International recognition of Israel

The international recognition of Israel refers to the diplomatic recognition of the State of Israel, which was established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. Israel's sovereignty is disputed by some countries. As of August 2020, 163 of the 193 UN member states recognize Israel.

See also: Foreign relations of Israel

  Israel
  Countries that have recognized Israel
  Countries that have withdrawn recognition
  Countries that have suspended or cut relations with Israel
  Countries that have never recognized Israel

History

On 14 May 1948 the State of Israel was established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[1] The Arab League and Arab countries were opposed to any partition of Palestine and to the establishment of Israel, and took military action against the newly formed state in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

On the declaration of independence, a provisional government of Israel was established; and while military operations were still in progress, the provisional government was promptly recognised by the United States as the de facto authority of Israel,[2][3] followed by Iran (which had voted against the UN partition plan), Guatemala, Iceland, Nicaragua, Romania, and Uruguay. The Soviet Union was the first country to recognise Israel de jure on 17 May 1948,[4] followed by Nicaragua, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Poland.[5] The United States extended de jure recognition after the first Israeli election,[6] on 31 January 1949.[7]

By the late 1960s, Israel had established diplomatic relations with almost all countries of Western Europe and North and South America, as well as much of Africa.

In the wake of the Six-Day War, to put additional diplomatic and military pressure on Israel, Arab oil-producing countries threatened to impose an oil embargo on countries with international relations with Israel. As a result, many African and Asian countries broke ties with Israel. The Soviet Union gave its support behind the Arab cause against Israel, and most countries of the Soviet bloc severed diplomatic relations in 1967. These included the Soviet Union itself, as well as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Bulgaria. Diplomatic relations with these countries were restored following the collapse of the Soviet Union, and countries that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union also recognised Israel in their own right. On 1 September 1967, the eight members of the Arab League issued the Khartoum Resolution, which included a pledge not to recognise Israel. Similar pressure was exerted after the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. Several countries that once had diplomatic relations with Israel have since broken or suspended them: Cuba and Venezuela in Latin America; Mauritania, Mali and Niger in Africa; and Iran after the Islamic revolution.

Following Israel's recognition of and entering into negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) many African, Asian and even Arab countries restored diplomatic relations with Israel, or recognised Israel. The Vatican entered into diplomatic relations with Israel in 1994. Some countries broke or suspended relations as a result of the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese War and the blockade of the Gaza Strip. Although Guinea broke diplomatic relations with Israel in 1967, Israel's support to Guinea during its fight against the Ebola virus led to the re-establishment of diplomatic relations in 2016.[8] Nicaragua restored relations in March 2017, Chad did likewise in January 2019,[9] and the United Arab Emirates announced normalisation of relations in August 2020.

UN membership

On 15 May 1948, one day after the declaration of its establishment, Israel applied for membership of the United Nations, but the application was not acted on by the Security Council. Israel's second application was rejected by the Security Council on 17 December 1948 by a 5 to 1 vote, with 5 abstentions. Syria was the sole negative vote; the U.S., Argentina, Colombia, the Soviet Union and Ukraine voted in favor; and Belgium, Britain, Canada, China and France abstained.

Israel's application was renewed in 1949 after the Israeli elections. By UN Security Council Resolution 69, the Security Council voted, on 4 March 1949, 9 to 1 in favour of membership, with Egypt voting no and Great Britain abstaining.[10] Those voting in favour were China (ROC), France, United States, Soviet Union, Argentina, Canada, Cuba, Norway, and Ukrainian SSR.

On 11 May 1949, the General Assembly by the requisite two-thirds majority of its then 58 members approved the application to admit Israel to the UN by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273.[11][12] The vote in the General Assembly was 37 to 12, with 9 abstentions. Those that voted for were: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Ukraine, South Africa, Soviet Union, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia. Those that voted against were six of the then seven members of the Arab League (Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen) as well as Afghanistan, Burma, Ethiopia, India, Iran and Pakistan. Those abstaining were: Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Siam, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom.[13] Many of the countries that voted in favour or had abstained had already recognised Israel before the UN vote, at least on a de facto basis. Of these countries, Cuba and Venezuela have since withdrawn recognition.

