Taiwanese kana

Taiwanese kana (タイヲァヌギイカアビェン) is a katakana-based writing system that was used to write Taiwanese Hokkien (commonly called "Taiwanese") when the island of Taiwan was under Japanese rule. It functioned as a phonetic guide to hanzi, much like furigana in Japanese or Zhuyin fuhao in Chinese. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including Hakka and Formosan languages.

Taiwanese kana
Type
Syllabary with some features of an alphabet
LanguagesTaiwanese Hokkien
Time period
1896–1945
Parent systems
Oracle Bone Script
Sister systems
Hakka kana
Taiwanese kana
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese臺灣語假名
Simplified Chinese台湾语假名
Japanese name
Kyūjitai臺灣語假名
Shinjitai台湾語仮名
A page from the Japanese-Taiwanese Dictionary (日臺大辭典, Nittai daijiten) of 1907, by Ogawa Naoyoshi

The system was imposed by Japan at the time and used in a few dictionaries, as well as textbooks. The Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary, published in 1931–32, is an example.[1] It uses various signs and diacritics to identify sounds that do not exist in Japanese. The system is chiefly based on the Amoy dialect of Hokkien.

Through the system, the Office of the Governor-General of Taiwan aimed to help Taiwanese people learn the Japanese language, as well as help Japanese people learn the Taiwanese language. Linguistically speaking, however, the syllabary system was cumbersome for a language that has phonology far more complicated than Japanese. After Japanese administration ended, the system soon became obsolete. Now, only a few scholars, such as those who study the aforementioned dictionary, learn Taiwanese kana.

Amongst software/encodings, Mojikyo fully supports the system. Unicode lacks tone signs; it also lacked small katakana wo (𛅦) until Unicode 12.0, although it has been able to represent small ku () and small pu (ㇷ゚) since Unicode 3.2. It also requires the use of the combining overline and combining dot below with kana to represent overlined and underdotted kana (like so: ̅, ツ̣). Font support for these small kana and for sensible rendering of these uncommon combining sequences is in practice limited; overlines and less well-supported small kana are simulated in the tables below using markup.

The system has undergone some modification over time. This article is mainly about the last edition, used from roughly 1931.

Basic rules

Mapped sounds are mostly similar to katakana in Japanese, with the kana , , , , , and not used. Each syllable is written with two or three kana (with a few exceptions). Notable differences include:

Vowels

  • There are six vowels in Taiwanese: [a], [i], [u], [e], [ɔ], [ə]. Note that the pronunciations of and are different from Japanese.
  • The vowel is pronounced [u] in the diphthongs ヲア [ua] and ヲエ [ue], also their extensions such as ヲァイ [uai], ヲァッ [uat̚]. In some dialects may be pronounced [o] or [ɤ].
  • In syllables with a single vowel, the kana for the vowel is repeated, like the long vowels in Japanese. For example, カア [ka], キイ [ki], オオ [ɔ], ヲヲ [ə].
  • The small kana , , , , , 𛅦 are defined as short vowels. They are used to represent the second vowel in the middle of a syllable, or a final glottal stop. For example, キァウ [kiau], キェ for [kiek̚], キァゥ [kiauʔ].
  • There are two optional vowel kana for Choâⁿ-chiu accent (Quanzhou dialect): [ɨ] and [ə]. For example, [kɨ], [kə], [kɨn].

Consonants

  • is pronounced [hu], not [ɸɯ] as in Japanese.
  • There are five overlined kana to distinguish [t] and [ts]/[tɕ]. [tsa], [ti], [tu], [tse], [tsə] or [tso].
Taiwanese kanaModern Japanese kana
aiueɔ/əaiueo
t ティトゥ
ts/ ツァツェツォ
  • The aspirated consonants [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ], [tsʰ]/[tɕʰ] are represented by adding an underdot to the kana. For example, ク̣ for [kʰu].
  • Final nasal consonants are written as [m], [n], [ŋ]. Note that , are pronounced [mu], [nu] when they are used as initials. For example, カヌ [kan], ヌヌ for [nun].
  • The syllabic consonant [ŋ̍] is spelt (u+), for example クン [kŋ̍]. Note that [ŋ̍] without a preceding vowel is written as a single , not ウン or ンン.
  • The syllabic consonant [m̩] is spelt (u+), for example フム [hm̩]. Note that [m̩] without a preceding vowel is written as a single , not ウム or ムム.
  • Initial [ŋ] is spelt as [ɡ] with a nasal tone sign. For example, ガア [ɡa˥˩], ガア [ŋa˥˩].
  • Final plosives (which have no audible release) are [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], similar to the kana used in Ainu.
  • Final glottal stops [ʔ] are represented by the short-vowel small kana (, , , , , ) at the end. For example, カァ [kaʔ], カゥ [kauʔ].

Tone signs

There are different tone signs for normal vowels and nasal vowels.

