Tina Turner

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American-born Swiss singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. Turner rose to prominence as part of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue before launching a successful career as a solo performer. Turner is noted for her energetic stage presence, powerful vocals, and career longevity. She has been referred to as The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll.

Tina Turner
Turner performing in 2009
Born	Anna Mae Bullock (1939-11-26) November 26, 1939 Brownsville, Tennessee, U.S.
Citizenship	Switzerland
Occupation	Singer songwriter actress
Years active	1958 – 2009
Spouse(s)	Ike Turner ​ ( m. 1962; div. 1978) Erwin Bach ​ ( m. 2013)
Children	4[1]
Relatives	Alline Bullock (sister) Afida Turner (daughter-in-law)
Awards	Tina Turner's awards
Musical career
Genres	R&B soul rock pop
Instruments	Vocals
Labels	Sonja Pompeii United Artists Capitol Parlophone Virgin
Associated acts	Kings of Rhythm The Ikettes Ike & Tina Turner The Rolling Stones Heaven 17 David Bowie Bryan Adams Rod Stewart Jimmy Barnes Eros Ramazzotti Beyond

Turner began her recording career as a featured singer with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm, under the name "Little Ann" on "Boxtop" (1958). Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began with the hit single "A Fool in Love" (1960) by Ike & Tina Turner. She married Ike Turner in 1962. The duo released notable hits such as "It's Gonna Work Out Fine" (1961), "River Deep – Mountain High" (1966), the Grammy-winning "Proud Mary" (1971), and "Nutbush City Limits" (1973). Raised a Baptist, she became an adherent of Nichiren Buddhism in 1973, crediting the spiritual chant of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo with helping her to endure during difficult times. The couple separated in 1976, ending both their personal and their musical partnership; they divorced in 1978. In her autobiography, I, Tina: My Life Story (1986), Turner revealed that she had been subjected to domestic violence.

In the 1980s, Turner launched a major comeback as a solo artist. The 1983 single "Let's Stay Together" was followed by the release of her fifth solo album, Private Dancer (1984), which became a worldwide success. The album contained the hit song "What's Love Got to Do with It" (1984), which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and it became her first (and only) No. 1 hit in the United States. Turner's success continued with notable hits such as "Better Be Good to Me" (1984), "Private Dancer" (1984), "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" (1985), "Typical Male" (1986), "The Best" (1989), "I Don't Wanna Fight" (1993), and "GoldenEye" (1995).[2] In 1988, she set a then-record for the largest paying audience (180,000) for a solo performer.[3][4] Her final Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour is one of the highest-grossing tours of all time.[5] In 1993, What's Love Got to Do with It, a biographical film adapted from Turner's autobiography, was released along with an accompanying soundtrack album. Turner also acted in the films Tommy (1975), Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985), and Last Action Hero (1993).

Turner has won 12 Grammy Awards; which include eight competitive awards, three Grammy Hall of Fame awards, and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. Having sold over 100 million records, she is one of the best-selling recording artists of all time. Rolling Stone ranked her among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. Turner has her own stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Ike Turner in 1991, and is a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors.

Early life

Tina Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock on November 26, 1939,[lower-alpha 1][6] in Brownsville, Tennessee,[7][8][9] the youngest daughter of Zelma Priscilla (née Currie) and Floyd Richard Bullock.[8][10] She lived in Nutbush, Tennessee where her father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180; Bullock later recalled picking cotton with her family at an early age.[11][12] She later participated in the PBS documentary African American Lives 2 with Dr. Henry Louis Gates, who shared her DNA estimates of predominantly African-American descent, with approximately 33% European and 1% Native American ancestry.[13][14]

Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock. As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II.[12] Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.[15][12] After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville.[12] Two years later, the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth-grade .[16][17]

As a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church.[18][19] When she was 11, her mother Zelma ran off without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis in 1950.[20] Two years after her mother left the family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit in 1952. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their grandmother Georgeanna Currie in Brownsville, Tennessee.[20] Turner stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her mother had not loved her, that she "wasn't wanted", and that her mother had planned to leave her father when pregnant with her.[21] "She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid," Turner wrote.[21][22]

As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family. She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans.[23] A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got".[11][20] When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958.[24] After her graduation, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.[25]

Ike & Tina Turner

Main article: Ike & Tina Turner

Origins: 1957–1960

"I would have been lost in my life at that point without him. I mean, I could do two things: work in a hospital or sing in Ike's band. I didn't know anything else. Or anyone else. And I wanted to sing."

