Evans Blue (dye)

T-1824 or Evans blue, often incorrectly rendered as Evan's blue, is an azo dye that has a very high affinity for serum albumin. Because of this, it can be useful in physiology in estimating the proportion of body water contained in blood plasma.[1] It fluoresces with excitation peaks at 470 and 540 nm and an emission peak at 680 nm.[2]

Evans blue dye has been used as a viability assay on the basis of its penetration into non-viable cells, although the method is subject to error because it assumes that damaged or otherwise altered cells are not capable of repair and therefore are not viable.[3]

Evans blue is also used to assess the permeability of the blood–brain barrier to macromolecules. Because serum albumin cannot cross the barrier and virtually all Evans blue is bound to albumin, normally the neural tissue remains unstained.[4] When the blood–brain barrier has been compromised, albumin-bound Evans blue enters the CNS.

Evans blue is pharmacologically active, acting as a negative allosteric modulator of the AMPA and kainate receptors and as an inhibitor of vesicular glutamate transporters.[5][6] It also acts on P2 receptors.[7]

It was named after Herbert McLean Evans, an American anatomist.[8]

References
  1. Nosek, Thomas M. "Section 7/7ch02/7ch02p17". Essentials of Human Physiology. Archived from the original on 2016-03-24.
  2. Hed J, Dahlgren C, Rundquist I (1983). "A Simple Fluorescence Technique to Stain the Plasma Membrane of Human Neutrophils". Histochemistry. 79 (1): 105–10. doi:10.1007/BF00494347. PMID 6196326.
  3. Crutchfield A, Diller K, Brand J (1999). "Cryopreservation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyta)". European Journal of Phycology. 34 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1080/09670269910001736072.
  4. Hawkins BT, Egleton RD (2006). "Fluorescence imaging of blood–brain barrier disruption". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 151 (2): 262–7. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.08.006. PMID 16181683.
  5. Schürmann, B.; Wu, X.; Dietzel, I. D.; Lessmann, V. (May 1997). "Differential modulation of AMPA receptor mediated currents by evans blue in postnatal rat hippocampal neurones". British Journal of Pharmacology. 121 (2): 237–247. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701125. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 1564681. PMID 9154333.
  6. Price, C. J.; Raymond, L. A. (December 1996). "Evans blue antagonizes both alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate and kainate receptors and modulates receptor desensitization". Molecular Pharmacology. 50 (6): 1665–1671. ISSN 0026-895X. PMID 8967991.
  7. Wittenburg, H.; Bültmann, R.; Pause, B.; Ganter, C.; Kurz, G.; Starke, K. (October 1996). "P2-purinoceptor antagonists: II. Blockade of P2-purinoceptor subtypes and ecto-nucleotidases by compounds related to Evans blue and trypan blue". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. 354 (4): 491–497. doi:10.1007/bf00168441. ISSN 0028-1298. PMID 8897453.
  8. Venes, Donald. "Evans Blue". Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 21: 818.
    • el-Sayed H, Goodall S, Hainsworth R (1995). "Re-evaluation of Evans blue dye dilution method of plasma volume measurement". Clin Lab Haematol. 17 (2): 189–94. PMID 8536425.
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