Times Higher Education World University Rankings

Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education (THE) magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system from 2010–2013. The magazine signed a new deal with Elsevier in 2014 who now provide them with the data used to compile the rankings.[1]

Times Higher Education World University Rankings
EditorPhil Baty
CategoriesHigher education
FrequencyAnnual
PublisherTimes Higher Education
First issue2010
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish
Websitewww.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/

The publication now comprises the world's overall, subject, and reputation rankings, alongside three regional league tables, Asia, Latin America, and BRICS & Emerging Economies which are generated by different weightings.

THE Rankings is often considered as one of the most widely observed university rankings together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and QS World University Rankings.[2][3][4][5][6] It is praised for having a new, improved ranking methodology since 2010; however, undermining of non-science and non-English instructing institutions and relying on subjective reputation survey are among the criticism and concerns.[3][7][8]

History

The creation of the original Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings was credited in Ben Wildavsky's book, The Great Brain Race: How Global Universities are Reshaping the World,[9] to then-editor of Times Higher Education, John O'Leary. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data.

After the 2009 rankings, Times Higher Education took the decision to break from QS and signed an agreement with Thomson Reuters to provide the data for its annual World University Rankings from 2010 onwards. The publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education. The first ranking was published in September 2010.[10]

Commenting on Times Higher Education's decision to split from QS, former editor Ann Mroz said: "universities deserve a rigorous, robust and transparent set of rankings – a serious tool for the sector, not just an annual curiosity." She went on to explain the reason behind the decision to continue to produce rankings without QS' involvement, saying that: "The responsibility weighs heavy on our shoulders...we feel we have a duty to improve how we compile them."[11]

Phil Baty, editor of the new Times Higher Education World University Rankings, admitted in Inside Higher Ed: "The rankings of the world's top universities that my magazine has been publishing for the past six years, and which have attracted enormous global attention, are not good enough. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores and which Times Higher Education until recently defended, had serious weaknesses. And it's clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities."[12]

He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as "embarrassing" in The Australian: "The sample was simply too small, and the weighting too high, to be taken seriously."[13] THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, a month earlier than previous years.[14]

The Times Higher Education World University Rankings, along with the QS World University Rankings and the Academic Ranking of World Universities are described to be the three most influential international university rankings.[4][15] The Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be "arguably the most influential."[16]

In 2014 Times Higher Education announced a series of important changes to its flagship THE World University Rankings and its suite of global university performance analyses, following a strategic review by THE parent company TES Global.[17]

Methodology

Criteria and weighing

The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories: Teaching (30 percent of final score), research (30 percent), citations (research impact) (worth 32.5 percent), international mix (5 percent), industry income (2.5 percent). The number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators.[18]

A draft of the inaugural methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The draft stated that 13 indicators would first be used and that this could rise to 16 in future rankings, and laid out the categories of indicators as "research indicators" (55 percent), "institutional indicators" (25 percent), "economic activity/innovation" (10 percent), and "international diversity" (10 percent).[19] The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, released on 16 September 2010.[18] The final methodology also included the weighting signed to each of the 13 indicators, shown below:[18]

Overall indicatorIndividual indicatorPercentage weighting
Industry Income – innovation
  • Research income from industry (per academic staff)
  • 2.5%
International diversity
  • Ratio of international to domestic staff
  • Ratio of international to domestic students
  • 3%
  • 2%
Teaching – the learning environment
  • Reputational survey (teaching)
  • PhDs awards per academic
  • Undergrad. admitted per academic
  • Income per academic
  • PhDs/undergraduate degrees awarded
  • 15%
  • 6%
  • 4.5%
  • 2.25%
  • 2.25%
Research – volume, income and reputation
  • Reputational survey (research)
  • Research income (scaled)
  • Papers per research and academic staff
  • Public research income/ total research income
  • 19.5%
  • 5.25%
  • 4.5%
  • 0.75%
Citations – research influence
  • Citation impact (normalised average citation per paper)
  • 32.5%

The Times Higher Education billed the methodology as "robust, transparent and sophisticated," stating that the final methodology was selected after considering 10 months of "detailed consultation with leading experts in global higher education," 250 pages of feedback from "50 senior figures across every continent" and 300 postings on its website.[18] The overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data.[18]

The reputational component of the rankings (34.5 percent of the overall score – 15 percent for teaching and 19.5 percent for research) came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars "statistically representative of global higher education's geographical and subject mix."[18] The magazine's category for "industry income – innovation" came from a sole indicator, institution's research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff." The magazine stated that it used this data as "proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer" and planned to add more indicators for the category in future years.[18]

