Kashinawa language

Kashinawa
	Kashinawa of the Ibuaçu River
Native to	Peru, Brazil
Ethnicity	Kaxinawá people
Native speakers	1,200 (2003–2007)[1]
Language family	Panoan Mainline Panoan Nawa Headwaters Kashinawa; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cbs
Glottolog	cash1254[2]

Kashinawa (also spelled Kaxinawá, Kashinawa, Kaxynawa, Caxinawa, Caxinawá, and Cashinahua), or Hantxa Kuin (Hãtxa Kuĩ), is an indigenous American language of western South America which belongs to the Panoan language family. It is spoken by about 1,600 Kaxinawá in Peru, along the Curanja and the Purus Rivers, and in Brazil by 400 Kaxinawá in the state of Acre.

About five to ten percent of speakers have some Spanish language proficiency,[3] while forty percent are literate and twenty to thirty percent are literate in Spanish as a second language.

Dialects are Brazilian Kashinawa, Peruvian Kashinawa, and the extinct Juruá Kapanawa (Capanahua of the Juruá River) and Paranawa.

Phonology

Vowels

		Front	Central	Back
Close (high)	Oral	i /i/	e /ɨ/	u /u~ʊ~o/
Close (high)	Nasal	ĩ /ĩ/	ẽ /ɨ̃/	ũ /ũ~õ/
Open (low)	Oral		a /ɑ/
Open (low)	Nasal		ã /ã/

Although nasalization is generally marked by placing a tilde over the vowel, some authors choose to mark it with a following ⟨n⟩ to denote that the previous vowel or contiguous vowels are nasalised.

Consonants

Consonants	Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p /p/ b /b/	t /t/ d /d/			k /k/	’ /ʔ/
Fricative		s /s/	x/shr /ʂ/	x/sh /ʃ/		j/h /h/
Affricates		ts /t͡s/		ch/t͡ʃ/
Nasal	m /m/	n /n/
Approximant	v/w /w~β/			y /j/

The stop consonant d /d/ may be pronounced as an alveolar flap [ɾ] when between two vowels, not unlike the North American English pronunciation of ⟨dd⟩ in the word ladder.

Dictionary

A dictionary has been compiled and published since 1980.

Orthography

The Roman alphabet is used. Generatives come before nouns. There is an interrogative punctuation mark different from the question mark.

Morphology

Articles and adjectives are placed after nouns. There are seven prefixes and five suffixes.

gollark: Playing the lottery is mostly stupid, though.

gollark: Hmm, that reminds me, I should find more videos to pointlessly upload to ZedShare™.

gollark: Strange. I wonder how that works.

gollark: Well, in THAT case you would have an expanding wave of expanding pupils and probably doom everyone.

gollark: Depends on the angle, but possibly.

References

Kashinawa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Cashinahua". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
"Kashinawa." Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 Dec 2011.

Sources

Cashinahua Pronunciation and Spelling Guide, Native Languages of the Americas website. 1998-2008.
Wise, Mary Ruth. 1981. Diccionario Cashinahua. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico del Verano.
Animacy and mythology in Hantxa Kuin (Cashinahua), Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Kensinger, Kenneth M. The phonological hierarchy of Cashinahua (Pano). Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of Oklahoma. 1963.
Montag, Richard. 2008 Participant Referencing in Cashinahua. SIL International.

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[e18-1] Kashinawa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Cashinahua". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] "Kashinawa." Ethnologue. Retrieved 8 Dec 2011.