Present situation
Legend:
  Israel
  Countries that reject passports from Israel
  Countries that reject passports from Israel and any other passport that contains Israeli stamps or visas

As of August 2020, 163 of the 193 UN member states recognize Israel, Thirty UN member states do not recognize Israel. These include 17 of the 22 members of the Arab League: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. A further nine are members of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mali, Niger and Pakistan. The other countries that do not recognise Israel are Bhutan, Cuba, North Korea and Venezuela.[14] In 2002, the Arab League proposed recognition of Israel by Arab countries as part of the resolution of the Palestine-Israel conflict as part of the Arab Peace Initiative.

The passports of some countries are not valid for travel to Israel, including Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan. Fifteen countries do not accept Israeli passports.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] These are Algeria, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Eight of these also do not accept passports of other countries whose holder has an Israeli visa endorsed in it.[18][22] The stamp may be a visa stamp, or a stamp on entry or departure. Because of these issues, Israeli immigration controls do not stamp passports with an entry visa, instead stamping on a separate insert which is discarded on departure. However, a stamp of another country which indicates that the person has entered Israel may frustrate that effort. For example, if an Egyptian departure stamp is used in any passport at the Taba Crossing, that is an indication that the person entered Israel, and a similar situation arises for land crossings into Jordan. Twenty-two countries ban direct flights and overflights to and from Israel. These are Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen.[26]

The Israeli flag and national anthem were banned from the International Judo Federation Abu Dhabi Grand Slam in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, with Israeli contestants having to display the IJF's flag and anthem instead.[27] The ban on Israeli symbols was lifted in 2018 and the Israeli flag and national anthem were allowed to be displayed.[28] Israeli Minister of Culture and Sports Miri Regev was also allowed to attend the October 2018 event in Abu Dhabi.[28] In December 2017, seven Israelis were denied visas by Saudi Arabia to compete in an international chess tournament.[29]

List by country

Legend:

= States that have never formally recognized Israel.
= States that have withdrawn recognition from, cut, or suspended relations with Israel
= States that recognize Israel

