University of Westminster

The University of Westminster is a public research university based in London, United Kingdom. Founded in 1838 as the Royal Polytechnic Institution, it was the first polytechnic to open in London.[3] The Polytechnic formally received a Royal charter in August 1839, and became the University of Westminster in 1992.[4]

University of Westminster
MottoLatin: Dominus fortitudo nostra
Motto in English
The Lord is our Strength
TypePublic
Established1838: Royal Polytechnic Institution
1891: Polytechnic-Regent Street
1970: Polytechnic of Central London
1992: University of Westminster
Endowment£5.1 million (2017–18)[1]
Budget£205.1 million (2017–18)[1]
ChancellorLady Frances Sorrell
Vice-ChancellorDr Peter Bonfield OBE
Students18,885 (2018/19)[2]
Undergraduates14,775 (2018/19)[2]
Postgraduates4,105 (2018/19)[2]
Location
London
,
United Kingdom
ColoursRoyal blue, Fuchsia
Affiliations
Websitewww.westminster.ac.uk

Westminster has its main campus in Regent Street in central London, with additional campuses in Fitzrovia, Marylebone and Harrow. It also operates the Westminster International University in Tashkent in Uzbekistan.[5] The university is organised into three colleges and twelve schools, within which there are around 65 departments and centres, including the Communication and Media Research Institute (CAMRI) and the Centre for the Study of Democracy. It also has its Policy Studies Institute, Business School and Law School. Westminster had an income of £205.1 million for 2017–2018, of which £22 million was from funding grants, research grants and contracts.[6] The university is a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Association of MBAs, EFMD, EQUIS, and the European University Association.

Westminster's alumni include a Nobel laureate in Medicine, the inventor of cordite, heads of state, politicians and mayors, Olympians, scientists, BAFTA and Oscar winning filmmakers,[7] Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees, Grammy Award winning musicians, journalists, and poets.

History

1837–1881: Royal Polytechnic Institution
The interior of the Polytechnic in 1847, as drawn by G.F. Sargeant.

The Royal Polytechnic Institution was built by William Mountford Nurse in 1837[8] and opened at 309 Regent Street on 6 August 1838 to provide (in the words of its prospectus of 1837) “an institution where the Public, at little expense, may acquire practical knowledge of the various arts and branches of science connected with manufacturers, mining operations and rural economy.”[9]

Sir George Cayley (1773–1857), the "father of aeronautical engineering",[10] was the first chairman and the Polytechnic formally received a Royal charter in August 1839.[4] The Polytechnic housed a large exhibition hall, lecture theatre and laboratories, and public attractions included working machines and models, scientific lectures and demonstrations, rides in a diving bell and, from 1839, demonstrations of photography. Prince Albert visited the institution in 1840, when he descended in the diving bell, and became a patron in 1841. The first public photographic portrait studio in Europe opened on the roof of the Polytechnic in March 1841.[11]

In 1847, John Henry Pepper joined the Polytechnic and oversaw the introduction of evening lectures in engineering, applied science and technical subjects for young working Londoners. Pepper wrote several important science education books, one of which is regarded as a significant step towards the understanding of continental drift.

The entrance to the university's headquarters at 309 Regent Street

In 1848, a theatre was added to the building, purpose-built to accommodate the growing audiences for the Polytechnic's optical shows. These combined magic lantern images with live performances, music, ghosts and spectres, spreading the fame of what was arguably the world's first permanent projection theatre.[12]

In 1862, inventor Henry Dircks developed the Dircksian Phantasmagoria, where it was seen by Pepper in a booth set up by Dircks at the Polytechnic.[4] Pepper first showed the effect during a scene of Charles Dickens's novella The Haunted Man (1848) at the Regent Street theatre to great success. However, Pepper's implementation of the effect tied his name to it permanently. Though he tried many times to give credit to Dircks, the title "Pepper's ghost" has endured.

