Communist Party of the Russian Federation

The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; Russian: Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ; Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii, KPRF) is a communist political party in Russia that adheres to Marxist–Leninist philosophy.[3] The party is often viewed as the immediate successor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which was banned in 1991 by then–Russian President Boris Yeltsin after a failed coup attempt. It is the second-largest political party in the Russian Federation after United Russia. The youth organisation of the party is the Leninist Young Communist League. The party is administered by a Central Committee.

Communist Party of the Russian Federation Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации
Abbreviation	CPRF (English) KPRF (Russian)
First Secretary	Gennady Zyuganov
Deputy Secretary	Ivan Melnikov
Parliamentary Leader	Gennady Zyuganov
Founded	14 February 1993 (1993-02-14)
Preceded by	CPRSFSR CPSU
Headquarters	16th building, Ol'khovskaya Ulitsa Moscow, Moscow Oblast, Russia 105066
Newspaper	Pravda (more than 30 regional editions)
Youth wing	Leninist Young Communist League
Membership (2015)	160,000[1]
Ideology	Communism[2][3] Marxism–Leninism[3] Soviet nationalism[4]
Political position	Left-wing[2][5] to far-left[6][7][8]
Continental affiliation	UCP – CPSU
International affiliation	IMCWP ICS (Defunct)
Colours	Red
Slogan	"Russia! Labor! Democracy! Socialism!"
Anthem	"The Internationale"
Seats in the State Duma	43 / 450
Seats in the Federation Council	3 / 170
Governors	2 / 85
Seats in the Regional Parliaments	449 / 3,928
Party flag
Website
kprf.ru
Politics of Russia Political parties Elections

The CPRF was founded at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists on 14 February 1993 as the successor organisation of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR). As of 2015, the party has 160,000 members.[9] The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of socialism in Russia.[10] Immediate goals of the party include the nationalization of natural resources, agriculture and large industries within the framework of a mixed economy that allows for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private sector.[11]

History

The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993 at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists, where it declared itself to be the successor of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR).[12] It formed through the merger of a variety of successor groups to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), including Roy Medvedev's Socialist Party of the Working People (of left-socialist orientation), Alexei Prigarin's Union of Communists; and much of the membership of the Stalinist Russian Communist Workers Party (although party leader Viktor Anpilov rejected the new party).[13] The CPRF quickly became the largest party in Russia, with 500,000 members soon after its founding, more than double all the other parties membership combined.[14]

Gennady Zyuganov, a co-founder of the party along with senior former Soviet politicians Yegor Ligachev, Anatoly Lukyanov, Andrew Konstant and others, was elected to be party leader at the Second Extraordinary Congress.[4] Zyuganov had been a harsh critic of Alexander Yakovlev, the so-called "godfather of glasnost", on the CPSU Central Committee. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he became active in the Russian "national-patriotic" movement,[15][16] being the chairman of the National Salvation Front (some authors call him a nationalist).[17]

Following the CPRF's success in the 1995 legislative election, it emerged as the primary opposition to incumbent President Boris Yeltsin for the 1996 presidential election, whose approval rating was in single digits.[18] In order to oppose Yeltsin, Zyuganov organized a "popular-patriotic bloc" of nationalist organizations to support his candidacy.[18] After the election, on 7 August 1996 the coalition supporting him was transformed into an official organization, the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR), consisting of more than 30 left-wing and nationalist organizations, including the Russian All-People's Union, led by Sergey Baburin. Zyuganov was its chairman. It went on to support Zyuganov in the 2000 presidential election. The NPSR was meant to form the basis of a two-party system, with the NPSR opposing the ruling "party of power".[18]

The party suffered a sharp decline in the 2003 legislative election, going from 113 seats to 52. Zyuganov called the 2003 elections a "revolting spectacle" and accused the Kremlin of setting up a "Potemkin party", Rodina, to steal its votes. The CPRF was endorsed by Sergey Baburin's People's Union for the 2007 Russian parliamentary elections.[19]

In the 2012 presidential election, Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in the 2011 legislative election, but he also expressed his opposition to the organizers of the mass demonstrations of December 2011, which he views as orchestrated by ultra liberals who are exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role as a catalyst in the protests. Party rallies on 18 December 2011 in protest of election irregularities in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters.[20] The party has also recently called for Russia to formally recognize Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic.[21]

Ideology

XIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 2008

The party's current program was adopted in 2008, where the CPRF declared that it is the only political organization that consistently upholds the rights of the workers and national interests. According to the program, the strategic goal of the party is to build in Russia a "renewed socialism, socialism of the 21st century".[22] The program of the Communist Party declared that the party is guided by Marxism–Leninism, based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. According to the party, there comes a "confrontation between the New World Order and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, and with its qualities", "communality and great power, deep faith, undying altruism and decisive rejection of lures mercantile bourgeois liberal-democratic paradise".[23]

