Pan-American Exposition

The Pan-American Exposition was a World's Fair held in Buffalo, New York, United States, from May 1 through November 2, 1901. The fair occupied 350 acres (0.55 sq mi) of land on the western edge of what is now Delaware Park, extending from Delaware Avenue to Elmwood Avenue and northward to Great Arrow Avenue. It is remembered today primarily for being the location of the assassination of United States President William McKinley at the Temple of Music on September 6, 1901. The exposition was illuminated at night. Thomas A. Edison, Inc. filmed it during the day and a pan of it at night.[1][2][3]

Pan-American Exposition
Official logo by Raphael Beck
Overview
BIE-classUnrecognized exposition
NamePan-American Exposition
Area350-acre
Visitors8,000,000
Location
CountryUnited States of America
CityBuffalo, New York
Timeline
OpeningMay 1, 1901
ClosureNovember 2, 1901
expositions
PreviousTrans-Mississippi Exposition in Omaha, Nebraska
NextInter-State and West Indian Exposition in Charleston, South Carolina

History
Planning of the Exposition.

The event was organized by the Pan-American Exposition Company, formed in 1897. Cayuga Island was initially chosen as the place to hold the Exposition because of the island's proximity to Niagara Falls, which was a huge tourist attraction. When the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898, plans were put on hold. After the war, there was a heated competition between Buffalo and Niagara Falls over the location. Buffalo won for two main reasons. First, Buffalo had a much larger population—with roughly 350,000 people, it was the eighth-largest city in the United States. Second, Buffalo had better railroad connections—the city was within a day's journey by rail for over 40 million people. In July 1898, Congress pledged $500,000 for the Exposition to be held at Buffalo. The "Pan American" theme was carried throughout the event with the slogan "commercial well being and good understanding among the American Republics." The advent of the alternating current power transmission system in the US allowed designers to light the Exposition in Buffalo using power generated 25 miles (40 km) away at Niagara Falls.

Assassination of President McKinley
Main article: Assassination of William McKinley
McKinley's last speech delivered September 5, 1901.

The exposition is most remembered because United States President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, at the Temple of Music on September 6, 1901. The President died eight days later on September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds.

On the day prior to the shooting, McKinley had given an address at the exposition, which began as follows:

Expositions are the timekeepers of progress. They record the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise, and intellect of the people; and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty storehouses of information to the student.[4]

The newly developed X-ray machine was displayed at the fair, but doctors were reluctant to use it on McKinley to search for the bullet because they did not know what side effects it might have had on him. Also, the operating room at the exposition's emergency hospital did not have any electric lighting, even though the exteriors of many of the buildings were covered with thousands of light bulbs. Doctors used a pan to reflect sunlight onto the operating table as they treated McKinley's wounds.

Buildings and exhibits

Buildings and exhibits featured at the Pan-American Exposition included:[5]

Image Building Architect Status Notes
Agricultural, Manufacturers, and Liberal Arts Buildings George Shepley Demolished The Agriculture building faced the Court of Fountain.[6]
Electric Tower John Galen Howard Demolished The fair's center piece
Electricity Building Green & Wicks Demolished
Ethnology Building George Cary Demolished
U.S. Government Building James Knox Taylor Demolished The building occupied the entire eastern Esplanade of the Exposition grounds.[7]
Machinery and Transportation Building Green & Wicks Demolished
Mines, Forestry and Graphic Arts Buildings Robert Swain Peabody Demolished The buildings were the first series of buildings a visitor encountered after passing through the Triumphal Bridge.[8]
New York State Building George Cary Extant Constructed of Vermont Marble.
Service Building Esenwein & Johnson Demolished First building completed on the grounds.[9]
Stadium Babb, Cook & Willard Demolished Modeled after the Panathenaic Stadium.[10]
Temple of Music Esenwein & Johnson Demolished Center for the live performances
Woman's Building Demolished Former club house of the Country Club of Buffalo.[11]
Fair Japan Demolished Organized by Kushibiki and Arai.

Attractions
Aerial view print of Pan-American Exposition, 1901
  • The Court of Fountains, the central court to the exposition.
  • The Great Amphitheater
  • The Triumphal Bridge, which was positioned over the "Mirror Lake".
  • Joshua Slocum's sloop, the Spray, on which he had recently sailed around the world alone.
  • A Trip to the Moon, a mechanical dark ride that was later housed at Coney Island's Luna Park.
  • In the center of the rose-garden beside the Woman's Building was Enid Yandell's "Struggle of Existence," a plaster version of the fountain "Struggle of Life" installed in Rhode Island

Lina Beecher, creator of the Flip Flap Railway, attempted to demonstrate one of his looping roller coasters at the fair, but the organizers of the event considered the ride to be too dangerous and refused to allow it on the grounds.[12] Buffalo native Nina Morgana, later a soprano with the Metropolitan Opera, was a child performer in the "Venice in America" attraction at the Exposition.[13]

