Dalian dialect

Dalian dialect (simplified Chinese: 大连话; traditional Chinese: 大連話; pinyin: Dalian hua, Romaji: Dairen-ben) is a dialect of Mandarin Chinese spoken on the Liaodong Peninsula, including the city of Dalian and parts of Dandong and Yingkou. Dalian dialect shares many similarities with the Qingdao dialect spoken on Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula) across Bohai Strait; hence the name Jiao Liao Mandarin. Dalian dialect is notable among Chinese dialects for loanwords from Japanese and Russian, reflecting its history of foreign occupation.[1]

Dalian dialect
大连话
Pronunciation	/tɑ^52 lien^24 huɑ^52/
Region	Liaodong Peninsula
Native speakers	~6.69 million (date unknown)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Mandarin Jiao-Liao Mandarin Dalian dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-1	zh
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None

Notable words in the Dalian dialect include 飆 ("foolish") and 熊 ("to cheat or deceive").

Voice

Comparing with Mandarin on pronunciation

Contrast of Dalianian and Mandarin on pronunciation
Mandarin → Dalianian	Example
zh,ch,sh,r → z,c,s,y	中國人 zhōng guó rén → zōng guó yín
d,t,n,l,z,c,s+uei,uan,uen → d,t,n,l,z,c,s+ei,an,en	對 dù(e)i → dèi
o and individual uo → e	胳膊 gē bo → gĕ be 脫 tuō → tĕ
suffix "子" → e	孩子 hái zi → hái e
w+a,ai,ei,an,en,ang,eng → v+a,ai,ei,an,en,ang,eng wu and wo don't change	晚飯 wǎn fàn → vǎn fàn
numeral "二" → àr	王二小 wáng èr xiǎo → váng àr xiǎo
瑞 → suèi 崖 → ái	瑞士 rùi shì → suèi si 泡崖 pào yá → pào ái
n+i,iang,ie,ian,iao,iu,in,ing,ü,üe → gn+i,iang,ie,ian,iao,iu,in,ing,ü,üe nu doesn't change	你 nǐ → gnǐ 虐 nüè → gnüè
z,c,s+en[ən],eng[əŋ] → z,c,s+en[ɿn],eng[ɿŋ] other consonants+en,eng don't change	森 sēn[sən] → sēn[sɿn]

Syllables that don't exist in standard Mandarin

• biǎng (This Chinese character is not made out yet.) -【Prefix】often used in a derogatory term, to emphasize the role of mood
• piǎ (This Chinese character is not made out yet.) -【Verb】to ridicule sb

Consonants Basic consonants b [ p ] p [ pʰ ] m [ m ] f [ f ] v [ v ] d [ t ] t [ tʰ ] n [ n ] l [ l ] g [ k ] k [ kʰ ] h [ x ] j [ ʨ ] q [ ʨʰ ] gn [ ɲ ] x [ ɕ ] z [ ts ] c [ tsʰ ] s [ s ]

Vowels Basic vowels a [ ä ] ai [ aɪ ] ao [ ɑʊ ] an [ an ] ang [ ɑŋ ] o [ ǫ ] ou [ ǫʊ ] ong [ ʊŋ ] e/ê [ ɤ ][ ɛ ] ei [ eɪ ] en [ ən ][ ɿn ] eng [ əŋ ][ ɿŋ ] i/y [ i ][ ɿ ] iou [ iǫʊ ] in [ in ] ing [ iŋ ] u/w [ u ] uei [ ueɪ ] uen [ uən ] ü/yu [ y ] ün [ yn ] m [ m ] n [ n ] ng [ ŋ ] Compound vowels ia [ iä ] iai [ iaɪ ] iao [ iɑʊ ] ian [ iɛn ] iang [ iɑŋ ] iong [ iʊŋ ] ie [ iɛ ] ua [ uä ] uai [ uaɪ ] uan [ uan ] uang [ uɔŋ ] uo [ uǫ ] üan [ yœ̜n ] üe [ yœ̜ ] Dark red color means compound vowels; ai, ei, ao, ou, an, en, in, ün, ang, ong, eng, ing are as basic vowels. [ ɿ ] are apical vowels of zi, ci, si. m, n and ng are nasal vowels of independent syllables; there are also two syllables of "hm 噷" and "hng 哼".