According to its program,[22] the CPRF considers it necessary to reform the country in three phases. In the first phase, it is needed to achieve workers' power through representation by a coalition led by the CPRF. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the devastation from the standpoint of the party, the consequences conducted in the past decade of reforms, in particular by the nationalization of property privatized in the 1990s. However, in this case small producers will remain and moreover will be organized to protect them from robbery by "big business, bureaucrats, and mafia groups". It is planned to reform the management of enterprises through the creation of councils at various levels. The party also plans to transform Russia into a Soviet republic. In the second stage, the role of councils and trade unions will increase even more. The economy will be made a gradual transition to a socialist form of economic activity, but a small private equity is still retained. Finally, the third phase is to build socialism.

In recent years, the Communist Party has also shown tendency of moving towards Dengism. The First Secretary Gennady Zyuganov also expressed that they should learn from China's successful example and build Russian socialism. He also encouraged all party members to read "Selective work of Deng Xiaoping". He said during his visit to China in 2008: "Had we learned from the success of China earlier, the Soviet Union would not have dissolved".[24][25]

Party program

Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:[22]

• Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.
  

  Communist protesters with the sign "the order of dismissal of Vladimir Putin for the betrayal of the national interests", Moscow, 1 May 2012
• Nationalize natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.
• Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.
• Break the system of total fraud in the elections.
• Create a truly independent judiciary.
• Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.
• Not raise the retirement age.
• Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.
• Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.
• Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.
• Ensure the availability and quality of health care.
• Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.
• Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.
• Prioritize domestic debt over foreign debt
• Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.
• Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.
• Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialization of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.
• Stop the slandering of the Russian and Soviet history.
• Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.
• Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.
• Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.
• Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.

The party is in favour of cooperation with the Russian Orthodox Church.[26] According to the words of Zyuganov, the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant atheism. Propaganda of any religion is banned inside the party.[27] Unlike the CPSU after 1956, the CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin, not participation in the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions.[28][29] The party supported a ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors",[30][31] mostly named a ban on "homosexual propaganda to minors" in Western media.[32]

Internal factions

Since its founding the CPRF has had several distinct internal factions:[33]

• Left-wing nationalists. CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov is from this tendency. The left-wing nationalists in the party identify socialism historically with Russia and Russia culturally with socialism. They are influenced by the writings of historian Lev Gumilyov and see class struggle as having evolved into struggle between civilizations.[4]
• Marxist–Leninists. The Marxist–Leninist faction of the party has a traditional understanding of class struggle and Marxism. They are against both nationalism and social democracy. This tendency is heavily reflected in the party's rank-and-file membership. Richard Kosolapov is a prominent member of this group.[34]
• Reformers. The party's reformers are social democratic or reform-communists, who have a generally critical view of the Soviet Union. This faction had a majority at the Second Extraordinary Congress, but has declined since then.[4]

Party structure

Communist Party rally on Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, 18 December 2011

The CPRF is legally registered by in Russia.[35] In organizational terms, it largely mirrors the CPSU, with the party being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to democratic centralism.[36] It has regional offices in 81 federal subjects.[37] Each regional office is controlled by the local (oblast, city, etc.) committee, headed by the First Secretary. The headquarters of the party is in Moscow. The Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation is the youth organisation of the party.

International cooperation

In 1993, the party founded the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Since 2001, the organisation has been led by Gennady Zyuganov and it became part of the Central Committee.

The party has friendly relations with the Party of the European Left, but it is not a member of it.[38] The party also has friendly relations with the Communist Party of China.[39]

On 24 March 2017, the party sent a delegation to North Korea and signed a "protocol on cooperation" with the Workers' Party of Korea.[40] During the visit, a stone was placed in the Juche Tower.

In October 2017 the party hosted the 19th International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties in the city of Saint Petersburg, marking the centenary of the October Revolution, with an attendance of over 100 parties from around the globe.[41]

Media

Pravda is the newspaper of the Communist Party,[42] it has more than 30 regional editions. The party has also a newspaper named Sovetskaya Rossiya (Soviet Russia). Sovetskaya Rossiya is a newspaper that is friendly to the party and until 2004 the newspaper Tomorrow.

Finances

According to the financial report of the CPRF, in 2006 the party received 127,453,237 rubles (3,998,835 US$):

• 29% – membership fees
• 30% – the federal budget
• 6% – donations
• 35% – other incomes

In 2006, the party spent 116,823,489 rubles (3,665,328 US$):

• 5% – for the maintenance of regional offices
• 21% – on promotion (information, advertising, publishing and printing)
• 10% – the content of the governing bodies
• 7% – the preparation and conduct of elections and referenda
• 36% – content publishers, media and educational institutions

In 2008, the CPRF received 70% of its finance from the state budget of the Russian Federation. According to a report at the XIII Congress of the CPRF, for ten months of 2008 total income amounted to 148 million rubles, including 8 million rubles from charges membership fees, 36 million rubles from donations and 106 million rubles from government funding.