Expansion gradually gave way to financial difficulty, reflecting a long-standing tension between education and the need to run a successful business. A fatal accident on the premises in 1859 caused the first institution to be wound up and a new one formed. Various regeneration schemes were considered, but in 1879 a fire damaged the roof, precipitating the final crisis.[4]

1881–1970: Polytechnic Regent Street
A memorial to Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone stands on Portland Place, opposite BBC Broadcasting House

In September 1881, the Royal Polytechnic Institution closed, marking a transition to new ownership and a new era of educational development. Christian philanthropist Quintin Hogg (1845–1903) acquired the lease to the building in December 1881 for £15,000,[13] and the premises re-opened on 25 September 1882. About 6,000 members and students – three times the anticipated number – attended during the first 1882/3 session. The institute gradually adopted the name the Polytechnic Young Men's Christian Institute, or simply, the Polytechnic, for short.

From 1882 an expanded programme of classes began, including science, engineering and art classes held in conjunction with the Science and Art Department (of the Board of Trade), and a scheme of technical and trade education, related to the City and Guilds of London Institute of Technical Instruction and to the London Trades Council. The building housed classrooms, a swimming bath, gymnasium, and a refreshment room. Activities included daily chapels, Parliamentary debating, a Reading Circle, music and drama societies and several sports clubs.

In the early 1880s the Institute attracted much favourable attention from the technical education lobby. Following the City of London Parochial Charities Act in 1883, it became clear that funds would be available to endow the Polytechnic and to found and support institutions on the same model across London. A public appeal was launched in 1888 to raise the required matching funding. The Scheme was finalised under the auspices of the Charity Commissioners in 1891, when the Institute was reconstituted as The Polytechnic-Regent Street (often referred to as the Regent Street Polytechnic), managed by a newly created governing body.[14]

On 21 February 1896, the first performance of a moving film (Cinématographe) to a paying UK audience was delivered by the Lumière brothers at the Regent Street Cinema. For this reason the cinema has been described as "the birthplace of British cinema".[15]

The building at 309 Regent Street was rebuilt in 1910–1912 to reflect the needs of a growing institution whose student members exceeded 15,000. Pioneering work in emerging professional and commercial disciplines, alongside general interest subjects, was the hallmark of the institution. When Hogg died in 1903, he was succeeded as President by Sir Kynaston Studd (1858–1944), who remained in office until his death in 1944, and did much to continue the traditions of the founder. Two major appeals were launched to support expansion, the first for the rebuilding of 309 Regent Street in 1910–1912, and the second to build the Polytechnic Extension building for the Women's Institute in Little Titchfield Street, which was formally opened in 1929. Both buildings continued to provide sporting and social facilities for members of the Institute as well as workshops and classrooms for students of the Education Department.

King George V, Queen Mary, and their son Edward, Prince of Wales visited the Polytechnic after it was rebuilt in 1912.

The Education Department provided a wide range of courses, with a rapid expansion of commercial subjects alongside the original trade and technical classes. Courses ranged from post-elementary school entry for craft and technical training at 13 to degrees accredited by the University of London external degrees programme. Most teaching was in the evening and part-time, though day classes increased throughout the period. Following World War Two there was a rapid growth in the demand for further education and training, which was reorganised following the White Paper on Technical Education in 1956.

The variety of levels of work at Regent Street meant that it was designated a regional college rather than a college of advanced technology, after which the governors decided to reduce the proportion of lower level work. Following the establishment of the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) in 1964, a number of degree courses were approved and became operational; including Engineering (Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Civil, Building, Production, and Manufacturing), Architecture, Photography (1966), Arts Administration (1967), Life Sciences (1973) and Media Studies (1975).

1970–1992: Polytechnic of Central London
The Regent Street campus is a Grade II listed building due to its historic and architectural interest.[16]

In 1960 the London County Council announced a plan to turn Regent Street into a tri-partite federal college by adding a new College of Architecture and Advanced Building Technology (CAABT) and also a College of Engineering and Science (CES). The existing commercial subjects would remain centred on no 309 Regent Street.

CAABT was allocated the Luxborough Lodge site in Marylebone Road and CES a site in New Cavendish Street. Both schemes suffered prolonged delays and the new buildings were not finished until 1970. Holborn College of Law, Languages and Commerce was merged with Regent Street Polytechnic to form the Polytechnic of Central London (PCL).

At a ceremony on 21 May 1971, the Lord Chancellor Lord Hailsham, grandson and namesake of Hogg, opened the new buildings and designated the new institution. In 1990, Harrow College of Higher Education became part of the PCL.

