Decay-accelerating factor

Complement decay-accelerating factor, also known as CD55 or DAF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CD55 gene.[5]

CD55
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1H03, 1H04, 1H2P, 1H2Q, 1M11, 1NWV, 1OJV, 1OJW, 1OJY, 1OK1, 1OK2, 1OK3, 1OK9, 1UOT, 1UPN, 2C8I, 2QZD, 2QZF, 2QZH, 3IYP, 3J24, 5FOA
Identifiers
Aliases	CD55, CR, CROM, DAF, TC, CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group), CHAPLE
External IDs	OMIM: 125240 MGI: 104849 HomoloGene: 479 GeneCards: CD55
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1q32.2 Start 207,321,376 bp[1] End 207,386,804 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 1 (mouse)[2] Band 1 E4|1 56.89 cM Start 130,388,537 bp[2] End 130,423,009 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • virus receptor activity • GO:0001948 protein binding • lipid binding Cellular component • membrane • Golgi membrane • cell membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • transport vesicle • extracellular region • cell surface • membrane raft • anchored component of membrane • extracellular exosome • endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane • secretory granule membrane • ficolin-1-rich granule membrane Biological process • regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway • immune system process • positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration • positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation • respiratory burst • ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport • positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation • CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell cytokine production • Classical complement pathway • GO:0022415 viral process • regulation of complement activation • innate immune system • viral entry • neutrophil degranulation • negative regulation of complement activation • regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1604	13137
Ensembl	ENSG00000196352	ENSMUSG00000026401
UniProt	P08174	Q61476
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000574 NM_001114543 NM_001114544 NM_001114752 NM_001300902 NM_001300903 NM_001300904	NM_007827 NM_001317361
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000565 NP_001108224 NP_001287831 NP_001287832 NP_001287833	NP_001304290 NP_031853
Location (UCSC)	Chr 1: 207.32 – 207.39 Mb	Chr 1: 130.39 – 130.42 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

DAF regulates the complement system on the cell surface. It recognizes C4b and C3b fragments that are created during activation of C4 (classical or lectin pathway) or C3 (alternative pathway). Interaction of DAF with cell-associated C4b of the classical and lectin pathways interferes with the conversion of C2 to C2b, thereby preventing formation of the C4b2a C3-convertase, and interaction of DAF with C3b of the alternative pathway interferes with the conversion of factor B to Bb by factor D, thereby preventing formation of the C3bBb C3 convertase of the alternative pathway. Thus, by limiting the amplification convertases of the complement cascade, DAF indirectly blocks the formation of the membrane attack complex.[6]

This glycoprotein is broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. It is a determinant for the Cromer blood group system.

Structure

DAF is a 70 kDa membrane protein that attaches to the cell membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor.

DAF contains four complement control protein (CCP) repeats with a single N-linked glycan positioned between CCP1 and CCP2. CCP2, CCP3, CCP4 and three consecutive lysine residues in a positively charged pocket between CCP2 and CCP3 are involved in its inhibition of the alternate complement pathway. CCP2 and CCP3 alone are involved in its inhibition of the classical pathway.[7]

Pathology

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Because DAF is a GPI-anchored protein, its expression is reduced in persons with mutations that reduce GPI levels such as those with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). In PNH disorder, red blood cells with very low levels of DAF and CD59 undergo complement-mediated hemolysis. Symptoms include low red blood cell count (anemia), fatigue, and episodes of dark colored urine and other complications. [8]

Infectious diseases

DAF is used as a receptor by some coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses.[9] Recombinant soluble DAF-Fc has been tested in mice as an anti-enterovirus therapy for heart damage;[10] however, the human enterovirus that was tested binds much more strongly to human DAF than to mouse or rat DAF. Echoviruses and coxsackie B viruses that use human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) as a receptor do not bind the rodent analogues of DAF.[11] and DAF-Fc has yet to be tested in humans.

Binding of DAF to human HIV-1 when the virons are budding from the surface of infected cells may protect HIV-1 from complement mediated lysis.[12][13]

See also

• List of human clusters of differentiation
• CD59

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196352 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026401 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Medof ME, Lublin DM, Holers VM, Ayers DJ, Getty RR, Leykam JF, Atkinson JP, Tykocinski ML (April 1987). "Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding the complete sequence of decay-accelerating factor of human complement". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (7): 2007–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.7.2007. PMC 304572. PMID 2436222.
6. "Molecular function for CD55 Gene".
7. Brodbeck WG, Kuttner-Kondo L, Mold C, Medof ME (Sep 2000). "Structure/function studies of human decay-accelerating factor". Immunology. 101 (1): 104–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00086.x. PMC 2327052. PMID 11012760.
8. Parker C, Omine M, Richards S, et al. (2005). "Diagnosis and management of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria". Blood. 106 (12): 3699–709. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-1717. PMC 1895106. PMID 16051736.
9. Karnauchow TM, Tolson DL, Harrison BA, Altman E, Lublin DM, Dimock K (August 1996). "The HeLa cell receptor for enterovirus 70 is decay-accelerating factor (CD55)". J. Virol. 70 (8): 5143–52. PMC 190469. PMID 8764022.
10. Yanagawa B, Spiller OB, Choy J, Luo H, Cheung P, Zhang HM, Goodfellow IG, Evans DJ, Suarez A, Yang D, McManus BM (January 2003). "Coxsackievirus B3-associated myocardial pathology and viral load reduced by recombinant soluble human decay-accelerating factor in mice". Lab. Invest. 83 (1): 75–85. doi:10.1097/01.lab.0000049349.56211.09. PMID 12533688.
11. Spiller OB, Goodfellow IG, Evans DJ, Almond JW, Morgan BP (January 2000). "Echoviruses and coxsackie B viruses that use human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) as a receptor do not bind the rodent analogues of DAF". J. Infect. Dis. 181 (1): 340–3. doi:10.1086/315210. PMID 10608785.
12. Marschang P, Sodroski J, Würzner R, Dierich MP (January 1995). "Decay-accelerating factor (CD55) protects human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from inactivation by human complement". Eur J Immunol. 25 (1): 285–90. doi:10.1002/eji.1830250147. PMID 7531147.
13. Guibinga GH, Friedmann T (April 2005). "Baculovirus GP64-pseudotyped HIV-based lentivirus vectors are stabilized against complement inactivation by codisplay of decay accelerating factor (DAF) or of a GP64-DAF fusion protein". Mol Ther. 11 (4): 645–51. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.12.002. PMID 15771967.

Further reading

• Selinka HC, Wolde A, Sauter M, et al. (2004). "Virus-receptor interactions of coxsackie B viruses and their putative influence on cardiotropism". Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 193 (2–3): 127–31. doi:10.1007/s00430-003-0193-y. PMID 12920584.
• Mikesch JH, Schier K, Roetger A, et al. (2007). "The expression and action of decay-accelerating factor (CD55) in human malignancies and cancer therapy". Cell. Oncol. 28 (5–6): 223–32. PMC 4618202. PMID 17167176.

External links

• Decay-Accelerating+Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• Cromer blood group system at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P08174 (Complement decay-accelerating factor) at the PDBe-KB.