Chromosome 10

Chromosome 10 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 10 spans about 133 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 4 and 4.5 percent of the total DNA in cells.

Chromosome 10
Human chromosome 10 pair after G-banding. One is from mother, one is from father.
Chromosome 10 pair in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)	133,797,422 bp (GRCh38)[1]
No. of genes	706 (CCDS)[2]
Type	Autosome
Centromere position	Submetacentric[3] (39.8 Mbp[4])
Complete gene lists
CCDS	Gene list
HGNC	Gene list
UniProt	Gene list
NCBI	Gene list
External map viewers
Ensembl	Chromosome 10
Entrez	Chromosome 10
NCBI	Chromosome 10
UCSC	Chromosome 10
Full DNA sequences
RefSeq	NC_000010 (FASTA)
GenBank	CM000672 (FASTA)

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 10. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[5]

Estimated by	Protein-coding genes	Non-coding RNA genes	Pseudogenes	Source	Release date
CCDS	706	—	—	[2]	2016-09-08
HGNC	708	244	614	[6]	2017-05-12
Ensembl	728	881	568	[7]	2017-03-29
UniProt	750	—	—	[8]	2018-02-28
NCBI	754	842	654	[9][10][11]	2017-05-19

Gene list

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 10. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.

• AFAP1L2: actin filament associated protein 1 like 2
• ALL1 encoding protein Leukemia, acute lymphocytic, susceptibility to, 1
• ALOX5: Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase (processes essential fatty acids to leukotrienes, which are important agents in the inflammatory response; also facilitates development and maintenance of cancer stem cells, slow-dividing cells thought to give rise to a variety of cancers, including leukemia)
• ARHGAP21: rho GTPase activating protein 21
• ARID5B: encoding protein AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 5B
• ARMH3: Armadillo Like Helical Domain Containing 3
• AS3MT: encoding enzyme Arsenite methyltransferase
• AVPI1: encoding protein Arginine vasopressin-induced protein 1
• C10orf67: chromosome 10 open reading frame 67
• C10orf99: encoding protein Chromosome 10 open reading frame 99
• CAMK1D: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ID
• CCAR1: Cell division cycle and apoptosis regulator 1
• CCDC3: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3
• CCDC186: encoding protein CCDC186
• CCNY: Cyclin-Y
• CDC123: Cell division cycle protein 123 homolog
• CDH23: cadherin-like 23
• CDNF: cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor
• COMMD3-BMI1: COMMD3-BMI1 readthrough
• CUTC: Copper homeostasis protein cutC homolog
• CXCL12: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, SDF-1, scyb12
• DDX50: DExD-box helicase 50
• DEPP: decidual protein induced by progesterone
• DHX32: DEAH-box helicase 32
• DNAJC12: DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily c, member 12
• DNAJC9: DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily c, member 9
• DPYSL4: Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4
• EBLN1: encoding protein Endogenous Bornavirus-like nucleoprotein 1
• ECD: ecdysoneless cell cycle regulator
• EGR2: early growth response 2 (Krox-20 homolog, Drosophila)
• EIF5AP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-like 1
• EPC1: Enhancer of polycomb homolog 1
• ERCC6: excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 6
• FAM107B: family with sequence similarity 107, member B
• FAM13C: family with sequence similarity 13, member C
• FAM170B: encoding protein Family with sequence similarity 170 member B
• FAM188A: family with sequence similarity 188, member A
• FAM213A: family with sequence similarity 213, member A
• FAM25BP encoding protein Protein FAM25
• FAS-AS1, long non-coding RNA