UN member states
StateDate of de facto recognitionDate of de jure recognitionNotes
— Afghanistan[30]——Accepts Israeli passports. Unofficial Afghan-Israeli Diplomatic relationships exist via the Israeli embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
1 Albania—16 April 1949[31]Diplomatic relations established on 20 August 1991.[32]
— Algeria[33][34]——Does not accept Israeli passports.[15]
2 Andorra—13 April 1994[35]
3 Angola—16 April 1992[36]Date diplomatic relations established
4 Antigua and Barbuda—22 June 1983[37]Date diplomatic relations established
5 Argentina—14 February 1949[38]First Latin American country to recognize Israel.[39]
6 Armenia—4 April 1992[40]Date diplomatic relations established
7 Australia—29 January 1949[41]
8 Austria15 March 1949[42]8 May 1956Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to that, the two countries had maintained consular relations since 1950. Delegations were upgraded to embassy status in 1959.[43]
9 Azerbaijan—7 April 1992[44]Date diplomatic relations established.
10 Bahrain——Accept Israeli passports for transit only, does not accept for admission.[45]
— Bangladesh[46][47]——Does not accept Israeli passports and Bangladeshi passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[48]
11 Barbados—29 August 1967[49]Date diplomatic relations established
12 Belarus11 May 1949[50]26 May 1992[51]Date diplomatic relations established
13 Belgium—15 January 1950[52]
14 Belize—6 September 1984[53]Date diplomatic relations established
15 Benin—5 December 1961[54]Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and resumed in July 1992.[55][56]
— Bhutan[14]——
16 Bolivia22 February 1949[57]24 February 1949[58]Relations severed in January 2009,[59] and restored in November 2019 [60]
17 Bosnia and Herzegovina—26 September 1997[61]Date diplomatic relations established
18 BotswanaBroke off relations on November 1973, restored in December 1993.
19 Brazil—7 February 1949[62]
— Brunei[14]——Does not accept Israeli passports and Brunei passports are not valid for travel to Israel[16]
20 Bulgaria—4 December 1948Relations severed on 10 June 1967, and restored on 3 May 1990.[63]
21 Burkina Faso—5 July 1961[54]Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and re-established in October 1993.[55][56][64]
22 BurundiRelations severed in May 1973,[56] and restored in March 1995.
23 Cambodia—30 August 1960Date diplomatic relations established. Cambodia broke off relations in 1975; they were restored on 5 October 1993.[65][66]
24 Cameroon—15 September 1960[67]Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973 and restored in August 1986.[56][68]
25 Canada—11 May 1949[50][69]
26 Cape Verde—17 July 1994[70]Date diplomatic relations established
27 Central African RepublicRelations were broken in October 1973,[56] were resumed in January 1991.
28 Chad—10 January 1961Relations were established in 1961, but severed on 28 November 1972.[56][71] In 2005, reports emerged of a mutual intention to renew diplomatic relations.[72] Relations restored on 20 January 2019.[9]
29 Chile—11 May 1949[73]
30 China—24 January 1992The Republic of China granted de jure recognition to Israel on 1 March 1949.[57] The two states maintained diplomatic relations until Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China on 8 January 1950. The PRC, however, did not formally reciprocate until the eventual establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992.[74]
31 Colombia—1 February 1949[57]
— Comoros[14]——
32 Republic of the Congo—9 November 1960Date diplomatic relations established. Broke relations on 31 December 1972, resumed in August 1991.
33 Democratic Republic of the Congo—26 June 1960Date diplomatic relations established. Ties severed on 4 October 1973, and restored on 13 May 1982.[56][75]
34 Costa Rica—19 June 1948[76]
35 Ivory Coast15 February 196124 May 1961[54]Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this date, it had maintained trade relations since 15 February 1961. Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in February 1986.[55][56]
36 Croatia—4 September 1997[77]Date diplomatic relations established
— Cuba14 January 194918 April 1949[78]Cuba severed relations in September 1973, and the most recent government does not recognize it.[14]
37 Cyprus—21 January 1961Date diplomatic relations established. They had been agreed to on 17 August 1960, but final establishment was postponed due to pressure from Arab nations.[79]
38 Czech Republic—18 May 1948[80]Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic were established 1 January 1993.[81]
39 Denmark2 February 1949[57]12 July 1950[82]
— Djibouti[14]——
40 Dominica—January 1978[81]Date diplomatic relations established
41 Dominican Republic—29 December 1948[83]
42 Ecuador—2 February 1949[57]
43 Egypt—26 March 1979[84]Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution.[34] Later became the first Arab state to recognize Israel, with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
44 El Salvador—11 September 1948[85]
45 Equatorial GuineaRelations severed in October 1973,[56] and resumed in January 1994.[86]
46 Eritrea—6 May 1993[66][87]Date diplomatic relations established
47 Estonia—9 January 1992[88]Date diplomatic relations established
48 Ethiopia—24 October 1961[89]Prior to de jure recognition, Ethiopia maintained consular relations with Israel since 1956. Relations were broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in November 1989.
