1982 World's Fair

The 1982 World's Fair, formally known as the Knoxville International Energy Exposition, was held in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. The specialized exposition themed "Energy Turns the World," was recognized by the Bureau International des Expositions (BIE).

1982 Knoxville
The 1982 World's Fair logo
Overview
BIE-classSpecialized exposition
CategoryInternational specialized exposition
NameKnoxville International Energy Exposition
Motto"Energy Turns the World"
BuildingSunsphere
Area28 hectares (69 acres)
Visitors11,127,786
Participant(s)
Countries16
Location
CountryUnited States
CityKnoxville
VenueWorld's Fair Park
Coordinates35.962°N 83.924°W / 35.962; -83.924
Timeline
OpeningMay 1, 1982 (1982-05-01)
ClosureOctober 31, 1982 (1982-10-31)
Specialized expositions
PreviousExpo 81 in Plovdiv
Next1984 Louisiana World Exposition in New Orleans
Universal expositions
PreviousExpo '70 in Osaka
NextSeville Expo '92 in Seville
Horticultural expositions
PreviousFloralies Internationales de Montréal in Montreal
NextInternationale Gartenbauaustellung 83 in Munich
Simultaneous
Horticultural (AIPH)Florida 1982

It opened on May 1, 1982, and closed on October 31, 1982, after receiving over eleven-million visitors. Participating nations included Australia, Belgium, Canada, The People's Republic of China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Panama, Peru, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany.

The fair was constructed on a 70-acre (280,000 m2) site between Downtown Knoxville and the University of Tennessee campus. The core of the site primarily consisted of a deteriorating Louisville and Nashville Railroad yard and depot. The railroad yard was demolished, with the exception of a single rail line, and the depot was renovated for use as a restaurant during the fair. The Sunsphere, a 266-foot (81 m) steel tower topped with a five-story gold globe, was built as the main structure and symbol for the exposition. Today, the Sunsphere stands as a symbol for the city of Knoxville.

Background
The Sunsphere

Knoxville developers cultivated the idea for a World's Fair in the city after the example of Spokane, Washington, which hosted a World's Fair in 1974. W. Stewart Evans, president of the Downtown Knoxville Association, proposed the idea of the fair to the city government.[1]

Knoxville Mayor Kyle Testerman appointed local banker Jake Butcher to lead an exploratory committee. Butcher served as one of the main driving forces behind the fair. Within the city, Knoxvillians referred to the fair as "Jake's Fair".[1] An administrative body known as the Knoxville Foundation Inc. was established to organize and operate the event.[2] There was skepticism, both locally and nationally, about the ability of Knoxville, described as a "scruffy little city" by The Wall Street Journal in a 1980 news article, to successfully host a World's Fair.[3]

This controversy contributed to the development of the term “Scruffy City,” as a nickname synonymous with Knoxville.[4]

The exposition was the second World's Fair to be held in the state of Tennessee. The state's first endeavor was the Tennessee Centennial Exposition of 1897, held in the state's capital, Nashville.

Opening day
1982 World's Fair arcade token

On May 1, 1982, the 1982 World's Fair opened to a crowd of 87,000 with the theme "Energy Turns the World." Television commercials broadcast prior to the fair used the marketing tagline "You've Got To Be There!"[5] The opening ceremony was broadcast on local and regional television stations, with President Ronald Reagan arriving to open the fair.[1] Television personality and Winchester native Dinah Shore was the master of ceremonies for the fair, and musical artists such as Porter Wagoner and Ricky Skaggs performed as the gates opened.[6] A six-month pass to the fair sold for $100 (equivalent to $265 in 2019).[5]

Fair

From its commencement on May 1, to its closing on October 31st, the fair attracted 11,127,780[7] visitors from all over the United States and the world, making it the 5th-best attended World's Fair in U.S. history among those sanctioned by the BIE.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] It had the highest attendance among the four Specialized Expos held in the United States. It made a profit of $57, far short of the $5 million surplus projected by organizers and boosters.[2] The city of Knoxville was left with a $46 million debt. This debt would be paid in full in May 2007.[2]

Participating nations included Australia, Belgium, Canada, The People's Republic of China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, People's Republic of Hungary, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Panama, Peru, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, the United Kingdom, the United States, and West Germany.[16] Panama never occupied its pavilion space, which was eventually occupied by a group of Caribbean island nations.

The Peruvian exhibit featured a mummy that was unwrapped and studied at the fair. The Egyptian exhibit featured ancient artifacts valued at over US$30 million.[17] Hungary, the home country of the Rubik's Cube, sent the world's largest Rubik's Cube with rotating squares for the entrance display to its pavilion. The Rubik's Cube remains in World's Fair Park, where it has been displayed in the lobby of the Holiday Inn located adjacent to World's Fair Park.[18][19] Every night of the fair, at 10 pm, a 10-minute fireworks display was presented that could be seen over much of Knoxville.

The Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots played a preseason football game at Neyland Stadium on August 14, 1982. The Steelers won the game 24–20.[20]

An NBA Exhibition game took place between the Boston Celtics and Philadelphia 76ers took place at Stokely Athletic Center on October 23, 1982.

A TV station, KM2XKA on Channel 7, was built for the fair, initially specializing in World's Fair information. It later converted to DTV-only WMAK, an independent station.

Innovations showcased

The 1982 World's Fair brought the debut of several inventions and concepts, including touch screen display screens, Tetra Pak boxed shelf-stable milk, and the Cherry Coke flavor by Coca-Cola.[21]

Oil corporation Texaco showcased the concept of pay at the pump, as part of the advances in energy.[22]

The Knoxville-based fast food chain, Petro's Chili & Chips made their debut at the fair. Today, the chain consists of several locations in the state with most primarily located in East Tennessee.[23]

Difficulties

Hotels and other accommodations in Knoxville were not permitted to take reservations directly. Room reservations for everything from hotels to houseboats were sold in a package with fair admission tickets through the first eleven days of the fair, and were handled by a central bureau, Knoxvisit. Its financial and administrative troubles resulted in reservations being taken over by PLM.[24] It also struggled with the operation and filed for bankruptcy.[25][26]

Jake Butcher's financial services corporation, United American Bank failed shortly after the exposition in 1983. On February 14, 1983, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation seized control of the bank due to irregularities in its financial records. This action caused public speculation that the bank's failure was due in part to Butcher's financing of the World's Fair.[27]

Legacy
World's Fair Park as of the present day, with the Sunsphere and Tennessee Amphitheater in the background

In 1991, the city of Knoxville demolished the U.S. Pavilion in a controlled demolition. It had developed structural problems that could not be safely resolved after years of neglect. The site of the pavilion was cleared and developed for a parking lot along Cumberland Avenue,[28] adjacent to the site of the Knoxville Convention Center in World's Fair Park.

The site of the Korean and Saudi Arabian pavilions and the Tennessee Gas Industries exhibit was converted into a performance lawn, and was host to a regular concert series for eight years. The site of the Japanese Pavilion became the new location for the Knoxville Museum of Art. The Elm Tree Theater located adjacent to the former pavilion was added as part of the Knoxville Museum of Art's courtyard. The elm tree was later struck by lightning and was cut down. The courtyard of the theater has since remained empty. Many of the pavilion sites and the fair's midway located south of the main park were given to the University of Tennessee for future campus extensions and student parking.

In 1996, Knoxville and the 1982 World's Fair were featured prominently in an episode of The Simpsons, "Bart on the Road". In the episode, Bart and his friends travel to Knoxville to visit the fair after seeing an advertisement in a tourism brochure, only to learn that it closed a decade before. The episode ends with Nelson throwing a stone at the Sunsphere, causing it to collapse on a car that the group had rented.[29]

In 2000, the park was closed for two years for the construction of the Knoxville Convention Center in the space formerly occupied by Rich's/Millers Garage, the site of the KUB Substation exhibit, and the site of America's Electric Energy Exhibit.

The Tennessee Amphitheater, the only structure other than the Sunsphere that remains from the World's Fair, was condemned to demolition in 2002.[30] Popular sentiment supported restoring it, and the theater was renovated between 2005 and 2007, reopening in 2007.[31] In 2007, the amphitheater was voted one of the top fifteen architectural works of East Tennessee by the East Tennessee chapter of the American Institute of Architects.[32]

In the summer of 2002, the World's Fair Park was reopened to general events and concerts, such as Earth Fest and Greek Fest. An Independence Day celebration is held on the park lawns every year, with the Knoxville Symphony Orchestra playing a free concert with a massive fireworks display. In May 2007, the East Tennessee Historical Society opened a temporary exhibit in its museum located in Downtown Knoxville, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the World's Fair. On July 4, 2007, one of the annual celebrations was held in conjunction with festivities commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair. The following day, July 5, 2007, the Sunsphere's observation deck reopened to the public after renovations.