1992–present: University of Westminster

The PCL was re-designated as the University of Westminster following the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, which created a single funding council, the Higher Education Funding Council, for England and abolished the remaining distinctions between polytechnics (degrees award nationally) and universities (degrees awarded by individual university). The newly established university was re-dedicated at Westminster Abbey on 1 December 1992. As a university, Westminster gained the power to grant its own degrees.

Dame Mary Hogg (great-granddaughter of Quintin Hogg, founder of the Regent Street Polytechnic) was awarded an honorary doctorate of law (LLD) by the University of Westminster in 1995.[17] Hogg also became part of the court of governors at the university, thus continuing the university's close association with the Hogg family.[18]

Westminster's efforts in overseas expansion resulted in the university being awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in 2000, and again in 2005.[19]

In recent years, the university has established the Africa, Arab and China Media Centres; the Centre for the Study of Democracy, the institute for Modern and Contemporary Culture, and absorbed the 90-year-old Policy Studies Institute. In 2002 Westminster established the Westminster International University in Tashkent at the invitation of the government of Uzbekistan.[20]

In 2013, the university celebrated 175 years of research, teaching, and providing education for all, regardless of background or financial status. Special events were organised both at campuses in the UK, and with their teams around the world.[21] Celebrations included an interfaith service at Westminster Abbey on 30 January 2013.

Campuses

Westminster has four main campuses, three of which are in central London.[22]

The Regent Campus comprises a group of buildings clustered around its historic headquarters at 309 Regent Street. The Regent Street Cinema lies within the 309 Regent Street building, and serves as a fully functioning cinema, open to the public. Located nearby is the Little Titchfield Street building, which houses the library for the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, including the Westminster Law School, and the Wells Street building.

Westminster's Marylebone Campus is home to Westminster Business School.

The Marylebone Campus is located on Marylebone Road directly opposite Madame Tussaud's and Baker Street underground station. Built in the 1960s it is home to the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Westminster Business School and the Policy Studies Institute. The P3 exhibition area, a 14,000 sq ft (1,300 m2) space located in the former concrete construction hall of the School of Engineering, was opened in 2008.[23]

The Cavendish Campus is a modern glass and steel building in New Cavendish Street (Fitzrovia), close to the BT Tower. It houses science, engineering and computer laboratories. The campus is close to Warren Street, Great Portland Street and Goodge Street underground stations.

The Harrow Campus is the base for Media, Arts and Design courses. It is also home to London Gallery West which exhibits a broad mix of contemporary media, art and design work. The nearest Tube station to the Harrow campus is Northwick Park on the Metropolitan line.

Campus Site(s)
Regent 309 Regent Street
Little Titchfield Street 4–12 Little Titchfield Street (Westminster Law School, Library)
16 Little Titchfield Street (Education Abroad Centre)
32/38 Wells Street
Cavendish 115 New Cavendish Street
101 New Cavendish Street (Corporate Services)
120 New Cavendish Street (Corporate Services)
Marylebone 35 Marylebone Road
Harrow Watford Road
Non-campus sites

Organisation and administration

The University of Westminster is incorporated under the Companies Act as a charity and company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital. It is also an exempt charity under the Charities Act 1993.[6]

The university's governing body is the Court of Governors. It meets five times per year and is ultimately responsible for the effective conduct of the activities of the university, including its strategic development, educational character and mission, and finances. The members of the Court of Governors are the trustees of the charity.[6]

Colleges and Schools

The University of Westminster is organised into three colleges and twelve schools, within which there are around 65 departments and research centres:

  • College of Design, Creative and Digital Industries, incorporating the School of Architecture and Cities, the School of Computer Science and Engineering, the Westminster School of Arts and the Westminster School of Media and Communications.
  • College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, incorporating the School of Humanities, the School of Life Sciences, the School of Social Sciences and Westminster Law School.
  • Westminster Business School, including the School of Applied Management, the School of Finance and Accounting, the School of Management and Marketing and the School of Organisations, Economy and Society.

The University is also home to the institute for Modern and Contemporary Culture, the Centre for the Study of Democracy and the Policy Studies Institute.