Data for citation impact (measured as a normalized average citation per paper), comprising 32.5 percent of the overall score, came from 12,000 academic journals indexed by Thomson Reuters' large Web of Science database over the five years from 2004 to 2008. The Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database.[18] The normalization of the data differed from the previous rankings system and is intended to "reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas," so that institutions with high levels of research activity in the life sciences and other areas with high citation counts will not have an unfair advantage over institutions with high levels of research activity in the social sciences, which tend to use fewer citations on average.[18]

The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011.[20] At the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five broad categories and will keep its "fundamental foundations," but with some changes. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, and industry income will remain at 2.5 percent. However, a new "international outlook – staff, students and research" will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. This category will include the proportion of international staff and students at each institution (included in the 2011–2012 ranking under the category of "international diversity"), but will also add the proportion of research papers published by each institution that are co-authored with at least one international partner. One 2011–2012 indicator, the institution's public research income, will be dropped.[20]

On 13 September 2011, the Times Higher Education announced that its 2011–2012 list will only rank the top 200 institutions. Phil Baty wrote that this was in the "interests of fairness," because "the lower down the tables you go, the more the data bunch up and the less meaningful the differentials between institutions become." However, Baty wrote that the rankings would include 200 institutions that fall immediately outside the official top 200 according to its data and methodology, but this "best of the rest" list from 201 to 400 would be unranked and listed alphabetically. Baty wrote that the magazine intentionally only ranks around 1 percent of the world's universities in a recognition that "not every university should aspire to be one of the global research elite."[21] However, the 2015/16 edition of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranks 800 universities, while Phil Baty announced that the 2016/17 edition, to be released on 21 September 2016, will rank "980 universities from 79 countries".[22][23]

The methodology of the rankings was changed during the 2011-12 rankings process, with details of the changed methodology here.[24] Phil Baty, the rankings editor, has said that the THE World University Rankings are the only global university rankings to examine a university's teaching environment, as others focus purely on research.[25] Baty has also written that the THE World University Rankings are the only rankings to put arts and humanities and social sciences research on an equal footing to the sciences.[26] However, this claim is no longer true. In 2015, QS introduced faculty area normalization to their QS World University Rankings, ensuring that citations data was weighted in a way that prevented universities specializing in the Life Sciences and Engineering from receiving undue advantage.[27]

In November 2014, the magazine announced further reforms to the methodology after a review by parent company TES Global. The major change being all institutional data collection would be bought in house severing the connection with Thomson Reuters. In addition, research publication data would now be sourced from Elsevier's Scopus database.[28]

Reception

The reception to the methodology was varied.

Ross Williams of the Melbourne Institute, commenting on the 2010–2011 draft, stated that the proposed methodology would favour more focused "science-based institutions with relatively few undergraduates" at the expense of institutions with more comprehensive programmes and undergraduates, but also stated that the indicators were "academically robust" overall and that the use of scaled measures would reward productivity rather than overall influence.[7] Steve Smith, president of Universities UK, praised the new methodology as being "less heavily weighted towards subjective assessments of reputation and uses more robust citation measures," which "bolsters confidence in the evaluation method."[29] David Willetts, British Minister of State for Universities and Science praised the rankings, noting that "reputation counts for less this time, and the weight accorded to quality in teaching and learning is greater."[30] In 2014, David Willetts became chair of the TES Global Advisory Board, responsible for providing strategic advice to Times Higher Education.[31]

Criticism

Times Higher Education places a high importance on citations to generate rankings. Citations as a metric for effective education is problematic in many ways, placing universities who do not use English as their primary language at a disadvantage.[32] Because English has been adopted as the international language for most academic societies and journals, citations and publications in a language different from English are harder to come across.[33] Thus, such a methodology is criticized for being inappropriate and not comprehensive enough.[34] A second important disadvantage for universities of non-English tradition is that within the disciplines of social sciences and humanities the main tool for publications are books which are not or only rarely covered by digital citations records.[35]

Times Higher Education has also been criticized for its strong bias towards institutions that taught 'hard science' and had high quality output of research in these fields, often to the disadvantage of institutions focused on other subjects like the social sciences and humanities. For instance in the former THE-QS World University Rankings, LSE was ranked 11th in the world in 2004 and 2005, but dropped to 66th and 67th in the 2008 and 2009 edition.[36] In January 2010, THE concluded the method employed by Quacquarelli Symonds, who conducted the survey on their behalf, was flawed in such a way that bias was introduced against certain institutions, including LSE.[37]

