Private Dancer

Private Dancer is the fifth solo studio album by Tina Turner. It was released by Capitol Records in May 1984, and was her first album released through the label. Recording sessions for the album took place at several studios in England and was overseen by four different production teams, including Rupert Hine, and Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh of Heaven 17. A radical departure from the rhythm and blues sound Turner had performed with her former husband and performing partner Ike Turner, the tracks in the album are a mixture of uptempos and ballads, inspired by pop and rock genres; it also features elements of smooth jazz and R&B.

This article is about the album. For the song, see Private Dancer (Tina Turner song).

Private Dancer
Standard cover art (original CD edition pictured)
Studio album by Tina Turner
Released	May 29, 1984 (1984-05-29)
Recorded	1983–1984
Studio	Farmyard Studios, Mayfair Studios, Wessex Sound Studios, Good Earth Studios, Abbey Road Studios & CBS Studios (London, England).
Genre	Pop rock R&B[1]
Length	44:02
Label	Capitol
Producer	Terry Britten Carter Leon "Ndugu" Chancler Wilton Felder Rupert Hine Joe Sample Greg Walsh Martyn Ware
Tina Turner chronology
Love Explosion (1979) Private Dancer (1984) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985)
Singles from Private Dancer
"Let's Stay Together" Released: 7 November 1983 "Help! (On European album version only. Not on U.S. release)" Released: 25 February 1984 (Single released in Europe only) "What's Love Got to Do with It" Released: 4 June 1984 "Better Be Good to Me" Released: 12 September 1984 "Private Dancer" Released: October 28, 1984 (US) 17 February 1985 (UK) "I Can't Stand the Rain" Released: 1 March 1985 "Show Some Respect" Released: 4 May 1985

After several challenging years of going solo after divorcing Ike, Private Dancer propelled Turner into becoming a viable solo star, as well as one of the most marketable crossover singers in the recording industry. It became a worldwide commercial success, earning multi-platinum certifications in Australia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States. To date, it remains her best-selling album in North America. Private Dancer produced seven singles, including "What's Love Got to Do with It", "Better Be Good to Me", "Private Dancer", and "Let's Stay Together". Positively received by critics on release for Turner's ability to give energy and raw emotion to slickly-produced professional pop/rock songs; its long term legacy is that the softening of her raw Southern soul style produced a "landmark" in the "evolution of pop-soul music".[2] The album was promoted throughout 1985 in a 177-date worldwide tour entitled the Private Dancer Tour.

In 2020, the album was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[3]

Background and production

A&R man John Carter of Capitol Records is credited with relaunching the career of Tina Turner in the 1980s.[4] In 1983, despite opposition from within Capitol, he signed her and managed her first album for the label, Private Dancer. The album itself was produced in England using several different producers.[2]

"Let's Stay Together" was produced by Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh of British band Heaven 17. Terry Britten produced the reggae-tinged "What's Love Got to Do with It". Rupert Hine produced "Better Be Good to Me", which had been written by Holly Knight, Mike Chapman, and Nicky Chinn, and most of the other songs.[5] John Carter produced "Private Dancer", which was written by Mark Knopfler and has a guitar solo by Jeff Beck. "Ball of Confusion", a cover of The Temptations song which was Turner's first collaboration with the B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation)/Heaven 17 production team and part of their collaborative 1982 album Music of Quality and Distinction Volume One was not included on the Private Dancer album. A recording of Sam Cooke's "A Change Is Gonna Come" from the same sessions would re-appear in remixed form on B.E.F.'s Music of Quality and Distinction Volume Two in 1991. "Help!" was recorded with The Crusaders.

Release

The album was released on 29 May 1984 and became an outstanding commercial success,[6][7][8] peaking at number three on the Billboard 200 chart for ten consecutive weeks[9] and being certified 5× Platinum in the United States.[10] Worldwide, the album has been estimated to have sold over 20 million copies.[11]

The album produced a number of highly successful singles including "What's Love Got to Do with It" which went to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for three weeks. At the 1985 Grammy Awards, Private Dancer won four of the six awards for which it was nominated. No less than seven of the album's ten tracks (nine in the U.S.) were released as singles: "Let's Stay Together", which was a UK Top 10 hit and a US Top 30 hit; "Help!"; "Better Be Good to Me"; "Private Dancer"; "I Can't Stand the Rain" and "Show Some Respect" (1985).