— Tina Turner (1986)[8]

Bullock and her sister began to frequent nightclubs in St. Louis and East St. Louis.[20] She first saw Ike Turner perform with his band the Kings of Rhythm at the Manhattan Club in East St. Louis.[20] Bullock was impressed by his talent, recalling that she "almost went into a trance" watching him play.[8] She asked Turner to let her sing in his band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him.[19] Turner said he'd call her but never did.[26] One night in 1957, she got hold of the microphone from Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington during an intermission and she sang the B.B. King blues ballad, "You Know I Love You".[27][28] Upon hearing her sing, Turner asked her if she knew more songs. She sang the rest of the night and became a featured vocalist with his band.[29][30][31] During this period, he taught her the finer points of vocal control and performance.[29] Bullock's first recording was in 1958 under the name "Little Ann" on the single "Boxtop". She is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside Ike and fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.[26]

In 1960, Turner wrote "A Fool in Love" for singer Art Lassiter. Bullock was to sing background with Lassiter's backing vocalists, the Artettes. Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session at Technisonic Studios.[32] Since Turner already paid for the studio time, Bullock suggested to sing lead.[33][26] He decided to use her to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date.[26][29][34] Local St. Louis disc jockey Dave Dixon convinced Turner to send the tape to Juggy Murray, president of R&B label Sue Records.[26][35] Upon hearing the song, Murray was impressed with Bullock's vocals, later stating that "Tina sounded like screaming dirt. It was a funky sound."[36] Murray bought the track and paid Turner a $25,000 advance for the recording and publishing rights.[35][37][38] Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show".[38] Turner responded by renaming her "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena,[35][39] however, family and friends still called her Ann.[40][26] He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.[26][23] Turner added his last name and trademarked the name as a form of protection, so that if Bullock left him like his previous singers had, he could replace her with another "Tina Turner".[26] Bullock's introduction to the public as Tina Turner began with the release of "A Fool In Love", which became a hit single.[41]

Early success: 1960–1965

Turner in 1970

The single "A Fool in Love" was released in July 1960 and became an immediate hit, peaking at No. 2 on the Hot R&B Sides chart and No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100. Journalist Kurt Loder described the track as "the blackest record to ever creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles's gospel-styled 'What'd I Say' that previous summer."[36][42] Another single from the duo, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", reached No. 14 on the Hot 100 and No. 2 on the R&B chart in 1961, earning them a Grammy nomination for Best Rock and Roll Performance.[43] Notable singles released between 1960 and 1962 included the R&B hits "I Idolize You", "Poor Fool", and "Tra La La La La".

After the release of "A Fool in Love", Ike created the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm and a girl group called the Ikettes backing Tina. He remained in the background as the bandleader. Ike put the entire revue through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States, performing 90 days straight in venues around the country.[44] During the days of the Chitlin' Circuit, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue built a reputation as "one of the most hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles", with its show rivaling that of the James Brown Revue in terms of musical spectacle.[45] Due to their profitable performances, they were able to perform in front of desegregated audiences in southern clubs and hotels.[46]

Between 1963 and 1965, the band toured constantly and produced moderately successful R&B singles. Tina's first credited single as a solo artist, "Too Many Ties That Bind"/"We Need an Understanding" was released from Ike's label Sonja Records in 1964.[47][48] Another single by Ike and Tina, "You Can't Miss Nothing That You Never Had", reached No. 29 on the Billboard R&B chart. After their tenure at Sue Records, the duo signed with more than ten labels during the remainder of the decade, including Kent, Cenco, Tangerine, Pompeii, A&M, and Minit.[26][49] In 1964, they signed with Loma Records, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Records which was run by Bob Krasnow. Krasnow became their manager shortly after they left Sue Records. On the Warner Bros. label they achieved their first charting album with Live! The Ike & Tina Turner Show, peaking at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot R&B LPs chart in February 1965.[50] Their singles "Tell Her I'm Not Home" released on Loma and "Good Bye, So Long" released on Modern Records were top 40 R&B hits in 1965.[51]

Tina's own profile was raised after several solo appearances on shows such as American Bandstand and Shindig!, while the entire revue appeared on Hollywood A Go-Go. In 1965, Phil Spector attended an Ike and Tina show at a club on the Sunset Strip, and he invited them to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show.[52]

Mainstream success: 1966–1975

Impressed by the duo's performance on The Big T.N.T. Show, Phil Spector was eager to produce Tina.[53] Working out a deal with Ike and Tina's manager Bob Krasnow, who was also head of Loma, Spector offered $20,000 for creative control over the sessions to produce Tina and have them released from their contract with Loma.[54][7] They signed to Spector's Philles label in April 1966 after Tina had already recorded with him.[55] Their first single on his label, "River Deep – Mountain High", was released in May 1966. Spector considered that record, with Tina's maximum energy over the "Wall of Sound", to be his best work.[56] It was successful overseas, reaching No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain,[57] but it failed to go any higher than No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[58] The impact of the record gave Ike and Tina an opening spot on the Rolling Stones UK tour in the fall of 1966.[8] In November 1967, Tina became the first female and black artist to cover Rolling Stone magazine.[59][60]

The duo signed with Blue Thumb Records in 1968, releasing the album Outta Season in 1969. The album produced their charted cover of Otis Redding's "I've Been Loving You Too Long". Later that year they released The Hunter. The title track, Albert King's "The Hunter" earned Tina a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance.[43] The success of the albums led to the revue headlining in Las Vegas where their shows were attended by a variety of celebrities including David Bowie, Sly Stone, Janis Joplin, Cher, James Brown, Ray Charles, Elton John, and Elvis Presley.[61]