• FGFR2: fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (bacteria-expressed kinase, keratinocyte growth factor receptor, craniofacial dysostosis 1, Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome, Jackson–Weiss syndrome)
• FRA10AC1: Fragile site, folic acid type
• FRAT1: WNT signaling pathway regulator
• FRAT2: WNT signaling pathway regulator
• FRMPD2 encoding protein FERM and PDZ domain containing 2
• GATA3: encoding the GATA3 transcription factor. GATA3 is critical for the embryonic development of the parathyroid gland, neural component of hearing, and kidney. Haploinsufficiency of the gene underlies a rare disorder, the hypoparathyrodism, deafness, and renal dysplasia syndrome
• GHITM: growth hormone-inducible transmembrane protein
• GPRIN2: G protein-regulated inducer of neurite outgrowth 2
• GTPBP4: Nucleolar GTP-binding protein 4
• HELLS: Lymphoid-specific helicase
• HKDC1: hexokinase domain containing 1
• KIN: DNA/RNA-binding protein KIN17
• MTG1: mitochondrial GTPase 1
• NPM3: nucleoplasmin-3
• NRBF2: nuclear receptor-binding factor 2
• NSMCE4A: non-SMC element 4 homolog A
• OTUD1: encoding protein OTU deubiquitinase 1
• PCBD1: 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (TCF1)
• PCDH15: protocadherin 15
• PI4K2A: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase 2-alpha
• PIP4K2A: phosphatidylinositol 5 phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha
• PITRM1: pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1
• PLEKHS1 encoding protein Pleckstrin homology domain containing S1
• PLXDC2: plexin domain-containing protein 2
• PROSER2: proline and serine rich 2 or c10orf47
• PTEN gene: phosphatase and tensin homolog (mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1)
• RET: ret proto-oncogene (multiple endocrine neoplasia and medullary thyroid carcinoma 1, Hirschsprung disease)
• RPP30: ribonuclease P protein subunit p30
• RRP12: ribosomal RNA processing 12 homolog
• RSU1: ras suppressor protein 1
• SGPL1: sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1
• SMNDC1: survival motor neuron domain containing 1
• SPG9 encoding protein Spastic paraplegia 9 (autosomal dominant)
• SRGN: serglycin
• STAMBPL1: STAM binding protein like 1
• STOX1: encoding protein Storkhead box 1
• SUPV3L1: Suv3 like RNA helicase
• TACC2 encoding protein Transforming acidic coiled-coil-containing protein 2
• TBC1D12: TBC1 domain family, member 12
• TCTN3: tectonic family member 3
• TMEM10: opalin
• TMEM26: encoding protein Transmembrane protein 26
• UCN3: urocortin-3
• UROS: uroporphyrinogen III synthase (congenital erythropoietic porphyria)
• USMG5: Up-regulated during skeletal muscle growth protein 5
• USP6NL: USP6 N-terminal like protein
• UTF1: undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1
• WASHC2C: WASH complex subunit 2C
• WBP1L: WW domain binding protein 1-like
• ZNF37A: zinc finger protein 37A
• ZNF438: zinc finger protein 438

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are related to genes on chromosome 10:

• Apert syndrome
• Barakat syndrome
• Beare–Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome
• Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
• Cockayne syndrome
• Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
• Cowden syndrome
• Crouzon syndrome
• Genitopatellar syndrome
• Glioblastoma multiforme
• Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
• Hirschprung disease
• Jackson–Weiss syndrome
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2
• Nonsyndromic deafness
• Pfeiffer syndrome
• Porphyria
• Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency
• Thiel–Behnke corneal dystrophy
• Usher syndrome
• Wolman syndrome
• Young-Simpson syndrome

Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 10

G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 10 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).