In 1997, EMI, the parent label of Capitol Records, released a digitally remastered Centenary Edition of the Private Dancer album on CD, then including four additional demo tracks recorded in late 1983 and early 1984 with the producer John Carter, first released as B-sides to some of the Private Dancer singles, as well as three extended 12" remixes. The album remains the only Tina Turner studio album to have been re-issued in digitally remastered form.

In 2015, the 30th Anniversary edition of this album was released by the Parlophone Records unit of Warner Music Group which now controls this album.[12]

Critical reception

Professional ratings

Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic	[1]
American Songwriter	[13]
Christgau's Record Guide	A−[14]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music	[15]
Q	[16]
Rolling Stone	[5]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide	[17]

The album received a positive reception from critics. The Los Angeles Times wrote that Turner's voice "melts vinyl".[18] Debby Miller, in a July 1984 Rolling Stone review, felt that the album was a powerful comeback, with Turner's voice "rasping but strong", and a range of songs that were all good in a "modern rock setting" that was "neither detached nor very fussy".[5] Robert Christgau felt that she was able to deliver with honesty the "middlebrow angst of contemporary professional songwriting" and remain in control of an album with four different production teams to give it a "seamless authority".[19]

Tour

Main article: Private Dancer Tour

A 177 date tour to promote the album took place from February 8, 1985 to December 28, 1985. Called the Private Dancer Tour, there were 60 shows in Europe, 105 in North America, 10 in Australia, and 2 in Japan. Opening acts in North America included Glenn Frey and Mr. Mister. As well as songs from the album, Turner performed hits from her time with Ike & Tina, such as "River Deep – Mountain High", "Nutbush City Limits", and "Proud Mary".

Legacy

Alex Henderson, in a retrospective AllMusic review, says that the album was slicker than her R&B classics recorded with Ike & Tina, but she was still able to sing with a throaty passion to deliver her finest solo production.[20] Stephen Holden has written in The New York Times that by using her English producers to soften her raw Southern soul style, discarding the "blaring horns, frenzied percussion and gospel calls and responses", the album became a "landmark" in the "evolution of pop-soul music".[2]

Michael Lydon, in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, says that the album's lyrical themes embodied her persona of a "tough, sexy woman schooled in a tough world", and that her vocal delivery overcomes the slick production, with her "indomitable soul" unifying the multiple producers.[21] In 1989, the album was ranked number 46 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 100 Greatest Albums of the '80s. In 2003, the TV network VH1 named Private Dancer the 95th greatest album of all time. Slant Magazine listed the album at number 63 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s" saying "Both a personal liberation and sonic redemption, Private Dancer established Turner not only as a genuine diva, but a bona fide force of nature".[22]

Track listing

Original US vinyl/cassette edition

Side one

1. "I Might Have Been Queen" (Hine, Obstoj, West-Oram) – 4:10
2. "What's Love Got to Do with It" (Britten, Lyle) – 3:49
3. "Show Some Respect" (Britten, Shifrin) – 3:18
4. "I Can't Stand the Rain" (Bryant, Miller, Peebles) – 3:41
5. "Better Be Good to Me" (Chapman, Chinn, Knight) – 5:10

Side two

1. "Let's Stay Together" (Green, Jackson, Mitchell) – 5:16
2. "1984" (Bowie) – 3:09
3. "Steel Claw" (Brady) – 3:48
4. "Private Dancer" (Knopfler) – 7:11