Tina performing on stage at Tulane Stadium in October 1970

In the fall of 1969, Ike and Tina's profile in their home country was raised after opening for the Rolling Stones on their US tour.[7] They gained more exposure from performances on The Ed Sullivan Show, Playboy After Dark, and The Andy Williams Show.[62][63][64] The duo released two albums in 1970, Come Together and Workin' Together.[26] Their cover of "I Want to Take You Higher" peaked at No. 34 on the Hot 100 whereas the original by Sly and the Family Stone peaked four numbers below that position.[51] The Come Together and Workin' Together albums marked a turning point in their careers in which they switched from their usual R&B repertoire to incorporate more rock tunes such as "Come Together", "Honky Tonk Woman" and "Get Back".[7]

In early 1971, their cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary" became their biggest hit. The single reached No. 4 on the Hot 100 and sold over a million copies, winning them a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group.[65][66][67] In July 1971, their live album, What You Hear Is What You Get, was released. It was recorded at Carnegie Hall and became their first certified gold album. Later that year they had a top 40 R&B hit with "Ooh Poo Pah Doo".[51] Their next three singles to chart, "I'm Yours (Use Me Anyway You Wanna)", "Up In Heah" and "Early One Morning" all peaked at No. 47 on the R&B chart.[51]

In 1972, they opened Bolic Sound recording studio near their home in Inglewood.[68] After Liberty was absorbed into United Artists Records, they were assigned to that label.[69] Around this time, Tina began writing more songs. She wrote nine out of the ten tracks on their 1972 album Feel Good.[70] Their 1973 hit single "Nutbush City Limits" (No. 22 Pop, No. 11 R&B), penned by Tina, reached No. 1 in Austria, No. 4 in the UK and the top 5 in several other countries.[71] It was certified silver by the BPI for selling a quarter of a million in the UK.[72] As a result of their success, they received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe.[73] Follow up hits include "Sweet Rhode Island Red" and "Sexy Ida" in 1974.[51]

In 1974, Ike and Tina released the Grammy-nominated album The Gospel According to Ike & Tina, which was nominated for Best Soul Gospel Performance.[43] Ike also received a solo nomination for his single "Father Alone" from the album.[74] Tina's first solo album, Tina Turns the Country On!, earned her a nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female.[75] That year, Tina filmed the rock opera Tommy in London.[76] She played the Acid Queen, a drug-addicted prostitute; her performance was critically acclaimed. Shortly after filming wrapped, Tina appeared on Ann-Margret's TV special.[77] Following the release of Tommy in 1975, another solo album by Tina was released titled Acid Queen.[78] The album reached No. 39 on the Billboard R&B chart. It produced charting singles "Baby, Get It On" and a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love".[79]

Demise of the duo: 1976

By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine which hindered his relationship with Tina.[80] In 1976, Ike made plans to leave United Artists Records for a five-year, $150,000 deal with Cream Records. The deal was to be signed on July 6. On July 1, Ike and Tina flew from Los Angeles to Dallas, where the revue had a gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton. They got into a physical altercation en route to the hotel. Shortly after arriving at the hotel, Tina fled from Ike and later hid at a friend's house.[81] She filed for divorce on July 27,[82][83][84] and the divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.[85] After their separation, United Artists released two more studio albums credited to the duo, Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978).[26][8]

Solo career

Early solo career: 1977–1983

In 1977, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Michael Stewart, Turner resumed performing. She played a series of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting, influenced by the cabaret shows she witnessed while a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. She took her cabaret act to smaller venues in the United States. Turner earned further income by appearing on shows such as The Hollywood Squares, Donny and Marie, The Sonny & Cher Show and The Brady Bunch Hour.[86] Later in 1977, Turner headlined her first solo concert tour, throughout Australia. In 1978, United Artists released her third solo album, Rough, with distribution both in North America and Europe with EMI. That album, along with its 1979 follow-up, Love Explosion, which included a brief diversion to disco rhythms, failed to chart.[87] The albums completed her United Artists/EMI contracts, and Turner left the labels. Without the premise of a hit record, she continued performing and headlined her second tour, Wild Lady of Rock 'n' Roll.[88]

In 1979, Turner controversially performed in South Africa during the apartheid regime. She later regretted the decision, stating that she was "naive about the politics in South Africa" at the time.[89]

Manager Roger Davies agreed to manage Turner's career in February 1980. A recorded cover of The Temptations' "Ball of Confusion" for the UK production team BEF, featuring Robert Cray, became a hit in European dance clubs in 1982.[90] Following performances and tours with Rod Stewart, the Rolling Stones, and Chuck Berry, Turner filmed a music video for "Ball of Confusion" that later aired on then-fledgling music video channel MTV; this made her one of the first African American artists to gain airtime on the channel.[91]

Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000

Turner performing at Drammen, Norway, in 1985

Until 1983, Turner was considered a nostalgia act, playing hotel ballrooms and clubs in the United States.[92] During her stint at The Ritz, she signed with Capitol Records.[8] In November 1983, she released her cover of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together". The record became a hit, reaching several European charts, including No. 5 in the United Kingdom.[92] The song peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, and reached the top 10 of the Hot Dance Club Songs and Hot Black Singles charts.[93][94][95]