Tone number12(6)34578
Pitch˦˥˩˧˩˧˨˦˧˥
Normal vowelsNone
Nasal vowels
POJaáàahâāa̍h
  • When a text is written vertically, these signs are written on the right side of letters. Taiwanese kana is only attested in vertical orientation, so it is unknown where the signs would be placed if it were written horizontally.
  • Initial consonants [m], [n], [ŋ] are always written with nasal vowel tone signs, whereas [b], [l], [ɡ] are always with normal vowels. Note that [ŋ] and [ɡ] share the same initial kana.

Taiwanese kana chart

Rime chart

VowelOpen
syllable
Final nasalsFinal plosives
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[a] アアアムアヌアン アッアァ
[ai] アイ
[au] アウアゥ
[ia] イアイァムイァンイァ イァイァ
[iau] イァウイァゥ
[i] イイイムイヌ イッイィ
[iu] イウイゥ
[ie] イェヌイェンイェッイェ
[iɔ] イォンイォ
[iə] イヲ
VowelOpen
syllable
Final nasalsFinal plosives
[m][n][ŋ][p̚][t̚][k̚][ʔ]
[u] ウウウヌウッウゥ
[ui] ウイ
[e] エエエェ
[ɔ] オオオムオン オォ
[ua] ヲアヲァヌヲァンヲァッヲァ
[uai] ヲァイ
[ue] ヲエヲェ
[ə] ヲヲ
[m̩]
[ŋ̍]

Syllable chart

Nonepbmtlnts/tsʰ/tɕʰs/ɕdz/kɡ/ŋh
aアアパアパ̣アバアマア タアタ̣アラアナア サ̣サア カアカ̣アガアハア
アァパァパ̣ァバァ タァタ̣ァラァナァ サ̣サァ カァカ̣ァハァ
aiアイパイパ̣イバイマイ タイタ̣イライナイ サ̣サイ カイカ̣イガイハイ
auアウパウパ̣ウバウマウ タウタ̣ウラウナウ サ̣サウ カウカ̣ウガウハウ
auʔパ̣ゥマゥ タゥラゥナゥ サ̣ カゥ
amアムタムタ̣ムラム サ̣サム カムカ̣ムガムハム
anアヌパヌパ̣ヌバヌ タヌタ̣ヌラヌ サ̣サヌ カヌカ̣ヌガヌハヌ
アンパンパ̣ンバン タンタ̣ンラン サ̣サン カンカ̣ンガンハン
ap̚ タ̣ サ̣ カ̣
at̚アッパッバッ タッタ̣ッラッ サ̣サッ カッカ̣ッハッ
ak̚ パ̣ タ̣ サ̣ カ̣
iaイアピアミア チ̣ニア チアチ̣アシアジア キアキ̣アガアヒア
iaʔイァピァピ̣ァ チ̣リァ チァチ̣ァシァ キァキ̣ァガァヒァ
iauイァウピァウピ̣ァウビァウミァウ ァウ チ̣ァウリァウニァウ チァウチ̣ァウシァウジァウ キァウキ̣ァウギァウヒァウ
iauʔカ̣ァゥガァゥハァゥ
iamイァムァム チ̣ァムリァム チァムチ̣ァムシァムジァム キァムキ̣ァムギァムヒァム
iaŋイァンピァンピ̣ァンリァン チァンチ̣ァンシァンジァン キ̣ァンギァンヒァン
iap̚イァ チ̣ リァ チァチ̣ァ シァジァ キァキ̣ァ ギァヒァ
iak̚ピァピ̣ァ チ̣ァシァ キ̣ァ
iイイピイピ̣イビイミイ チ̣リイニイ チイチ̣イシイジイ キイキ̣イギイヒイ
ピィピ̣ィビィミィ チ̣ニィ チィチ̣ィシィキィ
imイム チ̣リム チムチ̣ムシムジム キムキ̣ムギムヒム
inイヌピヌピ̣ヌビヌ チ̣リヌ チヌチ̣ヌシヌジヌ キヌキ̣ヌギヌヒヌ
ip̚ チ̣ キ̣
it̚イッピッピ̣ッビッ チッチ̣ッシッジッ キッキ̣ッヒッ
iuイウピウビウ チ̣リウニウ チウチ̣ウシウジウ キウキ̣ウギウヒウ
iuʔイゥヒゥ
ienイェヌピェヌピ̣ェヌビェヌ ェヌ チ̣ェヌリェヌ チェヌチ̣ェヌシェヌジェヌ キェヌキ̣ェヌギェヌヒェヌ
ieŋイェンピェンピ̣ェンビェン ェン チ̣ェンリェン チェンチ̣ェンシェン キェンキ̣ェンギェンヒェン
iet̚イェッピェッピ̣ェッビェッ ェッ チ̣ェッリェッ チェッチ̣ェッシェッジェッ キェッキ̣ェッギェッヒェッ
iek̚イェピェ ピ̣ェビェ チ̣ リェ チェチ̣ェ シェキェ ギェヒェ
iɔŋイォン ォン チ̣ォンリォン チォンチ̣ォンシォンジォン キォンキ̣ォンギォンヒォン
iɔk̚イォ チ̣ リォ チォチ̣ォ シォジォ キォキ̣ォ ギォヒォ
イヲピヲピ̣ヲビヲ チ̣リヲ チヲチ̣ヲシヲジヲ キヲキ̣ヲギヲヒヲ
iəʔ チ̣ キ̣
uiウイプイプ̣イブイムイ ツ̣ルイ ツイツ̣イスイ クイク̣イグイフイ
uウウプウプ̣ウブウ ツ̣ルウ ツウツ̣ウスウズウ クウク̣ウグウフウ
ウゥプゥプ̣ゥ ツ̣ ツゥツ̣ゥク̣ゥ
unウヌプヌプ̣ヌブヌ ツ̣ルヌ ツヌツ̣ヌスヌズヌ クヌク̣ヌグヌフヌ
ut̚ウップップ̣ッブッ ツ̣ルッ ツッツ̣ッスッ クック̣ッフッ
フム
m̩ʔフム
ŋ̍プンムン ツ̣ヌン ツンツ̣ンスンクンク̣ンフン
ŋ̍ʔプ̣ンツ̣ンスンフン
eエエペエペ̣エベエメエ テエテ̣エレエネエ セ̣セエ ケエケ̣エゲエヘエ
エェペェベェメェ テェテ̣ェレェネェ セ̣セェ ケェケ̣ェゲェヘェ
ɔオオポオポ̣オボオモオ トオト̣オロオノオ ソ̣ソオ コオコ̣オゴオホオ
ɔʔモォ
ɔmオムトムソム
ɔŋオンポンポ̣ンボン トント̣ンロン ソ̣ソン コンコ̣ンゴンホン
ɔk̚ ポ̣ ト̣ ソ̣ コ̣
uaヲアポアポ̣アボアモア トアト̣アロアノア ソ̣ソア コアコ̣アゴアホア
uaʔヲァポァポ̣ァボァト̣ァロァ ソ̣ソァゾァ コァコ̣ァホァ
uaiヲァイ ァイソァイ コァイコ̣ァイホァイ
uanヲァヌポァヌポ̣ァヌボァヌ トァヌト̣ァヌロァヌ ァヌ ソ̣ァヌソァヌ コァヌコ̣ァヌゴァヌホァヌ
uaŋヲァン ソ̣ァン
uat̚ヲァッポァッポ̣ァッボァッ トァット̣ァッロァッ ァッソァッ コァッコ̣ァッゴァッホァッ
ueヲエポエポ̣エボエ トエロエ ソ̣ソエゾエ コエコ̣エゴエホエ
ueʔヲェポェポ̣ェボェソェ コェコ̣ェゴェホェ
əヲヲポヲポ̣ヲボヲ トヲト̣ヲロヲ ソ̣ソヲ コヲコ̣ヲゴヲホヲ
əʔ ポ̣ ト̣ ソ̣
  1. Tone signs are always needed for a syllable.
  2. [ɡ] always takes normal vowel tone signs; [m], [n], [ŋ] always take nasal vowel tone signs.
  3. Some spellings are not clear. 仔(á) was sometimes written as rather than アア. 的(ê) was sometimes written as rather than エエ.
  4. [ɔ] is spelt with , such as in オオ, ポオ, イオ, ピオ, and so on.