Finances

Westminster had an income of £205.1 million for 2017–2018, of which more than £22 million was from funding grants, research grants and contracts.[6]

Coat of arms

The university's coat of arms reflects a number of key aspects of its heritage. The portcullis is the symbol of Westminster whilst the open book symbolises learning. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, who agreed to continue as the Patron, is represented by the Tudor rose, one of the royal emblems. The motto of the university, "The Lord is our Strength", is influenced by Quintin Hogg and his Young Men's Christian Institute. The open book on the escutcheon contains a Latin motto which reads as "Veritas", meaning "truth".

Rankings
Rankings
National rankings
Complete (2021)[24]92
Guardian (2020)[25]80
Times / Sunday Times (2020)[26]119
Global rankings
QS (2020)[27]
651–700
THE (2020)[28]601–651
British Government assessment
Teaching Excellence Framework[29]Bronze

Westminster offers Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees as well as certificates and diplomas at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. More than two thirds of Westminster's programmes are recognised by the appropriate professional bodies such as the BCS, BPS, CIOB, CABE, ICE, RICS, HPC etc. in recognition of the high standards of relevance to the professions.

The university has numerous centres of research excellence and was ranked sixth in the UK and 40th globally for Media and Communications by QS World University Rankings 2018.[30] The university was also ranked 15th for Art and Design in the UK,[31] and 18th in the UK for Architecture.[32] The Times Higher Education Young University Rankings 2019, which lists the world's best under 50 year old universities out of 351 universities, ranked Westminster 151–200 in the world.[33]

The university achieved world leading and internationally excellent status for most of their work, ranking second for Communications, Cultural and Media Studies research,[34][35] 6th for Art and Design research,[36] in addition to the university performing strongly in Architecture and the Built Environment,[37] and Geography and Environmental studies.[38] In the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise, almost 80% of Westminster's submitted research across 20 subject areas was judged to be of international quality. In 2013, Westminster was ranked joint second in the UK by the Architects’ Journal in their "AJ Top 100" special issue.[39]

Student life

A Student Representative Council (SRC) was established at the polytechnic in 1933, to create a sense of unity and expand the social activities of its day students. The SRC was affiliated to the National Union of Students but initially restricted itself largely to social activities.

After 1945 it began to campaign on issues such as lifting a ban on religious or political activity within the Polytechnic, and establishing a formal Students’ Union. The ban was lifted in 1962 and a Union granted in 1965.

Students' Union
The logo of the University of Westminster Students' Union

University of Westminster Students' Union (UWSU) was founded in 1966 as The Polytechnic Students' Union. Its first President was Owen Spencer-Thomas (1966–1967).[40] During the 1970s the newly formed Polytechnic of Central London Students’ Union (PCLSU) engaged in a strategy of protest and direct action. Against a backdrop of general social unrest, PCLSU campaigned against cuts in student grants, lack of accommodation and the rise in costs for overseas students.

After 1992, the Union was based primarily at the Marylebone site, where the SU served all students across four of its campuses. It now has offices on all campuses. The union also operates a bar, The Undercroft, and the Loft venue, located on the Harrow Campus.

The union has hosted to numerous musical events and gigs including Fleetwood Mac,[41] and most notably the first and only encounter between Cream and Eric Clapton and Jimi Hendrix.[42]

The union is run by five elected Officer Trustees who are campus based.

Student and university media

Smoke Radio is a student-run radio station at the University of Westminster. It was founded in 2004 and broadcasts online from a studio in the university's Harrow campus. Since September 2005 the station has run a 24-hour playout system and broadcast a schedule of live programmes during the week. Smoke Radio has won numerous awards at the Student Radio Association Awards (SRA), and recorded a record six wins in 2018.[43]

Smoke TV is the student television station of the University of Westminster. Launched in September 2011 it is run by students and targeted at students.[44] The station produces programmes covering campus news, film reviews and sport events and showcases student productions such as short films, TV shows, documentaries and music videos.[45]

Press

In the early 1990s, the Students' Union began expressing an interest in new print media, and The Smoke was conceived in 1992. However, in 2006, The Smoke briefly switched to a newspaper format, initially being published fortnightly during term time. The newspaper format was later scrapped for a much smaller magazine format.