Collectibles

Many collectible items were made specifically for the World's Fair, ranging from cups, trays, plates, belt buckles, and several other objects. Some of the more notable items include:

  • With the focus of the World's Fair on technology and energy, video games of the era were also featured at the Fair. In the arcade area, attendees could find seven video arcade game tokens that had been minted for the Fair, each depicting a different and popular game of the time. The seven games on each of the tokens are Pac-Man, Ms. Pac-Man, Space Invaders, Qix, Gorf, Scramble, and Donkey Kong.[33]
  • A special Coca-Cola pin was given to 500 dignitaries on opening day.
  • Worlds Fair Beer was also released at the beginning of the fair. 250,000 cases of the beer was sold during the fair's duration, totaling nearly six-million cans sold over the six months. Rick Kuhlman, who was a marketing director for a beer wholesaler at the time, had come up with the idea for the beer. He had to pre-sell 10,000 cases of the beer to pay for the initial batch. The beer would go on to be released in nine different colored cans, beginning with red, then blue, and eventually, green, brown, gold, black, purple, yellow, and orange. Each color represented its own production batch and when a color was sold out, that color was finished. The beer was often purchased and never drank, as many fair-goers speculated that the beer cans would one day be a rare collectible.[34] To observe the 35th anniversary of the fair, World's Fair Beer was brought back into production in May 2017 and is available at various bars and breweries around Knoxville.[35]
  • Australian Pavilion
  • Baptist Pavilion and Waters of the World
  • People's Republic of China Pavilion exhibit
  • Sunsphere
  • Tennessee River, Australian and Canadian Pavilions and Midway
  • U.S. Pavilion
  • Tennessee Amphitheater
  • KUB Substation Exhibit and U.S. Pavilion
gollark: I can purge it.
gollark: Ah, there was a tuple incursion.
gollark: I had to manually do a thing to the stuff and it may have caused implosions.
gollark: Um. How do I work this.
gollark: ... oh, I broke the event bus.

See also

References
  1. Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville World's Fair of 1982," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002.
  2. Associated Press, 1982 "World's Fair Shows $57 Profit", via The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 3, 1985, Page F11
  3. Katie Allison Granju, The "Scruffy Little City" pulls off a real World's Fair, WBIR-TV, September 1, 2006; updated May 24, 2007
  4. McElroy, Jack (October 7, 2018). "Does Knoxville still want to be called 'scruffy,' or is that bad for the brand?". Knox News Sentinel. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  5. East Tennessee Historical Society, 20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair Archived February 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. 2002. Retrieved: April 30, 2010.
  6. WTVK TV 26 Opening Ceremonies (May 1, 1982); WBIR-TV (May 1, 2002)
  7. "1982 Knoxville". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  8. "1893 Chicago". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  9. "1904 Saint Louis". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  10. "1915 San Francisco". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  11. "1933 Chicago". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  12. "1962 Seattle". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  13. "1968 San Antonio". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  14. "1974 Spokane". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  15. "1984 New Orleans". www.bie-paris.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  16. "The Fair Participants". Harlan Daily Enterprise. April 23, 1982. pp. 6B. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  17. 1982 World's Fair Research Site, by Bruce Schulman
  18. Fred Brown, Rubik's Cube: Coming 'round again; World's Fair icon's future not yet squared away, Knoxville News Sentinel, July 2, 2007
  19. Knoxville, Tennessee – World's Largest Rubik's Cube, RoadsideAmerica website, accessed August 9, 2009
  20. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19811128&id=2MYyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H2gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1889,6732041&hl=en
  21. TIME Mar. 04, 1985
  22. Burk, Tonja (March 30, 2012). "Remembering the 1982 World's Fair". wbir.com. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  23. Petro's Official Site "About Us" page
  24. UPI, Tennessee Sues World's Fair For 3,500 Tourists' Refunds, The New York Times, December 12, 1982
  25. OLYMPIC-SIZE TASK: Committee faces challenge in managing hotel bookings, The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, October 15, 1991, page C1
  26. NewspaperARCHIVE.com – Search Old Newspapers Online
  27. Knoxville News Sentinel, Carnival and collapse: 1980s brought World's Fair and Butcher bank failure, Knoxville News Sentinel, September 30, 2012
  28. "Report on Demolition of US Pavilion", News 8, April 1991.
  29. Groening, Matt (1997). Richmond, Ray; Coffman, Antonia (eds.). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family (1st ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-06-095252-5. LCCN 98141857. OCLC 37796735. OL 433519M.
  30. Doug Mason (September 18, 2005). "Professor sings praises of iconic World's Fair structure". The Knoxville News Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016.
  31. "World's Fair Park Amphitheater". World's Fair Park. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  32. Doug Mason (December 16, 2007). "Area architects' picks for ET's Top 15 structures may surprise you". The Knoxville News Sentinel.
  33. Video Game Arcade Token Gallery, Arcade Token Gallery , digthatbox.com, October 9, 2014
  34. Thirty years later, Knoxvillians celebrate 1982 energy expo
  35. "Relaunch: World's Fair Beer on sale again". Retrieved July 20, 2017.
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