Turner had two weeks to record her Private Dancer album, which was released in May 1984.[92] It became an outstanding commercial success, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard 200.[96][97][98] Private Dancer was certified 5× Platinum in the United States,[99] and sold over ten million copies worldwide, becoming her most successful album.[100][101] Also in May 1984, Capitol issued the album's second single, "What's Love Got to Do with It";[102] the song had previously been recorded by the rock group Bucks Fizz.[103] Following the album's release, Turner joined Lionel Richie as his opening act on his tour.[92]

On September 1, 1984, "What's Love Got to Do with It" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[104] The song is Turner's only No. 1 hit single on any Billboard chart.[105] The follow-up singles "Better Be Good to Me" and "Private Dancer" were both U.S. Top 10 hits.[106] Turner's comeback culminated when she won three Grammys at the 27th Annual Grammy Awards, including the Grammy Award for Record of the Year for "What's Love Got to Do with It".[43] In February 1985, she embarked on her second world tour to support the Private Dancer album. One show, filmed at Birmingham, England's NEC Arena, was later released on home video. During this time, she also contributed vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song "We Are the World".[23]

Turner's success continued when she traveled to Australia to star opposite Mel Gibson in the 1985 post-apocalyptic film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome. The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years; she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown.[107] Upon release, critical response to her performance was generally positive.[108] The film became a global success, making more than $36 million in the United States alone.[109] Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film.[110] She also recorded two songs for the film, "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" and "One of the Living"; both became hits with the latter winning her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.[43] In July 1985, Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger.[111] Their performance shocked observers when Jagger ripped her skirt off.[112][9] Turner released a duet, "It's Only Love", with Bryan Adams.[113] It was nominated for a Grammy Award, and the music video won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Stage Performance.[114]

Turner on tour with special guest Eric Clapton, June 17, 1987, in Wembley Arena, England

In 1986, Turner released her sixth solo album, Break Every Rule, which sold more than a million copies in the United States alone.[99] The album featured the singles "Typical Male", "Two People", and "What You Get Is What You See". Prior to the album's release, Turner published her autobiography I, Tina, which became a bestseller. Turner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[115] Her Break Every Rule World Tour, which culminated in March 1987 in Munich, Germany, yielded record-breaking sales. In January 1988, Turner performed in front of approximately 180,000 at Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, setting a Guinness World Record at the time for the "largest paying rock concert attendance for a solo artist".[4][3] She released the Tina Live in Europe album in April 1988.[116] Turner took time off following the end of the tour. She emerged with the Foreign Affair album in 1989, which included the hit single "The Best".[117]

In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[118] Ike Turner was incarcerated and Tina Turner did not attend; stating through her publicist she was taking a leave of absence following her Foreign Affair European Tour and that she felt "emotionally unequipped to return to the U.S. and respond to the night of celebration in the manner she would want."[119] Phil Spector accepted the honor on their behalf.[120]

[...] Private Dancer was the beginning of my success in England and basically Europe has been very supportive of my music. [...] [I am] not as big as Madonna [in the United States]. I'm as big as Madonna in Europe. I'm as big as, in some places [in Europe], as the Rolling Stones [sic].

—Turner reflecting on her European success, Larry King Live, 1997[121]

In 1993, the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It was released.[122] The film starred Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner; both received Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their roles in the film.[123] While she was not heavily involved in the film, Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording songs from her Ike & Tina days and recording several new songs. The single "I Don't Wanna Fight" from the soundtrack was a top 10 hit.[124][125]

Turner returned to the studio in 1995, releasing "GoldenEye", which was written by Bono and The Edge of U2 for the James Bond film GoldenEye.[126] Turner released the Wildest Dreams album in 1996 accompanied by a successful world tour. Before celebrating her 60th birthday, Turner released the dance-infused song "When the Heartache Is Over" in September 1999 as the leading single from her tenth and final solo album, Twenty Four Seven.[127] The success of the single and the following tour helped the album become certified gold by the RIAA.[99] The Twenty Four Seven Tour became her most successful concert tour to date. It was the highest-grossing tour of 2000, grossing over $100 million.[5] At a July 2000 concert in Zürich, Switzerland, Turner announced that she would retire at the end of the tour.[128]

Recent years: 2000–present

U.S. President George W. Bush congratulates Tina Turner during a reception for the Kennedy Center Honors in the East Room of the White House on December 4, 2005. From left, the other honorees are singer Tony Bennett, dancer Suzanne Farrell, actress Julie Harris, and actor Robert Redford.