A representative of Thomson Reuters, THE's new partner, commented on the controversy: "LSE stood at only 67th in the last Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings – some mistake surely? Yes, and quite a big one."[37] Nonetheless, after the change of data provider to Thomson Reuters the following year, LSE fell to 86th place, with the ranking described by a representative of Thomson Reuters as 'a fair reflection of their status as a world class university'.[38] LSE despite being ranked continuously near the top in its national rankings, has been placed below other British universities in the Times Higher Education World Rankings in recent years, other institutions such as Sciences Po have suffered due to the inherent methodology bias still used. Trinity College Dublin's ranking in 2015 and 2016 was lowered by a basic mistake in data it had submitted; education administrator Bahram Bekhradnia said the fact this went unnoticed evinced a "very limited checking of data" "on the part of those who carry out such rankings". Bekhradnia also opined "while Trinity College was a respected university which could be relied upon to provide honest data, unfortunately that was not the case with all universities worldwide."[39]

In general it is not clear who the rankings are made for. Many students, especially the undergraduate students, are not interested in the scientific work of a facility of higher education. Also the price of the education has no effects on the ranking. That means that private universities on the North American continent are compared to the European universities. Many European countries like France, Sweden or Germany for example have a long tradition on offering free education within facilities of higher education.[40][41]

World rankings
Times Higher Education World University Rankings—Top 50[Note 1]
Institution2010–11[42]2011–12[43]2012–13[44]2013–14[45]2014–15[46]2015–16[47]2016–17[48]2017-18[49]2018–19[50]2019–20[51]
University of Oxford6422321111
California Institute of Technology2111112352
University of Cambridge6677544223
Stanford University4234433334
Massachusetts Institute of Technology3755655545
Princeton University5566777776
Harvard University1242266667
Yale University10111111912121288
University of Chicago1391091110109109
Imperial College London988109888910
University of Pennsylvania 1 16 15 16 16 17 13 10 12 11
Johns Hopkins University 13 14 16 15 15 11 17 13 12 12
University of California, Berkeley 8 10 9 8 8 13 10 18 15 13
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich 15 15 12 14 13 9 9 10 11 13
University College London 22 17 17 21 22 14 15 16 14 15
Columbia University 18 12 14 13 14 15 16 14 16 16
University of California, Los Angeles 11 13 13 12 12 16 14 15 17 17
University of Toronto 17 19 21 20 20 19 22 22 21 18
Cornell University 14 20 18 19 19 18 19 19 19 19
Duke University 24 22 23 17 18 20 18 17 18 20
University of Michigan 15 18 20 18 17 21 21 21 20 21
Northwestern University 25 26 19 22 21 25 20 20 25 22
Tsinghua University 58 71 52 50 49 47 35 30 22 23
Peking University 37 49 46 45 48 42 29 27 31 24
National University of Singapore 34 40 29 26 25 26 24 22 23 25
University of Washington 23 25 24 25 26 32 25 25 28 26
Carnegie Mellon University 20 21 22 24 24 22 23 24 24 27
London School of Economics and Political Science 86 47 39 32 34 23 25 25 26 27
New York University (NYU) 60 44 41 40 38 30 32 27 27 29
University of Edinburgh 40 36 32 39 36 24 27 27 29 30
University of California, San Diego 32 33 38 40 41 39 41 31 30 31
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 61 45 48 55 29 29 30 34 32 32
University of Melbourne 36 37 28 34 33 33 33 32 32 32
University of British Columbia 30 22 30 31 32 34 36 34 37 34
University of Hong Kong 21 34 35 43 43 44 43 40 36 35
King's College London 77 56 57 38 40 27 36 36 38 36
University of Tokyo 26 30 27 23 23 43 39 46 42 36
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 48 46 40 37 34 31 30 38 35 38
Georgia Institute of Technology 27 24 25 28 27 41 33 33 34 38
University of Texas at Austin - 29 25 27 28 46 50 49 39 38
Karolinska Institute 43 32 42 36 44 28 28 38 40 41
McGill University 35 28 34 35 39 38 42 42 44 42
Technical University of Munich 101 88 105 87 98 53 46 41 44 43
Heidelberg University 83 73 78 68 70 37 43 45 47 44
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven 119 67 58 61 55 35 40 47 48 45
Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - - - - - - - 72 41 45
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 41 62 65 57 51 59 49 44 41 47
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 33 31 33 29 29 36 36 37 50 48
Nanyang Technological University 174 169 86 76 61 55 54 52 51 48
Australian National University 43 38 37 48 45 52 47 38 49 50

Young Universities

In addition, THE also provides 150 Under 50 Universities with different weightings of indicators to accredit the growth of institutions that are under 50 years old.[52] In particular, the ranking attaches less weight to reputation indicators. For instance, the University of Canberra Australia, established in Year 1990 at the rank 50 of 150 Under 50 Universities.