The Quintin Hogg (informally known as "The QH" or "The Hogg") was launched in September 2012 as a university-wide newspaper. The paper is circulated at all four of the university's campuses.

Past student publications included the Polytechnic Magazine (1935–1971), Poly-hoo (1938–1939), The Poly Tribune (1946), Publicity Committee News (1946), the Journal of the Maths and Physics Department (1945–1946), the Student Forum (1949–1953), New Chameleon (1962), Polygon (1963), Polygen (1964), West One (1966–1969), McGarel (1968–1993), and Gen (1970).

The university also publishes an annual alumni magazine, Network, as well as several academic student journals such as the Law Review[46] and Wells Street Journal.[47][48]

Athletics
See also: Polytechnic F.C.

Sport has played an important role at the institution since the late nineteenth century. In 1883, the athletic club, the Harriers, was established and was for many years the largest athletics club in the country.[49]

In 1908, the polytechnic organised the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1908 London Olympic Games, also hosting a venue at The Polytechnic Stadium in Chiswick.[50] From 1898, the polytechnic awarded the Studd Trophy, an annual trophy for the best sports performance. Over the years, the award was given to sportsmen from various disciplines, such as swimming, boxing and cycling, but the majority of awards have been given to track and field athletes.

Noted award holders include:

The university has grounds in Chiswick on the Thames with boat house, tennis courts, athletics track and about 12 pitches. There are sports pitches and a sports hall at the Harrow campus whilst the Regent Campus has a gym, badminton courts and offers sports, martial arts and yoga classes.

Notable people

Notable alumni

Notable Westminster alumni (and others who attended) include:

Main article: List of University of Westminster alumni

Notable faculty and staff

Notable former Westminster faculty and staff include Sir George Cayley (the father of aeronautical engineering), Charles Algernon Parsons (engineer and inventor of the steam turbine), Tom Ang (photographer and BBC presenter), Cherie Blair (senior barrister, wife of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair), Harpal Brar (founder and former chairman of the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)), Richard Burton (visiting lecturer and managing editor of the Jewish Chronicle), Nicholas Garnham (emeritus professor in the field of media studies), Andrew Groves (fashion designer), Mayer Hillman (senior fellow emeritus at the Policy Studies Institute), Peter H Millard (president of the UK Nosokinetics Group), Chantal Mouffe (political theorist), Ezra Pound (prominent modernist figure in poetry), Joshua Oppenheimer (Oscar nominated filmmaker), John Henry Pepper (scientist and inventor), Jean Seaton (professor of media history and official historian of the BBC), Alfred Waterhouse (architect and designer of the Natural History Museum) and Brian Winston (Emmy award-winning documentary script writer).

gollark: Sigh. Why must the terrible format that is GIFs continue to be propagated?
gollark: It's a hyperbolic tiling of some sort.
gollark: No.
gollark: I built a primitive self-replicator in Factorio using the Recursive Blueprints mod. It works brilliantly at making my game very laggy.
gollark: Inhuman is a pretty stupid term most of the time anyway.

