Tacanan languages

Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered.

Takanan
Geographic
distribution		Bolivia
Linguistic classificationPano–Tacanan?
  • Takanan
Glottologtaca1255[1]
Takanan languages (light green) and Panoan languages (dark green). Spots indicate documented locations.

Family division
  • Ese Ejja (a.k.a. Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʼexa, Tatinawa, Ese exa)
  • Araona–Tacana

Toromono is apparently extinct. Another possibly extinct Tacanan language is Mabenaro; Arasa has been classified as Tacanan, but appears to have more in common with Panoan.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kayuvava, Tupi, and Arawak language families due to contact.[2]

Varieties

Below is a full list of Tacanan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[3]

  • Tacana - language with many relationships with the Arawak and Pano languages, spoken on the Beni River, Tuichi River, and Tequeje River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia; now spoken by only a few families. Dialects are:
    • Tumupasa / Maracáni - spoken on the Uchipiamona River in the same region.
    • Isiama / Ydiama - spoken on the Unduma River and around Ydiama.
  • Araona - once spoken on the Madre de Dios River and Manuripi River in Colonia, Bolivia, now perhaps extinct.
  • Capechene / Capaheni - unknown language spoken on the Xapurí River and Rosiano River, Acre territory, Brazil. (Unattested.)
  • Sapiboca - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Reyes, Beni province, Bolivia.
  • Chirigua / Shiribá - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Santa Buenaventura, Beni. (Unattested.)
  • Guarizo - extinct language once spoken at the old missions of Reyes and San Antonio de Isiama.
  • Maropa - spoken in the vicinity of Lake Rogoaguado, Beni, now probably extinct.
  • Guacanahua / Chama / Ese'ejja - spoken by a small tribe on the Madidi River and Undumo River, La Paz province, Bolivia.
  • Mabenaro - spoken on the Manuripi River.
  • Caviña / Cavineña - once spoken on the Cavinas River, Madidi River, and Beni River, now probably extinct.
  • Toromona - once spoken between the Madidi River, Beni River, and Madre de Dios River, now perhaps extinct.
  • Arasa - language spoken by the greater part of the Arazaire tribe (of Pano stock) on the Marcopata River and Arasa River.
  • Tiatinagua / Mohino / Chuncho / Huarayo / Baguaja / Tambopata-Guarayo / Echoja - spoken by a tribe on the Peru-Bolivia border, on the Tambopata River.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Tacanan languages.[3]

glossTacanaTumupasaIsiamaAraonaSapibocaMaropaGuacanahuaMabenaroCaviñaToromonaArasaTiatinagua
one peadapeadapeádapeadapebbipembivepeanonchinaowi
two betabetabetabetabetabetabékabetabékabétabikapiai
head e-chuae-shuaé-choe-chuae-chuxae-chuxai-yoai-yukaé-oshaé-osha
eye e-táshaé-tashaey-rahae-sáshaé-shakuénai-thahai-xakae-sháshé-sháshai-sash
hand e-meä-mae-mee-mee-mée-meiái-miatsae-metukui-áe-mäe-mé
water eaviahuieahuieavieubixubieowienaenaéna
fire kuatikuátikuátikuatikuatikuatikuátikwathietikikuátichikuáti
sun idetiitaːtiitattiizetiisetiichetiigetihuárieshét
maize dixeoːtishaärisheshíshechixeshishéixikeshishéshisheshishi
tapir ähuadiaːhuadiahuátaahuánshaauadasháawishauví
house eteäteeteetaietaeétaiithaietareekíisoːpoeti


Sample vocabulary of four Tacanan languages, along with Proto-Panoan for comparison, from Nikulin (2019):[4]

glossEse EjjaAraonaCavineñaTacanaProto-Panoan
liver e-kakʷatákʷae-takʷae-takʷa*takʷa
tongue ej-anae-ánaj-anaj-ana*hana
blood amiamiami*himi
you (sg.) mi-amimi-mi*mi
hand e-mee-mee-me-tukue-me*mɨ-
earth meʃimezizometʃi ‘soil’med’i*mai
meat e-jamie-amie-ramij-ami ‘muscle’*rami
stone mahanamakana*maka
bone e-sáe-tsoae-tsaue-tsau*ʂao
(finger)nail e-me-kiʃeØ-mé-tezie-me-tid’i*mɨ̃-tsis
fat e-seie-tseie-tserie-tsei*ʂɨ[n]i
tooth e-sée-tsee-tsee-tse*ʂɨta

Further reading
  • Girard, Victor (1971). Proto-Takanan Phonology (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Notes
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tacanan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  3. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  4. Nikulin, Andrey V. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, October 17, 2019.
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References
  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
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