Example

Audio File:
Taiwanese kana: シェヌ シイ コン、ハ シェン ァム ァム チ̣
IPA:[ ɕjæn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕjəŋ˥ tjam˧ tjam˧ tʰjã˥ ]
Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ.
Tâi-lô:Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann.
Traditional Chinese:先生講、學生恬恬聽。
Translation:A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening.
gollark: Wait, how do I actually *detect* if it supports `write`ing a string?
gollark: I suppose I'll have to add in this as a fallback thing... thanks.
gollark: Hmm. Well. I'd quite like to retain compatibility, so that's a bit irritating...
gollark: Does `write` in older versions accept a string too on binary files?
gollark: UPDATE: it works now since apparently I can still `readAll` and `write` strings in `wb`/`rb` mode for some reason.

References

  1. Ogawa Naoyoshi (1931–1932).

Further reading

  • Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). 臺日大辭典. 上卷 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). 1. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). 臺日大辭典. 下卷 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.
  • Ogawa Naoyoshi; Ang Ui-jin, eds. (1993) [1931–1932]. 臺日大辭典〈上卷〉 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]. 閩南語經典辭書彙編 (in Japanese, Chinese, and Taiwanese Hokkien). 1. 武陵. ISBN 9573506211.
    • Ogawa Naoyoshi; Ang Ui-jin, eds. (1993) [1931–1932]. 臺日大辭典〈下卷〉 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]. 閩南語經典辭書彙編 (in Japanese, Chinese, and Taiwanese Hokkien). 2. 武陵. ISBN 957350622X.
  • 台語辭典(台日大辭典台語譯本)查詢 [Taiwanese Dictionary (translation of Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary) search] (in Taiwanese Hokkien). Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  • Chun-Hui Chen (June 2002). 《訂正臺灣十五音字母詳解》 音系研究 [Phonetic study on The revised guide of 15 Taiwanese letters] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). National Sun Yat-sen University.
  • Lîm, Chùn-io̍k. (2008). 《台日大辭典》索引羅馬字對照表.
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