49 Fiji—August 1970[81]Date diplomatic relations established
50 Finland[90]11 June 1948[91]18 March 1949
51 France—24 January 1949[92]
52 Gabon[65]—29 September 1993[93]Relations severed in October 1973,[56] and resumed in September 1993.
53 Gambia—Relations broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in September 1992
54 Georgia—1 June 1992[94]Date diplomatic relations established
55 Germany10 September 1952 (West Germany before 3 October 1990)[95]12 May 1965[96]Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this, Germany signed the Reparations agreement with Israel. East Germany never had diplomatic relations with Israel during its existence.
56 Ghana—Relations broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in August 1994
57 Greece[89]15 March 194921 May 1990[97]Date diplomatic relations established
58 Grenada—January 1975[81]Date diplomatic relations established
59 Guatemala—19 May 1948[80]
60 Guinea—Broke diplomatic relations with Israel on 12 June 1967,[56] and restored relations on July 20, 2016.[8]
61 Guinea-Bissau—March 1994[81]Date diplomatic relations established
62 Guyana—Broke off relations in March 1974, restored in March 1992.
63 Haiti26 February 1949[57]January 1950[81]Date diplomatic relations established
64 Honduras[83][98]11 September 19488 November 1948[93]
65 Hungary[99]24 May 19481 June 1948[91]Relations broken in 1967, and restored on 19 September 1989.[100]
66 Iceland11 February 1949[57]
67 India—17 September 1950[101]
— Indonesia[47]——Can only travel to Indonesia with an invitation from the Department of Immigration of Indonesia. Can only enter Indonesia through airports in Denpasar, Jakarta and Surabaya.[102]
— Iran[103]14 March 1950[104]Voted against UN Partition Plan, recognized Israel, but voted against admission of Israel to membership of UN. Relations severed in late 1979. Does not accept Israeli passports[105] and the holders of Iranian passports are "not entitled to travel to the occupied Palestine"[106]
— Iraq[107]——Does not accept Israeli passports, except for Iraqi Kurdistan where visa is required for passengers without a signed and stamped letter issued by the Ministry of Interior of the Kurdistan Regional Government if arriving at Erbil (EBL) and Sulaymaniyah (ISU).[108] Iraqi passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[109]
68 Ireland[110]12 February 1949May 1963[110]
69 Italy[57]8 February 194919 January 1950
70 Jamaica[93]January 1962—
71 Japan—15 May 1952[111]
72 Jordan—26 October 1994[112]Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution.[34] Recognized Israel in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
73 Kazakhstan—10 April 1992[113]Date diplomatic relations established
74 Kenya—December 1963[93][114]Severed relation in November 1973,[56] resumed in December 1988.
75 Kiribati—21 May 1984[115]Date diplomatic relations established
— North Korea[116]——
76 South Korea—10 April 1962[117]Date diplomatic relations established
— Kuwait[34]——Does not accept Israeli passports.[17]
77 Kyrgyzstan—March 1992[93]
78 Laos—February 1957Date diplomatic relations established. Laos broke off relations in 1973, and restored them on 6 December 1993.[118]
79 Latvia—6 January 1992[119]Date diplomatic relations established
— Lebanon[34]——Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.[18]
80 Lesotho—
81 Liberia11 February 1949[99]Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in August 1983.[55][56]
— Libya[34]——Does not accept Israeli passports.[19]
82 Liechtenstein—January 1992[93]
83 Lithuania—8 January 1992[120]Date diplomatic relations established
84 Luxembourg11 May 1949[50]16 January 1950[121]
85 North Macedonia—7 December 1995[81]Date diplomatic relations established
86 Madagascar—Relations broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in January 1994.
87 Malawi—July 1964[81]Date diplomatic relations established
— Malaysia[47]——Does not admit Israeli passport holders without written permission from the government. Malaysian passports not valid for travel to Israel without permission from the government.[122]
88 Maldives—25 September 2009[123]Date diplomatic relations established
— Mali[14]—Diplomatic relations severed 5 January 1973.[56]
89 MaltaJanuary 1965[93]December 1965[81]Date diplomatic relations established
90 Marshall Islands—16 September 1987[124]
91 Mauritania—28 October 1999[125]Diplomatic relations suspended 6 March 2009,[126] severed 21 March 2010[127]
92 Mauritius[65]—Diplomatic relations severed July 1976, restored September 1993.
93 Mexico11 May 1949[50]4 April 1952[128]
94 Federated States of Micronesia[129]—23 November 1988Date diplomatic relations established
95 Moldova[130]—22 June 1992
96 Monaco—January 1964[81]
97 Mongolia[131]—2 October 1991
98 Montenegro[132]—12 July 2006
— Morocco[14][34]1 September 1994[133]—
99 Mozambique[65][66]—23 July 1993
100 Myanmar[134]—13 July 1953Date full diplomatic relations established
101 Namibia[66][135]—11 February 1994
102 Nauru[81]—December 1994
103   Nepal[136]—1 June 1960Date diplomatic relations established. First South Asian nation to establish diplomatic ties with Israel.
104 Netherlands11 May 1949[50]16 January 1950[121]
105 New Zealand29 January 1949[57]28 July 1950[137]
106 Nicaragua—18 May 1948[83]Diplomatic relations suspended June 2010 and restored in March 2017.[138]
— Niger[14]——Relations severed on 4 January 1973.[54][56]
