Xerénte language
The Xerénte or Akwẽ-Xerénte language is an Akuwẽ (Central Jê) language (Jê, Macro-Jê) of Brazil. It is spoken by the Xerente people in the Tocantins state between Rio do Sono and Rio Tocantins.
| Xerénte | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Tocantins |
| Ethnicity | Xerente people |
Native speakers | 1,810 (2000)[1] |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xer |
| Glottolog | xere1240[2] |
Phonology
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ | u ũ |
| Close-mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
| Mid | ə ə̃ | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | h | |||
| voiced | z | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||
Grammar
Personal pronouns[4]
| Person | Nominative | Emphatic | Absolutive | Tense-Aspect-Mood-Person
markers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1S | wa | wahã | ĩ- | wa- |
| 1P | wanõrĩ (nĩ) | - | wa- | |
| 2S | ka, toka | kahã | ai- | bî-, te- |
| 2P | kanõrĩ (kwa), tokanõrĩ | - | ||
| 3S | ta | tahã | Ø-, ã-, ti-, t- | Ø-, mã-, te- |
| 3P | tanõrĩ | tahãnõrĩ |
The nominative and emphatic forms are free morphemes with the function of subject of transitive or intransitive sentences. The absolutive pronoun prefixes mark possessors, objects of postpositions, direct objects, subjects of nominal predicates and subjects of intransitive verbs with post-verbal operators.
Notes
- Xerénte at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Xerente". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
- Filho, Sinval Martins Sousa (2011-07-05). "Padrões de alinhamento morfossintáticos em Akwe?-Xerente (Jê)". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (in Portuguese). 11 (1): 115–128. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i11.1498. ISSN 2177-7160.
gollark: Possibly not Chinese and whatever, since those have more information per character.
gollark: English™ is such that you can rearrange the letters in a word (except the first and last) and it's still comprehensible.
gollark: Spelling is for people who spell.
gollark: I don't think so. It was open during cult wars.
gollark: It makes up something like 40% of GDP in many places and has more coercive power.
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