G-banding patterns of human chromosome 10 in three different resolutions (400,[12] 550[13] and 850[4]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[14] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[15]

G-bands of human chromosome 10 in resolution 850 bphs[16]

Chr.	Arm[17]	Band[18]	ISCN start[19]	ISCN stop[19]	Basepair start	Basepair stop	Stain[20]	Density
10	p	15.3	0	229	1	3,000,000	gneg
10	p	15.2	229	329	3,000,001	3,800,000	gpos	25
10	p	15.1	329	630	3,800,001	6,600,000	gneg
10	p	14	630	917	6,600,001	12,200,000	gpos	75
10	p	13	917	1175	12,200,001	17,300,000	gneg
10	p	12.33	1175	1361	17,300,001	18,300,000	gpos	75
10	p	12.32	1361	1432	18,300,001	18,400,000	gneg
10	p	12.31	1432	1604	18,400,001	22,300,000	gpos	75
10	p	12.2	1604	1662	22,300,001	24,300,000	gneg
10	p	12.1	1662	1891	24,300,001	29,300,000	gpos	50
10	p	11.23	1891	2063	29,300,001	31,100,000	gneg
10	p	11.22	2063	2235	31,100,001	34,200,000	gpos	25
10	p	11.21	2235	2406	34,200,001	38,000,000	gneg
10	p	11.1	2406	2621	38,000,001	39,800,000	acen
10	q	11.1	2621	2850	39,800,001	41,600,000	acen
10	q	11.21	2850	3051	41,600,001	45,500,000	gneg
10	q	11.22	3051	3252	45,500,001	48,600,000	gpos	25
10	q	11.23	3252	3409	48,600,001	51,100,000	gneg
10	q	21.1	3409	3753	51,100,001	59,400,000	gpos	100
10	q	21.2	3753	3839	59,400,001	62,800,000	gneg
10	q	21.3	3839	4097	62,800,001	68,800,000	gpos	100
10	q	22.1	4097	4469	68,800,001	73,100,000	gneg
10	q	22.2	4469	4655	73,100,001	75,900,000	gpos	50
10	q	22.3	4655	4970	75,900,001	80,300,000	gneg
10	q	23.1	4970	5200	80,300,001	86,100,000	gpos	100
10	q	23.2	5200	5331	86,100,001	87,700,000	gneg
10	q	23.31	5331	5558	87,700,001	91,100,000	gpos	75
10	q	23.32	5558	5672	91,100,001	92,300,000	gneg
10	q	23.33	5672	5887	92,300,001	95,300,000	gpos	50
10	q	24.1	5887	5973	95,300,001	97,500,000	gneg
10	q	24.2	5973	6131	97,500,001	100,100,000	gpos	50
10	q	24.31	6131	6202	100,100,001	101,200,000	gneg
10	q	24.32	6202	6317	101,200,001	103,100,000	gpos	25
10	q	24.33	6317	6374	103,100,001	104,000,000	gneg
10	q	25.1	6374	6646	104,000,001	110,100,000	gpos	100
10	q	25.2	6646	6761	110,100,001	113,100,000	gneg
10	q	25.3	6761	6890	113,100,001	117,300,000	gpos	75
10	q	26.11	6890	7090	117,300,001	119,900,000	gneg
10	q	26.12	7090	7219	119,900,001	121,400,000	gpos	50
10	q	26.13	7219	7506	121,400,001	125,700,000	gneg
10	q	26.2	7506	7721	125,700,001	128,800,000	gpos	50
10	q	26.3	7721	8050	128,800,001	133,797,422	gneg

References

1. "Human Genome Assembly GRCh38 - Genome Reference Consortium". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2017-03-04.
2. "Search results - 10[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. CCDS Release 20 for Homo sapiens. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
3. Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2.
4. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
5. Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes". Genome Biol. 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMC 2898077. PMID 20441615.
6. "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 10". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
7. "Chromosome 10: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". Ensembl Release 88. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
8. "Human chromosome 10: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". UniProt. 2018-02-28. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
9. "Search results - 10[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
10. "Search results - 10[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
11. "Search results - 10[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". NCBI. 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
12. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
13. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
14. International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7.
15. Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images" (PDF). In Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE), 2012 International Joint Conference on: 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965.
16. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
17. "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
18. For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
19. These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
20. gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.

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External links

• National Institutes of Health. "Chromosome 10". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
• "Chromosome 10". Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003. Retrieved 2017-05-06.