Original international edition

No.	Title	Writer(s)	Length
1.	"I Might Have Been Queen"	Jeanette Obstoj, Rupert Hine, Jamie West-Oram	4:10
2.	"What's Love Got to Do with It"	Terry Britten, Graham Lyle	3:48
3.	"Show Some Respect"	Britten, Sue Shifrin	3:18
4.	"I Can't Stand the Rain"	Ann Peebles, Don Bryant, Bernard Miller	3:41
5.	"Private Dancer"	Mark Knopfler	7:11
6.	"Let's Stay Together"	Willie Mitchell, Al Green, Al Jackson, Jr.	5:16
7.	"Better Be Good to Me"	Holly Knight, Nicky Chinn, Mike Chapman	5:11
8.	"Steel Claw"	Paul Brady	3:48
9.	"Help!"	John Lennon, Paul McCartney	4:30
10.	"1984"	David Bowie	3:09

Remastered editions

1997 Centenary Edition bonus tracks

No.	Title	Writer(s)	Length
11.	"I Wrote a Letter" ("Let's Stay Together" B-side)	Inga Rumpf	3:24
12.	"Rock 'n Roll Widow" ("Help" B-side)	Tom Snow	4:45
13.	"Don't Rush the Good Things" ("What's Love Got to Do with It" B-side)	Neil Gammack	3:46
14.	"When I Was Young" ("Better Be Good to Me" B-side)	Eric Burdon, Victor Briggs, John Weider, Danny McCulloch	3:11
15.	"What's Love Got to Do with It" (Extended 12" Remix)	Britten, Lyle	5:48
16.	"Better Be Good to Me" (Extended 12" Remix) (edit)	Knight, Chinn, Chapman	7:03
17.	"I Can't Stand the Rain" (Extended 12" Remix)	Peebles, Bryant, Miller	5:45

2015 30th Anniversary Edition bonus disc

No.	Title	Length
1.	"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World is Today)" (with B.E.F.)
2.	"I Wrote a Letter" ("Let's Stay Together" B-side)
3.	"Rock 'n Roll Widow" ("Help" B-side)
4.	"Don't Rush the Good Things" ("What's Love Got to Do with It" B-side)
5.	"When I Was Young" ("Better Be Good to Me" B-side)
6.	"Keep Your Hands Off My Baby" ("Private Dancer" B-side)
7.	"Tonight" (Live with David Bowie) (Live at The NEC, Birmingham)
8.	"Let's Pretend We're Married" (Live)
9.	"What's Love Got to Do with It" (Extended 12" Remix)
10.	"Better Be Good to Me" (Extended 12" Remix) (edit)
11.	"I Can't Stand the Rain" (Extended 12" Remix)
12.	"Show Some Respect" (Extended Mix)
13.	"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" (Single Edit)
14.	"One of the Living" (Single Remix)
15.	"It's Only Love" (with Bryan Adams)

Personnel

• Tina Turner – lead vocals (all tracks), background vocals (1, 7, 8)
• Gary Barnacle – saxophone (6)
• Jeff Beck – guitar (5, 8)
• Terry Britten – guitar (2, 3, 4), background vocals (2, 3)
• Graham Broad – drums (4)
• Alex Brown – background vocals (9)
• John Carter – percussion (5)
• Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – drums (9)
• Alan Clark – keyboards (5, 8), percussion (5)
• Mel Collins – saxophone (5)
• David Cullen – string arrangements (10)
• Cy Curnin – background vocals (1, 7)
• Jullian Diggle – percussion (5)
• David Ervin – synthesizer, programming (9)
• Gwen Evans – background vocals (9)
• Charles Fearing – guitar (9)
• Wilton Felder – bass guitar (9), saxophone (9)
• Nick Glennie-Smith – keyboards (2, 3, 4)
• Glenn Gregory – background vocals (6, 10)
• Rupert Hine – bass guitar (1, 7), keyboards (1, 7), percussion, programming (1, 7), background vocals (1, 7)
• Graham Jarvis – Oberheim DX (2, 3)
• John Illsley – bass guitar (5, 8)
• Hal Lindes – guitar (5, 8)
• Billy Livsey – keyboards (2, 3)
• Trevor Morais – drums (1, 7)
• Simon Morton – percussion (2)
• Tessa Niles – background vocals (2, 3)
• Frank Ricotti – percussion (6)
• Ray Russell – guitar (6)
• Joe Sample – synthesizer (9), piano (9)
• David T. Walker – guitar (9)
• Martyn Ware – programming, electronic drums (6, 10), arrangements (6, 10), background vocals (6, 10)
• Greg Walsh – programming (6, 10), arrangements (6, 10)
• Jamie West-Oram – guitar (1, 7)
• Jessica Williams – background vocals (9)
• Terry Williams – drums (5, 8)
• Nick Plytas – piano, synthesizer (6, 10)
• Richie Zito – guitar (8)