In December 2005, Turner was recognized by the Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. and was elected to join an elite group of entertainers.[129]

Turner made a public comeback in February 2008 at the Grammy Awards where she performed alongside Beyoncé.[130][131] In addition, she picked up a Grammy as a featured artist on River: The Joni Letters. In October 2008, Turner embarked on her first tour in nearly ten years with the Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour.[132][133] In support of the tour, Turner released another hits compilation. The tour was a huge success and became one of the best-selling tours of all time.[5] In 2009, Turner retired from performing.[134][135]

In April 2010, mainly due to an online campaign by fans of Rangers Football Club, Turner's 1989 hit, "The Best", returned to the UK singles chart, peaking at No. 9. This made Turner the first female recording artist in UK chart history to score top 40 hits in six consecutive decades (1960s – 2010s).[136] In 2011, Beyond's second album Children – With Children United in Prayer followed and charted again in Switzerland. Turner promoted the album by performing on TV shows in Germany and Switzerland. In April 2013, Turner appeared on the cover of the German issue of Vogue magazine at the age of 73, becoming the oldest person to be featured on the cover of Vogue.[137] In February 2014, Parlophone Records released a new compilation titled Love Songs.[134]

Turner announced in December 2016 that she had been working on Tina, a musical based on her life story, in collaboration with Phyllida Lloyd and Stage Entertainment.[138] The show opened in London in April 2018 with Adrienne Warren in the lead role.[139] Warren reprised her role on Broadway in the fall of 2019.[140]

Turner received the 2018 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and her second memoir, My Love Story, was released in October 2018.[141][142] Following the release of Kygo's remix of "What's Love Got to Do with It" in July 2020, Turner became the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades in the UK.[2]

In August 2020, Turner announced that her third book, Happiness Becomes You: A Guide to Changing Your Life for Good, will be released in December 2020 by Atria Books in North America and HarperCollins in the United Kingdom. In the book, Turner details how she transformed her life, and offers readers guidance on overcoming difficulties to live with joy. She co-wrote the book with American author Taro Gold and Swiss singer Regula Curti.[143]

Personal life

Relationships and marriages

Early relationships

While still in Brownsville, Turner (then called Ann Bullock) fell in love for the first time with Harry Taylor.[23] They met at a high school basketball game. Taylor initially attended a different school, but relocated to be near her.[144] In 1986, she told Rolling Stone: "Harry was real popular and had tons of girlfriends, but eventually I got him, and we went steady for a year."[145] Their relationship ended after she discovered that Taylor had married another girl he impregnated.[145]

After moving to St. Louis, Bullock and her sister Alline became acquainted with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm. Alline was dating the band's drummer Eugene Washington and Bullock began dating the saxophonist Raymond Hill. During her senior year of high school, she became pregnant. After her mother Zelma found out, she moved in with Hill, who lived with Ike Turner.[8] She recalled, "I didn't love [Hill] as much as [she had] loved Harry. But he was good-looking. I thought, 'My baby's going to be beautiful.'"[145] Their relationship ended after Hill broke his ankle during a wrestling match with Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver. Hill returned to his hometown of Clarksdale before their son Craig was born in August 1958; leaving Bullock to become a single parent.[146][147]

Ike Turner

Ike & Tina Turner arriving at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in January 1971

Tina likened her early relationship with Ike Turner to that of a "brother and sister from another lifetime".[8] They were platonic friends from the time they met in 1957 until 1960. Their affair began while Ike was with his common-law wife Lorraine Taylor.[8][26] They became intimate after she had gone into his bedroom to escape from another musician who attempted to have sex with her.[145][8] After the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960, they moved to Los Angeles in 1962 and married in Tijuana. In 1963, Ike purchased a house in the View Park.[148] They brought their son Ronnie, Tina's son Craig, and Ike's two sons with Lorraine (Ike Jr. and Michael) from St. Louis to live with them.[8][26] According to Tina, when she told Ike that she did not want to change her name and expressed concern about going on tour, he responded by striking her in the head with a wooden shoe stretcher.[8] Tina wrote in her autobiography I, Tina that this incident was the first time Ike "instilled fear" in her, but she decided to stay with him because she "really did care about him".[42][149] She revealed that he was abusive and promiscuous throughout their marriage, which led to her suicide attempt in 1968 by overdosing on Valium pills.[19] She said, "It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy. At first, I had really been in love with him. Look what he'd done for me. But he was totally unpredictable."[8] Ike was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder in his old age.[150]

Tina abruptly left Ike after they got into a fight on their way to the Dallas Statler Hilton on July 1, 1976.[81] She fled with only 36 cents and a Mobil credit card in her pocket.[151][152] On July 27, Tina filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[82][83] Her divorce petition asked for $4,000 a month in alimony, $1,000 a month in child support, and custody of her sons Craig and Ronnie.[8] The divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.[8] In the final divorce decree, Tina took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien. Tina retained songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Ike got the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers. She also kept her two Jaguar cars, furs and jewelry along with her stage name.[8][153] Tina gave Ike her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, real estate, and he kept his four cars.[8] Several promoters lost money and sued to recoup their losses. For almost two years, she received food stamps and played small clubs to pay off debts.[84]

On multiple occasions, Ike claimed that he was never officially married to Tina and that her birth name is Martha Nell Bullock (not Anna Mae Bullock).[154][155] Tina signed her name as Martha Nell Turner on a 1977 contract.[6]