See also

References
  1. "Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2018" (PDF). University of Westminster. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  2. "Where do HE students study?". Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  3. "University of Westminster: Facts and figures". University of Westminster. 1 September 2019.
  4. Weedon, Brenda (2008). The Education of the Eye – History of the Royal Polytechnic Institution 1838–1881. Cambridge: Granta Editions.
  5. "Westminster International University in Tashkent". University of Westminster. 29 August 2019.
  6. "Report and Financial Statements of the year ended 31 July 2017" (PDF). University of Westminster. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  7. Cooper, Goolistan (29 February 2016). "Double Oscars success for University of Westminster graduates". getwestlondon. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  8. "Royal Polytechnic Institution". London Remembers. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  9. "Prospectus of an institution for the advancement of the arts and practical science, 5 Cavendish Square and Regent Street, London, 14 December 1837, UWA/RPI/2/8".
  10. Ackroyd, J. A. D. (2002). "Sir George Cayley, the Father of Aeronautics. Part 1. The Invention of the Aeroplane". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 56 (2): 167–181. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2002.0176. JSTOR 3557665.
  11. Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). A Concise history of photography. Courier Dover Publications. p. 33.
  12. Brooker, Jeremy (2013). The Temple of Minerva: Magic and the Magic Lantern at the Royal Polytechnic Institution London, 1887–1901. The Magic Lantern Society.
  13. Hogg, Ethel Mary (1904). Quintin Hogg: a biography. London: Constable.
  14. Educating Mind, Body and Spirit: The legacy of Quintin Hogg and The Polytechnic, 1864–1992. Cambridge: Granta Editions. pp. 45–77.
  15. Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (6 May 2015). "Remaking a classic: Regent Street Cinema to reopen doors after 35 years". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  16. Historic England. "University of Westminster (formerly Regent Street Polytechnic), Non Civil Parish (1265181)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  17. Williams, Lynne (19 January 1996). "Honorary degrees". Times Higher Education. TSL Education. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  18. "Court of Governors". Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  19. "Our heritage". Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  20. "Westminster to open Uzbekistan branch". Times Higher Education. 25 January 2002. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  21. "Publications". Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
  22. "Explore our campuses". University of Westminster.
  23. "Sarah Brown to inaugurate Ambika P3 gallery at Westminster". The Economic Times. 15 June 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  24. "University League Table 2021". The Complete University Guide. 1 June 2020.
  25. "University league tables 2020". The Guardian. 7 June 2019.
  26. "The Times and Sunday Times University Good University Guide 2020". Times Newspapers.
  27. "QS World University Rankings 2020". Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd.
  28. "World University Rankings 2020". Times Higher Education.
  29. "Teaching Excellence Framework outcomes". Higher Education Funding Council for England.
  30. "QS World Rankings For Communication & Media Studies". The Guardian. 28 February 2018.
  31. "QS World Rankings For Art and Design". QS. 1 September 2019.
  32. "QS World Rankings For Architecture". QS. 1 September 2019.
  33. "Young University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 20 June 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  34. "RAE 2008: communication, culture and media studies results". The Guardian. London. 18 December 2008.
  35. THE 2008 RAE subject ratings (PDF), THE
  36. "RAE 2008: art and design results". The Guardian. London. 18 December 2008.
  37. "RAE 2008: architecture results". The Guardian. London. 18 December 2008.
  38. "RAE 2008: geography and environmental studies results". The Guardian. London. 18 December 2008.
  39. "Architecture ranked second in the UK". University of Westminster. 23 May 2013.
  40. Poly Identikit No 1. West One, 13 October 1966, p. 5.
  41. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 19 September 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. Vulliamy, Ed (8 August 2010). "Jimi Hendrix: 'You never told me he was that good'". The Guardian. London.
  43. "Smoke Radio success at the Student Radio Awards 2018". 9 November 2018.
  44. "University of Westminster Students' Union website". 19 February 2012.
  45. "Smoke TV website". 19 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  46. "About". Westminster Law Review. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  47. "LAUNCH OF THE WELLS STREET JOURNAL". University of Westminster. Archived from the original on 2 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  48. "About". Well Street Journal. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
  49. Cox, Richard; Vamplew, Wray; Jarvie, Grant (2000). Encyclopedia of British sport. ABC-CLIO. pp. 232–238. ISBN 978-1-85109-344-1.
  50. Johnson, Steve (2009). For God, England & Ethel. Trafford Publishing. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-4251-8973-0.
  51. "Alexander Fleming Biography". NNDB. 22 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.

Further reading
  • The Education of the Eye: History of the Royal Polytechnic Institution 1838–1881 Granta Editions (November 2008) ISBN 1-85757-097-9.
  • An Education in Sport : Competition, Communities and Identities at the University of Westminster since 1864 Granta Editions (March 2012) ISBN 1-85757-108-8
  • Educating Mind, Body and Spirit: The legacy of Quintin Hogg and the Polytechnic, 1864–1992 Granta Editions (April 2013) ISBN 1-85757-117-7
  • 160 Years of Innovation: the Polytechnic Institution to the University of Westminster 1838–1998 (1998).
  • The Quintin School 1886–1956: a brief history by L C B Seaman (1957).
  • Quintin Hogg, a Biography by Ethel Mary Wood (June 2012)

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