership of 25,000; and by 1991, at the convening of the Fifth Party Congress, the LPRP claimed its membership had increased to 60,000 or just over 1% of the population.

The Central Committee of the party was composed of 21 members and 6 alternates in 1975. This expanded to 51 members and 9 alternates by 1986 and 59 members in 1991.

The Politburo is the centre of political power in the party with its membership drawn from and chosen by the Central Committee. The Politburo consisted of seven members in 1972 growing to eleven members by 1993.

At the Fifth Party Congress, the party abolished the nineperson Secretariat of the Central Committee and changed the designation of the head of the party (Kaysone) from general secretary to chairman. Until it was abolished, the Secretariat wielded influence second only to that of the Politburo.

Kaysone Phomvihan was the party's general secretary from its founding in 1955 and remained the party's key figure until his death in 1992. His title changed to Party Chairman in 1991. Nouhak Phoumsavan was the second most powerful figure in the party from the party's founding until Kaysone's death, when he became the party's titular leader.

Khamtai Siphandon succeeded Nouhak Phoumsavan in 1998 (although some accounts have him succeeding Kaysone in 1992). Other recent leading figures have included Sisavath Keobounphanh and Samane Vignaket. Choummaly Sayasone led the party from 2006 to 2016, and Bounnhang Vorachit has been party leader since 2016.

Members of the LPRP Politburo have taken the offices of Party's Secretary-General and State President, Vice President, Chairman of the National Assembly and Prime Minister.

Politburo of the Central Committee (elected at the 10th Party Congress)

1. Boungnang Vorachit (Secretary-General of the Party, President of Laos)
2. Thongloun Sisoulith (Prime Minister)
3. Pany Yathotou (Chairwoman of the National Assembly)
4. Bounthong Chitmany (President of the Party Central Inspection Committee, Deputy Prime Minister, President of the Government Inspection Authority and Head of the Anti-Corruption Organisation)
5. Phankham Viphavan (Standing Member of the Party CC Secretariat, Vice President of Laos)
6. Chansy Phosikham (Head of the Party's Central Organisation Commission)
7. Xaysomphone Phomvihane (President of Lao Front for National Construction)
8. Lt. Gen Chansamone Chanyalath (Minister of National Defence)
9. Khamphanh Phommathat (Head of Office of the Party Central Committee)
10. Sinlavong Khoutphaythoune (Secretary of the Party Committee, Mayor of Vientiane)
11. Sonesay Siphandone (Deputy Prime Minister)

Secretariat of the Central Committee (elected at the 10th Party Congress)

1. Bounnhang Vorachith (Secretary General)
2. Bounthong Chitmany (President of the Party Central Inspection Committee, Deputy Prime Minister)
3. Phankham Viphavan (Standing Member of the Party CC Secretariat, Vice President of Laos)
4. Chansy Phosikham (Head of the Party's Central Organisation Commission)
5. Khamphanh Phommathat (Head of Office of the Party Central Committee)
6. Lt Gen Sengnouane Xayalath (Vice President of the National Assembly)
7. Kikeo Khaykhamphithoune (Head of the Party's Commission for Propaganda and Training)
8. Maj Gen Somkeo Silavong (Minister of Public Security)
9. Maj Gen Vilay Lakhamfong (Deputy Minister of National Defence)

The party operates according to the principles of democratic centralism. Due to the covert nature of the party in its first two decades it remains semi-secret in its operations though it is becoming more open as a new generation takes control.

Ideology

The LPRP is a Marxist–Leninist party patterned after the Vietnamese Communist Party and strongly influenced by the Soviet Union and the Soviet Communist Party. In the late 1980s, the party attempted to follow the example of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika reforms by introducing market measures and reducing controls over state run enterprises as well as abandoning attempts at agricultural collectivisation, although keeping the commanding heights of the economy nationalised and protecting labour and union rights.[6] These reforms were expanded in the 1990s, but the Laotian party was reluctant to follow the Soviet example of glasnost and has avoided loosening the party's political monopoly in the country or allowing for a free press.

During Choummaly Sayasone's visit to China in 2011, he stated that Laos would increase the scale of its cooperation with China and increase the number of exchange students between two parties' party schools to learn more from China.[7]

Leaders

• Kaysone Phomvihane (1955–1992)
• Khamtai Siphandon (1992–2006)
• Choummaly Sayasone (2006–2016)
• Boungnang Vorachith (2016–present)

Party Congresses

Main article: Congress of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

Electoral history

National Assembly elections

Election	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Government
1989	as part of LFNC		65 / 79	65	1st	Sole legal party
1992			85 / 85	20	1st	Sole legal party
1997			98 / 99	13	1st	Sole legal party
2002			109 / 109	11	1st	Sole legal party
2006			113 / 115	4	1st	Sole legal party
2011			128 / 132	15	1st	Sole legal party
2016	144 / 149	16	1st	Sole legal party

See also

• Vietnam War
• Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

References

1. "20 IMCWP, Written Contribution of Lao People's Revolutionary Party". SolidNet. International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
2. Stuart-Fox, p. 136.
3. http://ptc.gov.la/index.php/lo/2015-06-10-07-20-17/2015-06-10-07-20-22/992-%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94-%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5-ii.html
4. Frank-jurgen, Richter; John, Kidd (2003-04-03). Fighting Corruption In Asia: Causes, Effects And Remedies. World Scientific. ISBN 9789814486934.
5. Bounnhang Vorachit voted as new LPRP Secretary General
6. https://liberationschool.org/mung-lao-a-portrait-of-the-lao-peoples-democratic-republic/
7. "中华人民共和国和老挝人民民主共和国联合新闻公报（全文）". Retrieved 25 February 2015.

Sources

• Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008) Historical Dictionary of Laos. Scarecrow Press. ISBNs 0810864118, 978-0-81086-411-5.