In his autobiography Takin' Back My Name (1999), Ike stated: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I never beat her."[26] In a 1999 interview on The Roseanne Barr Show, Roseanne Barr urged Ike to publicly apologize to Tina.[156] In 2007, Ike told Jet that he still loved Tina, and he had written her a letter apologizing for "putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff", especially his womanizing, but he never sent it.[157][158] After his death on December 12, 2007, Tina issued a brief statement through her spokesperson: "Tina hasn't had any contact with Ike in more than 30 years. No further comment will be made."[159] Tina's sister Alline still considered Ike her brother-in-law and attended his funeral.[150] Phil Spector criticized Tina at the funeral.[160] Regarding Ike, Tina told The Sunday Times in 2018 that "as an old person, I have forgiven him, but I would not work with him. He asked for one more tour with me, and I said, 'No, absolutely not.' Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in."[161][162][163]

Erwin Bach

In 1986, Turner met German music executive Erwin Bach, who was sent by her European record label (EMI) to greet Turner at Heathrow Airport.[164] Bach is over sixteen years her junior; he was born on January 24, 1956 in Cologne, Germany.[165] Initially friends, they began dating later that year. In July 2013, after a 27-year romantic relationship, they married in a civil ceremony on the banks of Lake Zurich in Küsnacht, Switzerland.[166]

Children

Turner had two biological sons, Craig Raymond Turner (with Raymond Hill) and Ronald Renelle Turner, known as Ronnie (with Ike Turner). She also adopted two of Ike Turner's children, Ike Turner Jr. (born October 3, 1958) and Michael Turner (born February 23, 1960), raising them as her own.[23]

Turner was 18 years of age when she gave birth to her eldest son, who was born Raymond Craig Hill on August 20, 1958. Raymond's biological father was Kings of Rhythm saxophonist Raymond Hill,[29] but he was adopted by Ike Turner in 1962, and his name was changed to Craig Raymond Turner.[167] In July 2018, Craig Turner was found dead at age 59 in an apparent suicide. According to the initial report of the Los Angeles County Medical Examiner's Office, the cause of death was a self-inflicted gunshot wound.[168]

Turner's youngest son, Ronald "Ronnie" Renelle Turner, was born on October 27, 1960. He played bass guitar in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musician Patrick Moten.[169] He also played bass in his mother's band after his parents divorced, and he later played in a band with his father.[26] Ronnie Turner is married to French-American singer Afida Turner.[170][171] Through Ronnie Turner, Turner is a grandmother of two.[1]

During Ike and Tina's divorce trial, Ike sent the four boys to live with Tina at her home and gave her money for one month's rent.[8][172] Ike Turner Jr. worked as a sound engineer at Bolic Sound and briefly for Tina after her divorce,[8] later winning a Grammy Award for producing his father's album Risin' with the Blues.[173] He tours with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and The Love Thang Band.[174] Ike Turner Jr. stated that he and his brothers have a distant relationship with their mother (Tina).[169] Tina wrote in her autobiography I, Tina that after her divorce she became "a little bit estranged" from all her sons except Craig;[8] however, she told TV Week that "she's still there for the boys".[175]

Religion

Turner has sometimes referred to herself as a "Buddhist-Baptist", alluding to her upbringing in the Baptist church and her later conversion to Buddhism.[176] In a 2016 interview, she said, "I consider myself a Buddhist."[177] Turner began practicing Nichiren Buddhism in 1973[178][177][179] after learning of Buddhism from a friend of Ike's named Valerie Bishop.[179][180] In her autobiography I, Tina, Turner claimed that after she learned the Buddhist chant Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō from Bishop, Ike—instead of reacting violently during recording sessions—would give her money to go shopping. She attributed his change in behavior to the benefit of her newfound spiritual practice.[181]

Turner has collaborated with Tibetan Buddhists and met with the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso in Einsiedeln, Switzerland in 2005, citing this as an inspiration for a spiritual music project she later co-founded called Beyond.[182][183]

In an August 2011 interview with Shambhala Sun, Turner stated that she adhered to the teachings and values of the Buddhist association Soka Gakkai International.[184] Turner said in an August 2018 interview with World Tribune that during the hardest times of her life she chanted four hours per day, and although she no longer chants as much she still maintains a daily practice.[179]

In a March 2016 interview with Lion's Roar, Turner likened Buddhist chanting to singing:

Nam Myoho Renge Kyo is like a song. In the Soka Gakkai tradition we are taught how to sing it. It is a sound and a rhythm and it touches a place inside you. That place we try to reach is the subconscious mind. I believe that is the highest place.[177]

Legal issues

In 1977, Turner and her estranged husband, Ike Turner, were sued for cancelling an engagement at Temple University two days before they were scheduled to perform August 1976.[185]

In 1978, Turner was sued by Diners Club for $26,108 in overdue bills charged to two of her credit cards. One suit named Turner as the sole defendant; the other named Turner, her corporation Tina's Operation Oops Inc., Rhonda Leah Graam, Peter Gray, and Richard Kallis.[186]

In 1979, Turner and her ex-husband, Ike Turner, were sued by two former band members who claimed they were owed money. Her label United Artists Records was also named as a defendant.[187]