Erizational vowels

Basic vowels	ai 蓋 an 碗 (i)an 邊	(ü)an 院	i 字 ei 輩 en 根	ü 魚	a 瓦	(i)e 碟	(ü)e 月	o 窩
Erizational vowels	ar [ aʅ ]	(ü)anr [ œ̜ʯ ]	er [ əʅ ]	ür [ yʯ ]	a'r [ äʅ ]	(i)e'r [ ɛʅ ]	(ü)e'r [ øʯ ]	or [ ǫʯ ]
Basic vowels	e 歌	u 肚	ao 包	ou 頭	ang 缸	(u)ang 光	ong 工	eng 燈
Erizational vowels	e'r [ ɤʅ ]	ur [ uʯ ]	ao'r [ ɑʊʯ ]	ou'r [ ǫʊʯ ]	angr [ ɑŋʅ̃ ]	(u)angr [ ɔŋʯ̃ ]	ongr [ ʊŋʯ̃ ]	engr [ əŋʅ̃ ]

• "瓦兒" and "碗兒" are different; "歌兒" and "根兒" are different, vowel of "根兒" is a kind of retroflex mid-central vowel.
• i of "zi, ci, si" is an apical vowel. After erizing, i turns into er, such as "事兒"ser4.
• The rule of i, u, ü combining with the erizational vowels is the same as the rule of those combining with the basic vowels, so the tabulation of this part is omitted.

Tones

Tones of Dalianian

Tone No.	1	2	3	4	5	6	Not marked
Eastern Yan Chinese Dalian dialect	Yinping (LowMid falling)	Yangping (Middle rising)	Shangsheng (Middle concave)	Yinqu (HighMid falling)	Zhongqu (Middle level/Low rising)	Yangqu (Low falling)	Qingsheng
	31	24	213	52	33/13	21	--
Western Yan Chinese Beijing dialect	Yinping (High level)	Yangping (High rising)	Shangsheng (High concave)	Qusheng (High falling)			Qingsheng
	55	35	214	51			--

In Dalianian,

• When Tone No.1 meets another Tone No.1 or Tone No.4 meets Tone No.1, usually the previous tone turns to Tone No.5 and the next tone doesn't change, like “家家戶戶”jia'r5-jia'r1-hur6-hur4, “駕崩”jia5-beng1.[2]
• When Tone No.1 meets Tone No.4, usually the previous tone doesn't change and the next tone turns to Tone No.6, like “蟋蟀”xi1-suai6 or xi3-suar, “稀碎”xi1-sei6.
• When Tone No.4 meets another Tone No.4, usually the previous tone turns to Tone No.5 and the next tone turns to Tone No.6, like “畢恭畢敬”bi5-gongr1-bi5-jingr6, “客客氣氣”ke'r4-ke'r-qi5-qi6.[3]
• Tone No.5 and Tone No.6 are not basic tones, but modulations.

Writing system

Logograms

Main article: Chinese characters

Syllabaries

There are 15 vowels (3 nasal vowels), 15 consonants (1 zero consonant "h"), no affricates ("gh", "kx", "dz", "ts", "bv", "pf") and no entering tone in Dalian dialect. From the first open vowels "a" to the last close vowels "m", there are 366 syllabaries (183 uppercase and 183 lowercase).

Mandarin: ji, qi, xi = Dalianian: d-ii, t-ii, s-ii

Mandarin: zhi,chi,shi,ri,zi,ci,si = Dalianian: d-i,t-i,s-i,z-i

There are no differences between voiced and voiceless consonants in Mandarin and Dalianian, but there is distinction between aspirated and unaspirated consonants in them.

Mandarin and Dalianian: g[g] = g[k], d[d] = d[t], b[b] = b[p]

Mandarin and Dalianian: k[g^h] = k[k^h], t[d^h] = t[t^h], p[b^h] = p[p^h]