Subject

Various academic disciplines are sorted into six categories in THE's subject rankings: "Arts & Humanities"; "Clinical, Pre-clinical & Health"; "Engineering & Technology"; "Life Sciences"; "Physical Sciences"; and "Social Sciences".[53]

World Reputation Rankings
Regions with universities included in the reputation league tables.

THE's World Reputation Rankings serve as a subsidiary of the overall league tables and rank universities independently in accordance with their scores in prestige.[54]

Scott Jaschik of Inside Higher Ed said of the new rankings: "...Most outfits that do rankings get criticised for the relative weight given to reputation as opposed to objective measures. While Times Higher Education does overall rankings that combine various factors, it is today releasing rankings that can't be criticised for being unclear about the impact of reputation – as they are strictly of reputation."[55]

Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings—Top 25[Note 1]
Institution2011[56]2012[57]2013[58]2014[59]2015[60]2016[61]2017[62]2018[63]2019[64]
Harvard University111111111
Massachusetts Institute of Technology222242222
Stanford University546353333
University of Cambridge333424444
University of Oxford664535455
University of California, Berkeley455666666
Princeton University777777777
Yale University91010888888
University of California, Los Angeles12981013131399
University of Chicago1514141411119910
The University of Tokyo889111212111311
California Institute of Technology1011119910101112
Columbia University23151312109121213
Tsinghua University353035362618141414
University of Michigan-Ann Arbor131212151914151515
Johns Hopkins University141819181822212116
Peking University433845413221171717
University College London192120251720161817
University of Toronto171616201623242219
ETH Zurich242220161519222220
University of Pennsylvania221918222316191620
Cornell University161617172017231822
Imperial College London111314131415182023
National University of Singapore272322212426272424
London School of Economics & Political Science372925242224202525

Regional rankings

Asia

From 2013 to 2015, the outcomes of the Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings were the same as the Asian universities' position on its World University Rankings. In 2016, the Asia University Rankings was revamped and it "use the same 13 performance indicators as the THE World University Rankings, but have been recalibrated to reflect the attributes of Asia's institutions."[65]

Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings as shown below – Top 20[Note 1]
Institution2013[66]2014[67]2015[68] 2016[65] 2017[69] 2018[70] 2019[71] 2020[72]
Tsinghua University6655321 1
Peking University4542235 2
National University of Singapore2221112 3
University of Hong Kong3334544 4
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology9976653 5
Nanyang Technological University1111102456 6
University of Tokyo1117788 7
Chinese University of Hong Kong 12 12 13 13 11 7 7 8
Seoul National University8469999 9
University of Science and Technology of China 25 21 26 14 15 15 12 =10
Sungkyunkwan University23271612131310 =10
Kyoto University 7 7 9 11 14 11 11 12
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology10881081013 =13
Zhejiang University 45 41 46 25 19 18 14 =13
Pohang University of Science and Technology 5 10 11 8 10 12 16 15
City University of Hong Kong 19 22 23 16 12 14 15 16
Fudan University 24 25 24 19 16 16 17 17
Nanjing University 35 36 35 29 25 17 18 18
Shanghai Jiao Tong University 40 47 39 32 18 20 24 19
Korea University 28 23 26 17 20 24 19 20

Emerging Economies

The Times Higher Education Emerging Economies Rankings (Formerly known as BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings) only includes universities in countries classified as "emerging economies" by FTSE Group, including the "BRICS" nations of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Hong Kong institutions are not included in this ranking.

Times Higher Education BRICS & Emerging Economies Rankings – Top 20[Note 1]
Institution 2014[73] 2015[74] 2016[75] 2017[76] 2018[77] 2019[78] 2020[79]
Tsinghua University2222211
Peking University1111122
Zhejiang University222189633
University of Science and Technology of China61175544
Lomonosov Moscow State University10533355
Shanghai Jiao Tong University271677786
Fudan University89176467
National Taiwan University4651010108
Nanjing University18221411879
University of Cape Town34449910
University of the Witwatersrand 15 14 6 8 12 11 11
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology - 69 93 12 11 12 12
King Abdulaziz University - - - - - - 13
Universidade de São Paulo 11 10 9 13 14 15 14
Khalifa University - - - 49 15 13 15
Indian Institute of Science - 25 16 14 13 14 16
Huazhong University of Science and Technology 68 62 49 46 45 25 17
Higher School of Economics - - - 48 32 22 18
Wuhan University 40 26 26 21 17 16 19
Alfaisal University - - - - - - 20

Notes
  1. Order shown in accordance with the latest result.
gollark: Also RNA, from viral bits.
gollark: PotatOS is high in fibre!
gollark: I shall sign up as "krallog". Nobody will know it is me.
gollark: How do you know it's okay on the old one?
gollark: Squid said I couldn't put it on the new one, which is DISCRIMINATION.

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