Residences and citizenship

Turner has lived in the lake house Château Algonquin in Küsnacht, near Zürich, since 1994.[188][189] She owned property in Cologne, London, and Los Angeles, and a villa on the French Riviera named Anna Fleur.[190]

On January 25, 2013, it was announced that Turner had applied for Swiss citizenship,[191][192] and that she would relinquish her U.S. citizenship.[193][194] In April, she undertook a mandatory citizenship test which included advanced knowledge of German (the official language of the canton of Zürich) and of Swiss history. On April 22, 2013, she became a citizen of Switzerland and was issued a Swiss passport.[195] Turner signed the paperwork to give up her American citizenship at the U.S. embassy in Bern on October 24, 2013.[194]

Health

Turner revealed in her 2018 memoir My Love Story that she had suffered life-threatening illnesses.[196] In 2013, three weeks after her wedding to Erwin Bach, she suffered a stroke and had to learn to walk again. In 2016, she was diagnosed with intestinal cancer. Turner opted for homeopathic remedies to treat her high blood pressure that resulted in damage to her kidneys and eventual kidney failure. Her chances of receiving a kidney were low, and she was urged to start dialysis. She considered assisted suicide and signed up to be a member of Exit, but Bach offered to donate a kidney for her transplant. Turner had kidney transplant surgery on April 7, 2017.[146][197][198]

Musical legacy and accolades

Turner is often referred in the media as "The Queen of Rock and Roll".[199][145] She is noted for her "swagger, sensuality, gravelly vocals and unstoppable energy",[200] along with her career longevity[201][202] and her much-celebrated legs.[203] Journalist Kurt Loder has asserted that Turner's voice combined the emotional force of the great blues singers with a sheer, wallpaper-peeling power that seemed made to order for the age of amplification."[200]

According to The Guardian:

Turner merged sound and movement at a critical turning point in rock history, navigating and reflecting back the technological innovations of a new pop-music era in the 60s and 70s. She catapulted herself to the forefront of a musical revolution that had long marginalized and overlooked the pioneering contributions of African American women and then remade herself again at an age when most pop musicians were hitting the oldies circuit. Turner's musical character has always been a charged combination of mystery as well as light, melancholy mixed with a ferocious vitality that often flirted with danger.[200]

Awards, honors, and achievements

Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Tina Turner

Turner previously held a Guinness World Record for the largest paying audience (180,000 in 1988) for a solo performer.[3][4] Turner was the female artist with the most shows with 25 at Wembley Arena and with 5 at Wembley Stadium (three in 1996 and two in 2000).[204]

In the United Kingdom, Turner is the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades; she has a total of 35 UK top 40 hits.[205] She has sold over 100 million records worldwide, which include certified RIAA album sales of 10 million.[206]

Turner holding certification plaques

Turner has won a total of 12 Grammy Awards. These awards include eight competitive Grammy Awards;[43] she holds the record with four awards given for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.[207] Three of her recordings, "River Deep – Mountain High" (1999), "Proud Mary" (2003), and "What's Love Got to Do with It" (2012) are in the Grammy Hall of Fame.[208] Turner is the only female artist to win a Grammy in the pop, rock, and R&B fields.[209] Turner received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018.[210]

Rolling Stone ranked Turner 63rd on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and 17th on its list of the 100 greatest singers of all time.[202][211] Turner has her own stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Ike Turner in 1991.[118]

Turner is a recipient of the prestigious Kennedy Center Honors.[212] President George W. Bush commented on her "natural skill, the energy, and sensuality",[213] and referred to her legs as "the most famous in show business".[214][203] Several artists paid tribute to her that night including Oprah Winfrey, Melissa Etheridge (performing "River Deep – Mountain High"), Queen Latifah (performing "What's Love Got to Do with It"), Beyoncé (performing "Proud Mary"), and Al Green (performing "Let's Stay Together"). Winfrey stated, "We don't need another hero. We need more heroines like you, Tina. You make me proud to spell my name w-o-m-a-n".[215]

• 1967: Turner was the first black artist and first female on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine (Issue No. 2).[59]
• 1986: Turner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[115]
• 1991: Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[216]
• 1991: Turner was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.[217]
• 1993: World Music Awards recognized Turner's years in the music business by awarding her the Legend Award.[218]
• 1996: Turner received the accolade of Légion d'Honneur from the French education minister.[219]
• 1999: Turner ranked No.2 on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women of Rock and Roll[220]
• 2002: Tennessee State Route 19 between Brownsville and Nutbush was named "Tina Turner Highway".[221][222][223]
• 2003: Rolling Stone ranked Proud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner No. 212 on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time (No. 214 on 2012 revised list).[224][225]
• 2004: People ranked her 1985 performance of "What's Love Got to Do With It" as one of the top 10 Grammy moments.[226]
• 2005: Turner received the Kennedy Center Honors.[212]
• 2008: Rolling Stone ranked Turner No. 17 on their list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.[202]
• 2009: Time ranked her 1985 performance of "What's Love Got to Do With It" as one of the top 10 Grammy moments.[227]
• 2010: Rolling Stone ranked Turner No. 63 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[211]
• 2013: Turner covered Vogue Germany, becoming the oldest person (aged 73) to cover Vogue magazine, surpassing Meryl Streep (aged 62) who covered American Vogue in 2012.[228]
• 2013: ABC ranked her No. 2 on their list of the 30 greatest women in music. [229]
• 2014: Turner was inducted into the SoulMusic Hall of Fame.[230]
• 2015: Rolling Stone ranked Ike & Tina Turner No. 2 on their list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.[231]
• 2015: Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame.[232]
• 2019: Turner was inducted into the Memphis Music Hall of Fame.[233]
• 2020: Private Dancer was added to the National Recording Registry at the Library of Congress.[234]