New tablation of syllabaries

183 syllabaries				Vowels
				Back						Front
				Open		Mid		Close		Open		Mid		Close
				unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Consonants	Dorsal	Fricative	Tenuis	a[ɑ] / ha[ɣɑ]	ao[ɒ]	e[ɤ̞]	ou[o̞]	-i[ɯ]	u[u]	ai[a]	uai[ɶ]	ei[e̞]	uei[ø̞]	i[i]	ü[y]
			Aspirated	xa[xɑ]	xao[xɒ]	xe[xɤ̞]	xou[xo̞]	x-i[xɯ]	xu[xu]	xai[xa]	xuai[xɶ]	xei[xe̞]	xuei[xø̞]	xi[xi]	xü[xy]
		Stop	Tenuis	ga[ɡɑ]	gao[ɡɒ]	ge[ɡɤ̞]	gou[ɡo̞]	g-i[ɡɯ]	gu[ɡu]	gai[ɡa]	guai[ɡɶ]	gei[ɡe̞]	guei[ɡø̞]	gi[ɡi]	gü[ɡy]
			Aspirated	ka[kɑ]	kao[kɒ]	ke[kɤ̞]	kou[ko̞]	k-i[kɯ]	ku[ku]	kai[ka]	kuai[kɶ]	kei[ke̞]	kuei[kø̞]	ki[ki]	kü[ky]
		Nasal	Prefix	nga[ŋɑ]	ngao[ŋɒ]	nge[ŋɤ̞]	ngou[ŋo̞]	ng-i[ŋɯ]	ngu[ŋu]	ngai[ŋa]	nguai[ŋɶ]	ngei[ŋe̞]	nguei[ŋø̞]	ngi[ŋi]	ngü[ŋy]
			Suffix	ng[ŋ]
	Coronal	Fricative	Tenuis	za[zɑ] / la[lɑ]	zao[zɒ]	ze[zɤ̞]	zou[zo̞]	z-i[zɯ]	zu[zu]	zai[za]	zuai[zɶ]	zei[ze̞]	zuei[zø̞]	zi[zi]	zü[zy]
			Aspirated	sa[sɑ]	sao[sɒ]	se[sɤ̞]	sou[so̞]	s-i[sɯ]	su[su]	sai[sa]	suai[sɶ]	sei[se̞]	suei[sø̞]	si[si]	sü[sy]
		Stop	Tenuis	da[dɑ]	dao[dɒ]	de[dɤ̞]	dou[do̞]	d-i[dɯ]	du[du]	dai[da]	duai[dɶ]	dei[de̞]	duei[dø̞]	di[di]	dü[dy]
			Aspirated	ta[tɑ]	tao[tɒ]	te[tɤ̞]	tou[to̞]	t-i[tɯ]	tu[tu]	tai[ta]	tuai[tɶ]	tei[te̞]	tuei[tø̞]	ti[ti]	tü[ty]
		Nasal	Prefix	na[nɑ]	nao[nɒ]	ne[nɤ̞]	nou[no̞]	n-i[nɯ]	nu[nu]	nai[na]	nuai[nɶ]	nei[ne̞]	nuei[nø̞]	ni[ni]	nü[ny]
			Suffix	n[n]
	Labial	Fricative	Tenuis	va[vɑ]	vao[vɒ]	ve[vɤ̞]	vou[vo̞]	v-i[vɯ]	vu[vu]	vai[va]	vuai[vɶ]	vei[ve̞]	vuei[vø̞]	vi[vi]	vü[vy]
			Aspirated	fa[fɑ]	fao[fɒ]	fe[fɤ̞]	fou[fo̞]	f-i[fɯ]	fu[fu]	fai[fa]	fuai[fɶ]	fei[fe̞]	fuei[fø̞]	fi[fi]	fü[fy]
		Stop	Tenuis	ba[bɑ]	bao[bɒ]	be[bɤ̞]	bou[bo̞]	b-i[bɯ]	bu[bu]	bai[ba]	buai[bɶ]	bei[be̞]	buei[bø̞]	bi[bi]	bü[by]
			Aspirated	pa[pɑ]	pao[pɒ]	pe[pɤ̞]	pou[po̞]	p-i[pɯ]	pu[pu]	pai[pa]	puai[pɶ]	pei[pe̞]	puei[pø̞]	pi[pi]	pü[py]
		Nasal	Prefix	ma[mɑ]	mao[mɒ]	me[mɤ̞]	mou[mo̞]	m-i[mɯ]	mu[mu]	mai[ma]	muai[mɶ]	mei[me̞]	muei[mø̞]	mi[mi]	mü[my]
			Suffix	m[m]

Old tablation of syllabaries

Tablation - 1 吖 a 厄 e 乙 i 五 u 于 ü 马 ma 么 me 米 mi 木 mu 乏 fa 佛 fe 覅 fi 夫 fu 那 na 讷 ne 尼 gni 奴 nu 女 gnü 拉 la 了 le 力 li 卢 lu 吕 lü 哈 ha 禾 he 夕 xi 乎 hu 吁 xü 沙 sha 舌 she 尸 shi 书 shu 冉 ra 若 re 日 ri 入 ru 卅 sa 色 se 厶 si 苏 su 欸 ê 月 oe 儿 (e)r 嗯 n 兀 ng