On 19 October 2008, the leader of the party Gennady Zyuganov appealed to the citizens of Russia to financially support the party to implement its policy goals.[43][44]

Popular support and electoral results

The CPRF is strong in large cities and major industrial and scientific centers ("naukograds") as well as in the small towns and cities around Moscow.[45] For example, one of the few polling stations that gave a success to the CPRF during the Russian legislative election of 2007 was at Moscow State University.[46] The CPRF is also strong in the far east of Russia, in Siberia and the Urals.[47]

Presidential elections

In all presidential elections that have been held in the Russian Federation, the Communist Party's candidate has finished second. In 2012, several opposition politicians, including Boris Nemtsov, claimed that Dmitry Medvedev admitted to them that Zyuganov would actually have won the 1996 election if not for fraud in favor of Yeltsin.[48][49][50] According to the official results, Zyuganov received 17.18% of the votes in the presidential election of 2012. According to independent observers, there was large-scale fraud in favor of Putin.[51][52] He called the election "one of thieves, and absolutely dishonest and unworthy".[53]

Election year	Candidate	First Round		Second Round
		No. of overall votes	% of overall vote	No. of overall votes	% of overall vote
1996	Gennady Zyuganov	24,211,686	32.0	30,104,589	40.7
2000	Gennady Zyuganov	21,928,468	29.2
2004	Nikolay Kharitonov	9,513,313	13.7
2008	Gennady Zyuganov	13,243,550	17.7
2012	Gennady Zyuganov	12,318,353	17.2
2018	Pavel Grudinin	8,659,206	11.8

Parliamentary elections

State Duma
Election year	No. of overall votes	% of overall vote	No. of overall seats won	+/–	Leader
1993	6,666,402 (3rd)	12.4	65 / 450	-	Gennady Zyuganov
1995	15,432,963 (1st)	22.30	157 / 450	92	Gennady Zyuganov
1999	16,196,024 (1st)	24.29	113 / 450	44	Gennady Zyuganov
2003	7,647,820 (2nd)	12.6	52 / 450	61	Gennady Zyuganov
2007	8,046,886 (2nd)	11.6	57 / 450	5	Gennady Zyuganov
2011	12,599,507 (2nd)	19.2	92 / 450	35	Gennady Zyuganov
2016	6,958,361 (2nd)	13.4	42 / 450	50	Gennady Zyuganov

Parliamentary election results by oblast

Results of the CPRF in national elections

Region	2003 Pct.	2007 Pct.	2011 Pct.
Murmansk Oblast	7.44	17.47	21.76
Komi Republic	8.72	14.23	13.46
Vologda Oblast	8.77	13.44	16.78
Leningrad Oblast	9.05	17.07	17.31
Saint Petersburg	8.48	16.02	15.50
Pskov Oblast	15.17	19.41	25.13
Moscow Oblast	9.67	18.81	19.35
Oryol Oblast	16.28	17.58	31.98
Samara Oblast	17.38	18.39	23.13
Stavropol Krai	13.70	14.28	18.40
Dagestan	18.31	6.64	8.38
Omsk Oblast	16.23	22.90	21.87
Tyumen Oblast	9.94	8.43	11.74
Tomsk Oblast	12.60	13.37	22.39
National	12.61	11.57	19.20

Regional elections

In February 2005, the CPRF defeated the ruling pro-Kremlin party United Russia in elections to the regional legislature of Nenets Autonomous Okrug, obtaining 27% of the popular vote.

In the Moscow Duma election held on 4 December 2005, the party won 16.75% and 4 seats, the best ever result for the CPRF in Moscow. In the opinion of some observers, the absence of the Rodina party contributed to the Communists' success.

On 11 March 2007, elections took place for 14 regional and local legislatures. The CPRF performed very well and increased its votes in most of the territories; it came second in Oryol Oblast (23.78%), Omsk Oblast (22.58%), Pskov Oblast (19.21%) and Samara Oblast (18.87%), Moscow Oblast (18.80%), Murmansk Oblast (17.51%) and Tomsk Oblast (13.37%).[54] These results testify that the CPRF is the most significant opposition party in Russia.

On 21 May 2007, the CPRF obtained an important success in the Volgograd's mayoral election. Communist candidate Roman Grebennikov won election as mayor with 32.47% of the vote and became the youngest mayor of a regional capital. In 2008, Roman Grebennikov switched his allegiance to United Russia, angering many Communists who accused him of using the CPRF as a tool to become elected.

