Dot (diacritic)

When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the Interpunct ( · ), or to the glyphs 'combining dot above' ( ◌̇ ) and 'combining dot below' ( ◌̣ ) which may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese.

·
Dot
Diacritics in Latin & Greek
accent
acute´
double acute˝
grave`
double grave ̏
circumflexˆ
caron, háčekˇ
breve˘
inverted breve  ̑  
cedilla¸
diaeresis, umlaut¨
dot·
palatal hook  ̡
retroflex hook  ̢
hook above, dấu hỏi ̉
horn ̛
iota subscript ͅ 
macronˉ
ogonek, nosinė˛
perispomene ͂ 
overring˚
underring˳
rough breathing῾
smooth breathing᾿
Marks sometimes used as diacritics
apostrophe’
bar◌̸
colon:
comma,
full stop/period.
hyphen˗
prime′
tilde~
Diacritical marks in other scripts
Arabic diacritics
Early Cyrillic diacritics
kamora ҄
pokrytie ҇
titlo ҃
Gurmukhī diacritics
Hebrew diacritics
Indic diacritics
anusvaraं ং ം
chandrabinduँ ఁ
nukta़
virama् ് ్ ් ್
visargaः ঃ
IPA diacritics
Japanese diacritics
dakuten ﾞ
handakuten ﾟ
Khmer diacritics
Syriac diacritics
Thai diacritics
Related
Dotted circle◌
Punctuation marks
Logic symbols
ȦȧǠǡ
ẠạẬậ
Ặặ
ḂḃḄḅ
ĊċC̣c̣
Ç̇ç̇Ć̣ć̣
Č̣č̣Ꜿꜿ
ḊḋḌḍ
ĖėĖ́ė́
Ė̃ė̃Ẹẹ
Ệệ
ḞḟF̣f̣
ĠġG̣g̣
ḢḣḤḥ
İ
i̇̀i̇́i̇̃į̇́į̇̃
Ịịj̇̃
J̣j̣
K̇k̇Ḳḳ
L̇l̇Ḷḷ
ḸḹĿŀ
ṀṁṂṃ
ṄṅṆṇ
ȮȯO͘o͘
ỌọỘộ
ȰȱỢợ
ṖṗP̣p̣
Q̇q̇Q̣q̣
Q̣̇q̣̇Q̣̈q̣̈
ṘṙṚṛ
ṜṝṠṡ
ẛṠ̃ṡ̃
ṢṣṤṥ
ṦṧṨṩ
ṪṫṬṭ
U̇u̇U̇̄u̇̄
ỤụỰự
V̇v̇Ṿṿ
ẆẇẈẉ
ẊẋX̣x̣
ẎẏỴỵ
ŻżẒẓ

Overdot
See also: Anusvara

Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark:

  • In some forms of Arabic romanization, ġ stands for ghayin (غ); ḳ stands for qāf (ق).
  • The Latin orthography for Chechen includes ċ, ҫ̇, ġ, q̇, and ẋ.
  • In Emilian-Romagnol, ṅ ṡ ż are used to represent [ŋ, z, ð].
  • Traditional Irish typography, where the dot denotes lenition, and is called a ponc séimhithe or buailte "dot of lenition": ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter h, thus: bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th. In Old Irish orthography, the dot was used only for ḟ ṡ, while the following h was used for ch ph th; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following h when writing in antiqua. Thus ċ and ch represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish.
  • Lithuanian: ė is pronounced as [eː], as opposed to ę, which is pronounced a lower [ɛː] (formerly nasalised), or e, pronounced [ɛ, ɛː].
  • Livonian uses ȯ as one of its eight vowels.
  • Maltese: ċ is used for a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate, ġ for a voiced palato-alveolar affricate, and ż for a voiced alveolar sibilant.
  • Middle English: ẏ was sometimes used to distinguish etymological y from the glyph's use as a replacement for þ, which did not exist in early press typographies.
  • Old English: In modernized orthography, ċ is used for a voiceless palato-alveolar affricate /t͡ʃ/, ġ for a palatal approximant /j/ (probably a voiced palatal fricative /ʝ/ in the earliest texts), and (more rarely) sċ for a voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/.
  • Polish: ż is used for a voiced retroflex sibilant /ʐ/.
  • The Sioux languages such as Lakota and Dakota sometimes use the dot above to indicate ejective stops.
  • In the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics orthography for the Cree, Ojibwe, and Inuktitut languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii ), placing a macron over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a circumflex over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô).
  • In Turkish, the dot above lowercase i and j (and uppercase İ) is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a tittle. I without an overdot is a separate letter.
  • In the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of r.
  • The Ulithian alphabet includes ȧ, ė, and ȯ.[1]
  • The ISO 9 (1968) Romanization of Cyrillic uses ė, ḟ, and ẏ.
  • In the ISO 259 Romanization of Hebrew, the overdot is used to transcribe the dagesh: ⟨ḃ ḋ ġ ḣ ṁ ṅ ṙ ṡ ṥ ṧ ṩ ṫ⟩; ⟨ẇ⟩ transcribes the shuruk.
  • In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization transcribing languages of India, ṅ is used to represent /ŋ/.
  • UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ṙ.[1]
  • In the Venda language, ṅ is used to represent /ŋ/.
  • Some countries use the overdot as a decimal mark.

The overdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called anusvara.

In mathematics and physics, when using Newton's notation the dot denotes the time derivative as in . In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation, as in , which is equal to the fraction ​1⁄3, and or , which is equal to ​1⁄7.

Underdot
See also: Nukta
  • In Inari Sami, an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ, and ṿ. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only.
  • In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization, transcribing languages of India, a dot below a letter distinguishes the retroflex consonants ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ, while m with underdot (ṃ) signifies an anusvara. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the ring (diacritic) below the vocalic r and l.
  • In romanizations of some Afroasiatic languages, particularly Semitic Languages and Berber Languages, an underdot indicates an emphatic consonant. The romanization of Arabic uses ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩.
  • In the DIN 31636 and ALA-LC Romanization of Hebrew, ṿ represents vav (ו), while v without the underdot represents beth (ב). ḳ represents qoph (ק)
  • The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants ⟨ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ⟩ represent the emphaticized sounds /d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/.
  • In Asturian, ḷḷ (underdotted double ll) represents the voiced retroflex plosive or the voiceless retroflex affricate, depending on dialect, and ḥ (underdotted h) the voiceless glottal fricative.
  • In Romagnol, ẹ ọ are used to represent [e, o], e.g. Riminese dialect fradẹll, ọcc [fraˈdell, ˈotʃː] "brothers, eyes".
  • In academic notation of Old Latin, ẹ̄ (e with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably /eː/, that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ei. This vowel usually became ī in Classical Latin.
  • In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin, used in describing the development of the Romance languages, ẹ and ọ represent the close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/, in contrast with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, which are represented as e and o with ogonek (ę ǫ).
  • In O'odham language, Ḍ (d with underdot) represents a voiced retroflex stop.
  • Vietnamese: The nặng tone (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ.
  • In Igbo, an underdot can be used on i, o, and u to make ị, ọ, and ụ. The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height.
  • In Yoruba, an underdot can be used on e and o to make ẹ and ọ, symbolizing a reduction in the vowel height, as well as on s to make ṣ, symbolizing a postalveolar articulation.
  • In Americanist phonetic notation, x with underdot x̣ represents a voiceless uvular fricative.
  • Underdots are used in the Rheinische Dokumenta phonetic writing system to denote a voiced s and special pronunciations of r and a.
  • In the Fiero-Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe and Odaawaa, in g̣, ḥ, and ḳ, underdot is used to indicate labialization when either ⟨o⟩ or ⟨w⟩ following them was lost in syncope.
  • In Kalabari, ḅ and ḍ are used.
  • In Marshallese, underdots on consonants represent velarization, such as the velarized bilabial nasal ṃ.
  • In Old Irish typography the letters ḃ, ḋ and ṫ are some times written as ḅ, ḍ and ṭ.
  • UNGEGN romanization of Urdu includes ḍ, g̣, ḳ, ṭ, ẉ, and ỵ.[1]
  • In Mizo, ṭ represents /t͡r/.
  • The underdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called nukta.

Raised dot
See also: Interpunct
  • Number digits in Enclosed Alphanumerics like 🄀 ⒈ ⒉ ⒊ ⒋ ⒌ ⒍ ⒎ ⒏ ⒐
  • In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in Naskapi Language representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, diaeresis when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter ⟨ᓴ⟩. Additionally, in Northwestern Ojibwe, a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either ⟨ᣜ⟩ or ⟨ᣝ⟩; there also is a raised dot Final ⟨ᣟ⟩, which represents /w/ in some Swampy Cree and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.

Encoding

In Unicode, the dot is encoded at:

  • U+0307 ◌̇ COMBINING DOT ABOVE (HTML ̇)

and at:

  • U+0323 ◌̣ COMBINING DOT BELOW (HTML ̣)
  • U+0358 ◌͘ COMBINING DOT ABOVE RIGHT (HTML ͘)
  • U+1DF8 ◌᷸ COMBINING DOT ABOVE LEFT (HTML ᷸)

There is also:

  • U+02D9 ˙ DOT ABOVE (HTML ˙ · ˙, ˙)
  • U+18DF ᣟ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL RAISED DOT

Pre-composed characters:

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See also

References
  1. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). "Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names" (PDF). New York: United Nations. p. 169. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5.
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