Taiwanese Hangul

Taiwanese Hangul (Hangul: 대끼깐뿐; Chinese: 臺語諺文; pinyin: Táiyǔ Yànwén; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-gí Gān-bûn) is an orthography system for Taiwanese Hokkien (Taiwanese). Developed and promoted by Taiwanese linguist Xu Caode in 1987, it uses a modified Hangul alphabets to represent spoken Taiwanese, and was later supported by Ang Ui-jin.[1][2] Because both Chinese characters and Hangul are both written in the space of square boxes, unlike letters of the Latin alphabet, the use of Chinese-Hangul mixed writing is able to keep the spacing between the two scripts more consistent compared to Chinese-Latin mixed writing.

Taiwanese Hangul
Chinese characters "臺語諺文" written in Taiwanese Hangul
Type	Featural alphabet
Languages	Taiwanese Hokkien
Creator	Xu Caode (first propose)
Time period	since 1987
Parent systems	Hangul Taiwanese Hangul

Letters

Initials

		Bilabial		Alveolar		Alveolo-palatal		Velar		Glottal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless
Nasal			ᄆ [m] ㄇ 毛 (mo͘ )		ᄂ [n] ㄋ 耐 (nāi)				ㄸ [ŋ] ㄫ 雅 (ngá)
Stop	Unaspirated	ᄇ [p] ㄅ 邊 (pian)	ᄈ [b] ㆠ 文 (bûn)	ᄃ [t] ㄉ 地 (tē)				ᄀ [k] ㄍ 求 (kiû)	ᄁ [ɡ] ㆣ 語 (gí)
	Aspirated	ᄑ [pʰ] ㄆ 波 (pho)		ᄐ [tʰ] ㄊ 他 (thaⁿ)				ᄏ [kʰ] ㄎ 去 (khì)
Affricate	Unaspirated			ᄌ [ts] ㄗ 曾 (chan)	ᄍ [dz] ㆡ 熱 (joa̍h)	ᄌ [tɕ] ㄐ 尖 (chiam)	ᄍ [dʑ] ㆢ 入 (ji̍p)
	Aspirated			ᄎ [tsʰ] ㄘ 出 (chhut)		ᄎ [tɕʰ] ㄑ 手 (chhiú)
Fricative				ㅅ [s] ㄙ 衫 (saⁿ)		ㅅ [ɕ] ㄒ 寫 (siá)				ᄒ [h] ㄏ 喜 (hí)
Lateral					ᄅ [l] ㄌ 柳 (liú)

Vowels

Monophthongs Front Central Back Simple Nasal Simple Simple Nasal Close ᅵ [i] ㄧ 衣 (i) 잇 [ĩ] ㆪ 圓 (îⁿ) ᅮ [u] ㄨ 污 (u) 웃 [ũ] ㆫ 張 (tiuⁿ) Mid ᅦ [e] ㆤ 禮 (lé) 엣 [ẽ] ㆥ 生 (seⁿ) ᅥ [ə] ㄜ 高 (ko) ᅩ [ɔ] ㆦ 烏 (o͘ ) 옷 [ɔ̃] ㆧ 翁 (oⁿ) Open ᅡ [a] ㄚ 查 (cha) 앗 [ã] ㆩ 衫 (saⁿ)

Diphthongs & Triphthongs Diphthongs ᅢ [aɪ] ㄞ (ai) 알 [aʊ] ㄠ (au) ᅣ [ɪa] ㄧㄚ (ia) ᅧ [ɪo] ㄧㄜ (io) ᅲ [iu] ㄧㄨ (iu) ᅪ [ua] ㄨㄚ (oa) ᅰ [ue] ㄨㆤ (oe) ᅱ [ui] ㄨㄧ (ui) Triphthongs 얄 [ɪaʊ] ㄧㄠ (iau) ᅫ [uai] ㄨㄞ (oai)

Coda endings

Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Nasal consonant ᄆ [m] ㆬ (-m) ᄂ [n] ㄣ (-n) ᄄ [ŋ] ㆭ (-ng) Stop consonant ᄇ [p̚] ㆴ (-p) ᄃ [t̚] ㆵ (-t) ᄀ [k̚] ㆶ (-k) ᄒ [ʔ] ㆷ (-h)

Syllabic consonant Bilabial Velar Nasal 음 [m̩] ㆬ 姆 (ḿ) 응 [ŋ̍] ㆭ 酸 (sng)

Tone markings

No.	Hangul	Chinese tone name	Example listen
1	ᄋ	陰平 (yinping) dark level	kha 跤 foot; leg
2	ᄅ	上聲 (sióng-siaⁿ) rising	chúi 水 water
3	ᄂ	陰去 (yinqu) dark departing	kàu arrive
4	ᄋ	陰入 (yinru) dark entering	bah meat
5	ᄉ	陽平 (yangping) light level	ông 王 king
7	ᄀ	陽去 (yangqu) light departing	tiōng 重 heavy
8	ᄇ	陽入 (yangru) light entering	joa̍h 熱 hot

Different use of Hangul between Taiwanese and Korean

	Taiwanese Hokkien	Korean
ㅃ/ㄲ/ㅉ	/b/, /g/, /ʣ/, /ʥ/	/p͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/
ᄌ/ᄎ/ᄍ
ㄸ	/ŋ/	/t͈/
ㅎ	/ʔ/	/t̚/
ㅅ		/t̚/
ㅆ		/s͈/, /t̚/
ᅥ	/o/ or /ə/	/ʌ/
ᅩ	/ɔ/	/o/
ㅐ	/ai/	/ɛ/
알	/au/	/al/
ㅡ		/ɯ/
ㅢ	읨/m̩ʔ/, 읭/ŋ̍ʔ/	/ɰi/, /i/, /ɛ/

Examples

Matthew 6:1

Taiwanese Hangul		Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Chinese characters	關係行善的教訓 恁著謹慎，毋通為著欲予儂看，故意蹛儂的面前顯示恁的善行； 恁若按呢做，恁就袂當對天父得著報賞。
Chinese-Hangul mixed writing	關係行善에教訓 린뎧謹慎，음탕為뎧뼇호儂看，故意돠儂에面前顯示린에善行； 린若안네做，린就뻬당뒤天父得뎧報賞。	Chinese-Latin mixed writing	關係行善ê教訓 Lín tio̍h謹慎，m̄-thang為tio̍h boeh hō͘儂看，故意toà儂ê面前顯示lín ê善行； Lín若án-ne做，lín就bē-tàng tùi天父得tio̍h報賞。
Hangul	관헤 형센 에 갈훈 린 뎧 긴신，음탕 위뎧 뼇 호 랑 쾃，고이 돠 랑 에 삔졍 헨시 린 에 센형； 린 나 안네 저，린 쥬 뻬당 뒤 텐후 딛뎧 버슛。	Romanization	Koan-he Hêng-siān ê Kàu-hùn Lín tio̍h kín-sīn, m̄-thang ūi-tio̍h boeh hō͘ lâng khoàⁿ, kò-ì toà lâng ê bīn-chêng hián-sī lín ê siān-hêng. Lín nā án-ne chò, lín chiū bē-tàng tùi Thian-hū tit-tio̍h pò-siúⁿ.

References

1. Dong Zhongsi (董忠司), 「台灣閩南語槪論」講授資料彙編, Taiwan Languages and Literature Society
2. 台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編

External links

• Taiwanese Hangul