On 7 April 2011, the CPRF candidate Ilya Potapov won the mayoral election in the town of Berdsk with a landslide victory over the United Russia candidates.

In 2015 gubernatorial elections, party's nominee Sergey Levchenko won the gubernatorial election in Irkutsk Oblast.[55]

In the 2018 gubernatorial elections, candidates from the Communist party Andrey Klychkov and Valentin Konovalov won the gubernatorial elections in the Oryol Oblast and Khakassia, respectively.[56][57] In addition, in the election in Primorsky Krai, the party's candidate Andrey Ishchenko could pass in the second round of election in which lost, by official results. The result of those elections was declared invalid due to a large number of violations in connection with which recall election were scheduled for December 2018, but the Communist party decided not to nominate its candidate for the new election.[58]

In the 2018 elections to the regional parliaments, the Communist party took first place in the voting on party lists in three regions. However, in two regions, United Russia still managed to get a relative majority in regional parliaments at the expense of deputies-single-mandate holders. Nevertheless, in Irkutsk Oblast, the party received a relative majority and is the largest faction in the Legislative Assembly. Thus, Irkutsk Oblast is currently the only region in which both branches of government (executive and legislative) are controlled by the Communist party.[59]

Results of the CPRF in regional parliamentary elections

Region	2003–2005 Pct.	2009 Pct.
Arkhangelsk Oblast	8.61	16.67
Bryansk Oblast	18.57	22.76
Vladimir Oblast	20.33	27.75
Volgograd Oblast	25.83	23.57
Kabardino-Balkaria	8.69	8.36
Karachay–Cherkessia	15.57	10.07
Nenets Autonomous Okrug	25.86	20.51
Tatarstan	6.34	11.15
Khakassia	7.04	14.69
Total	12.79	15.88

Criticism

Marxist theoretician Boris Kagarlitsky writes: "It is enough to recall that within the Communist movement itself, Zyuganov's party was at first neither the sole organisation, nor the largest. Bit by bit, however, all other Communist organisations were forced out of political life. This occurred not because the organisations in question were weak, but because it was the CPRF that had received the Kremlin's official approval as the sole recognised opposition".[60] Andrei Brezhnev, grandson of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, has criticised the CPRF's Zyuganov's rapprochement with the Russian Orthodox Church.[61]

Gallery

• 
  Zyuganov with members of the Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation
• 
  Demonstration of communists on the Red Square
• 
  Communists marching on International Workers' Day in 2009, Severodvinsk
• 
  The Communist Party holds a demonstration on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow
• 
  Demonstration of the party
• 
  Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of Joseph Stalin
• 
  Party membership card

See also

• MFK KPRF
• Communist Party of China
• Communist Party of Cuba
• Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• Communist Party USA
• Communist Party of Vietnam
• Lao People's Revolutionary Party
• Workers' Party of Korea

References

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19. Andrey Shabaev. "Партинформ. Материал последнего номера". partinform.ru. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
20. David M. Herszenhorn (20 December 2011). "Where Communists See an Opening, Many Russians See a Closed Door". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 December 2011. He, [Gennadi A. Zyuganov], has joined in popular protests against Mr. Putin's government, while seeking to block the rise of the liberal reformers leading those rallies by denouncing them as a subversive threat to Russia's future.
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24. "久加诺夫:俄共党员应好好学习《邓小平文选》(图)_中国经济网——国家经济门户". ce.cn. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
25. "俄共主席访华自称只求公平一战". sina.com.cn.
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37. http://minjust.ru/node/2266
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51. "Fraude bij verkiezing Rusland". BNR Nieuwsradio.
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57. Клычков вступит в должность главы Орловской области 14 сентября
58. "Выборы губернатора Приморья пройдут без участия КПРФ". Коммерсантъ – via Kommersant.
59. "КПРФ побеждает по партийным спискам на выборах в заксобрания трех регионов из 16". ТАСС.
60. Kagarlitsky, Boris (17 January 2001). "RUSSIA: Is there life for KPRF after Yeltsin?". Green Left Weekly. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
61. "THE SATURDAY PROFILE; A Different Kind of Brezhnev in the Making". The New York Times. 10 August 2002. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

• Lisa Horner (23 January 2009). "Communism and the CPRF in Modern Russia" • The School of Russian and Asian Studies.
• Miriam Elder (14 October 2009) (updated 30 May 2010). "Communism: a love affair? The tyranny of daily bribes has many Russians nostalgic for Soviet social services" • The Global Post.

Further reading

• Syed Mohsin Hashim (March 1999). KPRF ideology and its implications for democratization in Russia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. Vol. 32. Iss. 1. pp. 77–89.

External links

• Official website