107 Nigeria[139]1960Relations broken in October 1973,[56] were resumed in May 1992.
108 Oman——Accept Israeli passports for transit only, does not accept for admission.[140]
— Pakistan[141]——Does not accept Israeli passports and Pakistani passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[21]
109 Palau[65][66]—2 October 1994
110 Panama—19 June 1948[76]
111 Papua New Guinea—1978[142]
112 Paraguay6 September 1948[83]7 September 1948[143]
113 Peru—9 February 1949[57]
114 Philippines11 May 1949[50]13 May 1957[144]
115 Poland—18 May 1948[80]Relations were broken in 1967, restored in February 1990.[145]
116 Portugal[146]12 May 1977
— Qatar[14]April 1996[81]—In April 1996, Qatar and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices.[147] Trade offices closed in February 2009.[81]
Israeli-issued passports are not allowed in Qatar. The only time Israel will be allowed is during 2022 FIFA World Cup.[148][149]
117 Romania[150]11 June 194812 June 1948[91]
118 Russia—17 May 1948[80][151][152]Recognition extended as the Soviet Union. Relations broken in 1967, restored on 19 October 1991.[153]
119 Rwanda—Relations severed in October 1973,[56] and restored in October 1994.
120 Saint Kitts and Nevis—January 1984[81]Date diplomatic relations established
121 Saint Lucia—January 1979[81]Date diplomatic relations established
122 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines—January 1981[81]Date diplomatic relations established
123 Samoa—June 1977[81]Date diplomatic relations established
124 San Marino[154]—1 March 1995
125 São Tomé and Príncipe—November 1993[81]Date diplomatic relations established
— Saudi Arabia[34]——Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.[22]
126 Senegal1960[93]—Relations broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in August 1994.
127 Serbia—31 January 1992Date diplomatic relations established[155]
128 Seychelles—September 1992[81]Date diplomatic relations established
129 Sierra Leone—Relations broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in May 1992.
130 Singapore[156]—11 May 1969Date diplomatic relations established
131 Slovakia—18 May 1948[80]Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with Slovakia were established 1 January 1993.[157]
132 Slovenia[158]—28 April 1992
133 Solomon Islands—January 1989[81]
— Somalia[159]——
134 South Africa24 May 1948[80]14 May 1949[160][161]
135 South Sudan[162]—28 July 2011Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.[163]
136 Spain[164]17 January 1986
137 Sri Lanka[165]16 September 1950
— Sudan[34]——Does not accept Israeli passports.[23]
138 Suriname—February 1976[81]
139 Eswatini—September 1968[81]
140 Sweden[57]15 February 194913 June 1950[82]
141  Switzerland[166]28 January 194918 March 1949[167]
— Syria[34]——Does not accept Israeli passports.[24]
142 Tajikistan—April 1992[81]
143 Tanzania—Relations broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in February 1995.
144 Thailand26 September 1950[168]
145 East Timor[169]—29 August 2002
146 Togo—Relations severed in September 1973,[56] and restored in June 1987.[55]
147 Tonga—June 1977[81]Date diplomatic relations established
148 Trinidad and Tobago[81]August 1962—
— Tunisia[34]3 October 1994[66][170]—[171]
149 Turkey28 March 1949[172]12 March 1950[173]Downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level in September 2011,[174] and restored full diplomatic relations in June 2016.[175]
150 Turkmenistan[176]—6 October 1993Date diplomatic relations established
151 Tuvalu—July 1984[81]Date diplomatic relations established
152 Uganda—Broke relations on 30 March 1972,[56] and restored in July 1994.
153 Ukraine11 May 1949[50]26 December 1991[177]
154 United Arab Emirates——On 13 August 2020 an agreement was announced to normalize relations.[178] Accept Israeli passports for transit only, does not accept for admission.[179]
155 United Kingdom13 May 1949[180]28 April 1950[121]
156 United States[181]14 May 194831 January 1949[182]
157 Uruguay—19 May 1948[80]
158 Uzbekistan[183]—21 February 1992Date full diplomatic relations established
159 Vanuatu[65][66]—16 December 1993Date diplomatic relations established
160 Venezuela—27 June 1948[83]Relations severed in January 2009.
161 Vietnam[184]—12 July 1993Date diplomatic relations established
— Yemen[34]——Does not accept Israeli passports.[25]
162 Zambia—Relations broken in October 1973,[56] and resumed in December 1991.
163 Zimbabwe[65][66]—26 November 1993Date diplomatic relations established

Non-UN member states
StateDate of recognitionNotes
 Cook Islands[185]2008
 Niue[186]2008
 State of Palestine[187]1993Signatory to the Khartoum Resolution.[34] Recognized Israel as part of the Oslo I Accord.
  Vatican City[188]15 June 1994
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See also

References
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  2. End of Palestine mandate, The Times, 15 May 1948
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  7. The Recognition of the State of Israel: Introduction Truman Library
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  17. Travel Information Manual, International Air Transport Association (IATA).
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  26. Countries with bans on flights to Israel
  27. Israeli judo star Tal Flicker wins gold in UAE; officials refuse to play anthem
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