Discography

Main articles: Tina Turner discography and Ike & Tina Turner discography

See also: List of songs written by Tina Turner and List of songs written by Ike Turner

Studio albums

• 1974: Tina Turns the Country On!
• 1975: Acid Queen
• 1978: Rough
• 1979: Love Explosion
• 1984: Private Dancer
• 1986: Break Every Rule
• 1989: Foreign Affair
• 1993: What's Love Got to Do With It
• 1996: Wildest Dreams
• 1999: Twenty Four Seven

Tours

• 1977: Australian Tour
• 1978–1979: The Wild Lady of Rock Tour
• 1981–1982: Nice 'n' Rough Tour
• 1984: Tina Turner Live Tour
• 1985: Private Dancer World Tour
• 1987–1988: Break Every Rule World Tour
• 1990: Foreign Affair: The Farewell Tour
• 1993: What's Love? World Tour
• 1996–1997: Wildest Dreams World Tour
• 2000: Twenty Four Seven Tour
• 2008–2009: Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour

Filmography

[235]

Year	Film	Role	Notes
1966	The Big T.N.T. Show	Herself	Sequel to T.A.M.I. Show
1970	It's Your Thing	Herself	Documentary on The Isley Brothers concert at Yankee Stadium
1970	Gimme Shelter	Herself	Documentary on The Rolling Stones' 1969 American tour
1971	Soul to Soul	Herself	Documentary on the Independence Day concert in Ghana
1971	Taking Off	Herself
1971	Good Vibrations from Central Park	Herself
1975	Tommy	The Acid Queen
1975	Ann-Margret Olsson	Herself
1975	Poiret est à vous	Herself
1978	Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band	Our Guests at Heartland
1982	Chuck Berry: Live at the Roxy with Tina Turner	Herself
1985	Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome	Aunty Entity	Won (1986) – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
1993	What's Love Got to Do with it	Herself	Singing voice for Angela Bassett, also archive footage
1993	Tina Turner: Girl From Nutbush	Herself	Documentary
1993	Last Action Hero	The Mayor
2012	Ike & Tina on the Road: 1971–72	Herself	Documentary filmed by rock photographer Bob Gruen

Books

• I, Tina: My Life Story (1986)[236]
• I, Tina: My Life Story, Dey Street Books (2010)[237]
• My Love Story: A Memoir, Atria Books (2018)[238]
• Happiness Becomes You: A Guide to Changing Your Life for Good, Atria Books (2020)[239]

Notes

1. Turner signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on a 1977 contract.

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Bibliography

• Bego, Mark (2005). Tina Turner: Break Every Rule. Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN 1-58979-253-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits: The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present. Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-7677-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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• Turner, Tina (November 1986). "Tina Turner: The Shocking Story of a Battered Wife Who Escaped to Fame and Fortune". Ebony.
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• Gates, Henry Louis (2005). Africana: Arts and Letters: An A-to-Z Reference of Writers, Musicians, and Artists of the African American Experience. Running Press. ISBN 0-7624-2042-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gulla, Bob (2007). Icons of R&B and Soul, Vol. 1: An Encyclopedia of The Artists Who Revolutionized Rhythm. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-31334-044-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hasday, Judy L. (June 1999). Tina Turner: Black Americans of Achievement. Chelsea House Publications. ISBN 0-7910-4967-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "Tina Says This Is Last Tour, Wants To Do Films". Jet.
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• McKeen, William (2000). Rock & Roll Is Here to Stay: An Anthology. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-39304-700-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "Tina Turner: Sizzling at 45". Ebony. May 1985.
• Norris, Sharon (September 1, 2000). Haywood County: Tennessee. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-73850-605-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Orth, Maureen (May 6, 2004). Proud Tina: Tina Turner, The Importance of Being Famous. ISBN 978-0-80507-545-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kiersh, Ed (1985). "Ike's Story". Spin.
• Turner, Tina (1986). I, Tina: My Life Story. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-380-70097-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Complete Chart Information About America's Most Popular Songs and Artists, 1955–2003. ISBN 0-8230-7499-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Wynn, Ron (August 1, 1985). Tina: The Tina Turner Story. Collier Books. ISBN 0-02007-780-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

External links

• Official website
• Tina Turner on IMDb
• Ike & Tina Turner on Rock Hall
• Image of Tina Turner and Lionel Richie posing with their Grammy Awards in Los Angeles, California, 1985. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

Preceded by Gladys Knight	James Bond title song performer 1995	Succeeded by Sheryl Crow