Demolition

When the fair ended, the contents of the grounds were sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company[14] of Chicago for US$92,000 ($2.46 million in 2019 dollars[15]).[16] Demolition of the buildings began in March 1902, and within a year, most of the buildings were demolished. The grounds were then cleared and subdivided to be used for residential streets, homes, and park land. Similar to previous world fairs, most of the buildings were constructed of timber and steel framing with precast staff panels made of a plaster/fiber mix. These buildings were built as a means of rapid construction and temporary ornamentation and not made to last.[17] Prior to its demolition, an effort was made via public committee to purchase and preserve the original Electric Tower from the wrecking company for nearly US$30,000 ($922 thousand in 2019 dollars[15]). However, the necessary funding could not be raised in time.[16]

The site of the exposition was bounded by Elmwood Avenue on the west, Delaware Avenue on the east, what is now Hoyt Lake on the south, and the railway on the north. It is now occupied by a residential neighborhood from Nottingham Terrace to Amherst Street, and businesses on the north side of Amherst Street. A stone and marker on a traffic island dividing Fordham Drive, near the Lincoln Parkway, marks the area where the Temple of Music was located.[18]

Legacy
  • The New York State Building, located in Delaware Park, was designed to outlast the Exposition and is now used as a museum by the Buffalo History Museum. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987, it can be visited at the corner of Elmwood Avenue and Nottingham Avenue. The Museum's Research Library has an online bibliography of its extensive Pan-American holdings.[19] Included in the Library collection are the records of the Pan-American Exposition Company.[20]
  • The Albright-Knox Art Gallery was intended to serve as a Fine Arts Pavilion but due to construction delays, it was not completed in time.
  • The original Electric Tower, although demolished, was the inspiration and design prototype for the 13 story, Beaux-Arts Electric Tower, built in 1912, in downtown Buffalo. The Hotel Statler was likewise demolished before Statler built a replacement in 1907, then another replacement in 1923.
  • A boulder marking the site of McKinley's assassination was placed in a grassy median on Fordham Drive in Buffalo.[21]
  • At least one engine from the miniature railway that carried visitors around the fair was preserved. It is currently privately owned and operated in Braddock Heights, Maryland.

Statistics
  • Ticket Cost: US$0.50
    ($15.00 in 2019 dollars[15]).
  • Total Event Expense: US$7 million[22]
    ($215 million in 2019 dollars[15])
  • Visitors: 8,000,000[22]
Pan-American Exhibition, panorama view, from The Latest and Best Views of the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N.Y.: Robert Allen Reid, 1901.
gollark: Presumably them being *closed* was deliberate; easier than actually fixing it.
gollark: A glitch which apparently stopped the thuwed lists from working.
gollark: You'd expect him to have, say, fixed it.
gollark: How long ago was this "glitch"?
gollark: Yes, using cheaty abilities which people are denied by by the silly, lacking API.

See also

References
  1. https://www.loc.gov/item/00694344/
  2. https://www.loc.gov/item/00694346/
  3. https://www.loc.gov/item/00694340/
  4. "The Last Speech of William McKinley". American Experience – America 1900 – Primary Sources. PBS; WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
  5. Arnold, Charles (1901). Official Views of Pan-American Exposition. Arnold. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
  6. "Agriculture Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  7. "U.S. Government Buildings Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  8. "Mins Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  9. "Service Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  10. Heverin, Aaron (December 14, 1998). "The Architecture". buffalohistoryworks. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  11. "Women's Building Design". panam1901.org. Pan-American Exposition Buffalo 1901. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  12. "Lina Beecher Obituary". Batavia Daily News. October 6, 1915.
  13. "Nina Morgana ('Little Patti', 'Baby Patti')" Pan-American Women exhibit, University at Buffalo Libraries.
  14. "Exposition Buildings Sold". San Francisco Call. 24 November 1901. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  15. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  16. "News from 1902 (March)". PanAm1901.org. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  17. Buffalo's Pan-American Exposition Arcadia Publishing. (1998), page 23. Retrieved 2011-8-5.
  18. "Quiet Street Enjoys a Place in History", by Anthony Cardinale, Buffalo News, March 12, 1989 pB-11
  19. Buffalo History Museum. "Pan-American Exposition: A WorldCat List". Worldcat.org. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  20. Buffalo History Museum. "Finding Aid for the Pan-American Exposition Company Records, 1899-1908". Mss. C65-7: University at Buffalo. Retrieved 4 December 2015.CS1 maint: location (link)
  21. 42°56′19″N 78°52′25″W, Google Maps Street View of the memorial marker on Fordham Drive.
  22. Peterson, Harold (2003). "Buffalo Builds the 1901 Pan-American Exposition". Buffalo as History. Retrieved 2011-08-05.

Further reading

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