Tablation - 2 马゛ ba 么゛ be 米゛ bi 木゛ bu 马゜ pa 么゜ pe 米゜ pi 木゜ pu 那゛ da 讷゛ de 尼゛ di 奴゛ du 那゜ ta 讷゜ te 尼゜ ti 奴゜ tu 哈゛ ga 禾゛ ge 夕゛ ji 乎゛ gu 吁゛ jü 哈゜ ka 禾゜ ke 夕゜ qi 乎゜ ku 吁゜ qü 沙゛ zha 舌゛ zhe 尸゛ zhi 书゛ zhu 沙゜ cha 舌゜ che 尸゜ chi 书゜ chu 卅゛ za 色゛ ze 厶゛ zi 苏゛ zu 卅゜ ca 色゜ ce 厶゜ ci 苏゜ cu

• ai = a + i (吖_乙), ei = e + i (厄_乙), uai = u + ai (五_吖乙), ui = u + ei (五_厄乙), ie = i + ê (乙_欸),
  ao = a + u (吖_五), ou = e + u (厄_五), iao = i + au (乙_吖五), iu = i + eu (乙_厄五), üe = ü + oe (于_月),
  an = a + n (吖_嗯), en = e + n (厄_嗯), in = i + n (乙_嗯), un = u + n (五_嗯), ün = ü + n (于_嗯),
  ang = a + ng (吖_兀), eng = e + ng (厄_兀), ing = i + ng (乙_兀), ong = u + ng (五_兀), iong = ü + ng (于_兀).

Vocabulary

Dalianian of full oyster flavor
Dalianian	Meaning	Dalianian	Meaning	Dalianian	Meaning	Dalianian	Meaning	Dalianian	Meaning
xiĕ	extremely	cháo'r	stupid / outdated	huǐ le	Oh, no!	bái hu	extemporaneous / to blatter	zuǒ suo	to waste
làng	coxcombry	biāo	foolish	kē'r le	can't help it	guán duō'r	always	dè se	flighty
shòu'r	piquant / Cool!	bài	don't	zī shi	natty	gniàn yang	show dissatisfaction tactfully	xián hu	not very gratified / to disdain
gān jing	Great!	vā'r	low level	zhāngr chengr	capable	hǎ hu	dress sb down	bú lǎi xuán	understated
kāi le	expressing dissatisfaction	xuán le	too many	sá me	peep	gè yang	disgusting	cī máo'r juē dìng	rude

Grammar

According to the predicate structure analysis method of the British linguists Ricci, the Dalian dialect is the same as English and Mandarin - the sentence is generally composed of S+V+O, that is subject + predicate + object of the order, but there are special circumstances, such as the older generation of Dalian people will say "Jiǎ zóu ba! Jiǎ zóu ba! (家走吧!家走吧!)" instead of "Húi jiā ba! Húi jiā ba! (回家吧!回家吧!)". At this time, the sentence is not S+V+O, but S+O+V, that is, subject + object + predicate.

• jiā means "home".
• zǒu means "go".
• húi means "go back to".
• ba means a kind of mood which means "to persuade" or "to urge".

Others

Classification

Dalianian belongs to Da-Xiu Area of Yan Chinese, and there are 2 Subareas in Da-Xiu Area.

• The dialect of Zhongshan District, Xigang District, Shahekou District, Ganjingzi District, Lüshunkou District and Wafangdian City of Dalian belongs to Da-Wa Subarea;
• The dialect of Jinzhou District, Pulandian District, Zhuanghe City and Changhai County of Dalian belongs to Chang-Zhuang Subarea.

Distribution

• Peninsulas: Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula.
• Borders: Yalu River, Ussuri River.

Bopomofo

• Consonants: ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄪ, ㄉㄊㄋㄌ, ㄍㄎㄫㄏ, ㄐㄑㄬㄒ, ㄓㄔㄕㄖ, ㄗㄘㄙㄭ.
• Vowels: ㄚㄛㄜㄝ, ㄞㄟㄠㄡ, ㄢㄣㄤㄥㆲ, ㄦㄧㄨㄩ.

References

1. 大連方言について (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-09-21.
2. Please note that the Tone No.1 in Dalianese is a kind of falling tone, not a high level tone in Mandarin.
3. Please note that the extraordinary nature of some reiteratives and some onomatopoeias.