Production

• Terry Britten – producer (2, 3, 4)
• John Carter – producer (5, 8)
• Leon "Ndugu" Chancler – producer (9)
• Wilton Felder – producer (9)
• Rupert Hine – producer (1, 7)
• Joe Sample – producer (9)
• Greg Walsh – producer & engineer (6, 10)
• Martyn Ware – producer (6, 10)
• F. Byron Clark – engineer (9)
• John Hudson – engineer & mixing (2, 3, 4)
• Walter Samuel – engineer (6, 10)
• Stephen W. Tayler – engineer & mixing (1, 7)
• Humberto Gatica – remixing (5, 8)
• Alan Yoshida – mastering
• Akira Taguchi – compilation producer
• Sam Gay – creative director
• Roy Kohara – art direction
• John O'Brien – design
• Peter Ashworth – photography
• Roger Davies – management
• Chip Lightman – management

Charts

Weekly charts Chart (1984) Peak position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[23] 7 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[24] 1 Canadian Albums (The Record)[25] 1 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)[26] 3 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[27] 5 French Albums (SNEP)[28] 14 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[29] 2 Japanese Albums (Oricon)[23] 46 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[30] 2 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[31] 5 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[32] 7 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[33] 3 UK Albums (OCC)[34] 2 US Billboard 200[35] 3 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[36] 1 Chart (2015) Peak position Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[37] 10

Year-end charts Chart (1984) Peak position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[38] 17 Canadian Albums (RPM)[39] 8 Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[40] 9 French Albums (SNEP)[41] 71 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[42] 17 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[43] 27 Norwegian Autumn Period Albums (VG-lista)[44] 6 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[45] 6 UK Albums (OCC)[46] 18 US Billboard 200[47] 39 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[47] 11 Chart (1985) Peak position Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)[38] 26 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[48] 1 Canadian Albums (RPM)[49] 28 Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[50] 25 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[51] 2 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[52] 15 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[53] 1 UK Albums (OCC)[54] 16 US Billboard 200[55] 5 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[56] 2 Chart (1986) Peak position UK Albums (OCC)[57] 78

Certifications and sales

Region	Certification	Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[58]	2× Platinum	200,000^^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[59]	Platinum	50,000^*
Austria (IFPI Austria)[59]	3× Gold	75,000^*
Austria (IFPI Austria)[60]	2× Platinum	100,000^*
Belgium (BEA)[61]	Gold	25,000^*
Canada (Music Canada)[62]	7× Platinum	700,000^^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[63]	Platinum	80,000^^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)[64]	Gold	33,464[64]
France (SNEP)[65]	Gold	108,400[66]
Germany (BVMI)[67]	5× Gold	1,250,000^^
Ireland (IRMA)[68]	Platinum	15,000^^
Latvia (LaMPA)[69]	3× Platinum	24,000^*
Netherlands (NVPI)[70]	2× Platinum	200,000^^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[71]	Platinum	15,000^^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[72]	Gold	25,000^*
Portugal (AFP)[73]	Gold	20,000^^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[74]	Platinum	100,000^^
Sweden (GLF)[75]	Platinum	100,000^^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[76]	2× Platinum	100,000^^
United Kingdom (BPI)[77]	3× Platinum	900,000^^
United States (RIAA)[78]	5× Platinum	5,000,000^^
Summaries
Worldwide	—	20,000,000[11]
^*sales figures based on certification alone ^^shipments figures based on certification alone

Grammy Awards

Year	Winner	Category
1985	"Better Be Good to Me"	Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
1985	"What's Love Got to Do with It?"	Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
1985	"What's Love Got to Do with It?"	Record of the Year
1985	"What's Love Got to Do with It?"	Song of the Year

See also

• List of best-selling albums in Germany
• List of best-selling albums

References

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External links

• Private Dancer (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)