Carter Family

The Carter Family is a traditional American folk music group that recorded between 1927 and 1956. Their music had a profound impact on bluegrass, country, Southern Gospel, pop and rock musicians as well as on the U.S. folk revival of the 1960s. They were the first vocal group to become country music stars, and were among the first groups to record commercially produced country music. Their first recordings were made in Bristol, Tennessee, under producer Ralph Peer on August 1, 1927, the day before country singer Jimmie Rodgers also made his initial recordings under Peer. Their recordings of songs such as "Wabash Cannonball", "Can the Circle Be Unbroken", "Wildwood Flower", "Keep On the Sunny Side" and "I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes" made these songs country standards. The tune of the last was used for Roy Acuff's "The Great Speckled Bird", Hank Thompson's "The Wild Side of Life" and Kitty Wells' "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels", making the song a hit all over again in other incarnations.[1]

This article is about the original folk music group Carter Family. For the second-generation band, see The Carter Sisters. For the duo consisting of Beyoncé and Jay Z, see The Carters.
For any of several American political families with surname Carter, see List of United States political families (C).
Original Carter Family
A. P., Maybelle, and Sara Carter (L–R) in 1927
Background information
OriginMaces Spring, Virginia
GenresCountry, folk, Americana
Years active
  • 1927–1956
Labels
Associated acts
Members
Past members

The original group consisted of Sara Carter, her husband A.P. Carter, and her sister Maybelle Carter. Maybelle was married to A.P.'s brother Ezra Carter (Eck) and was also Sara's first cousin. All three were born and raised in southwest Virginia, where they were immersed in the tight harmonies of mountain gospel music and shape note singing.

Throughout the group's career, Sara Carter sang lead vocals and played rhythm guitar or autoharp, and Maybelle sang harmony and played lead guitar. On some songs A.P. did not perform at all; on some songs he sang harmony and background vocals and occasionally he sang lead. Maybelle's distinctive guitar-playing style became a hallmark of the group, and her Carter Scratch (a method for playing both lead and rhythm on the guitar) has become one of the most copied styles of guitar playing. The group (in all its incarnations, see below) recorded for a number of companies, including Victor, RCA, ARC group, Columbia, Okeh and various imprint labels.[2]

History
Birthplace log cabin of A.P. Carter at the Carter Fold at Maces Springs, Virginia now Hiltons, Virginia

The Carter Family made their first recordings on August 1, 1927.[3] The previous day, A.P. Carter had persuaded his wife Sara Carter and his sister-in-law Maybelle Carter to make the journey from Maces Spring, Virginia, to Bristol, Tennessee, to audition for record producer Ralph Peer. Peer was seeking new talent for the relatively embryonic recording industry. The initial sessions are part of what are now called the Bristol Sessions. The band received $50 for each song recorded, plus a half-cent royalty on every copy sold of each song for which they had registered a copyright. On November 4, 1927, the Victor Talking Machine Company released a double-sided 78 rpm record of the group performing "Wandering Boy" and "Poor Orphan Child". On December 2, 1928, Victor released "The Storms Are on the Ocean" / "Single Girl, Married Girl", which became very popular.

By the end of 1930, they had sold 300,000 records in the United States. Realizing that he would benefit financially with each new song he collected and copyrighted, A.P. traveled around the southwestern Virginia area in search of new songs; he also composed new songs. In the early 1930s, he befriended Lesley "Esley" Riddle, a black guitar player from Kingsport, Tennessee. Lesley accompanied A.P. on his song-collecting trips. In June 1931, the Carters did a recording session in Benton, Kentucky, along with Jimmie Rodgers. In 1933, Maybelle met the Speer Family at a fair in Ceredo, West Virginia, fell in love with their signature sound, and asked them to tour with the Carter Family.

Second generation
A.P. Carter General Store Museum at the Carter Fold at Maces Springs, Virginia now Hiltons, Virginia

In the winter of 1938–39, the Carter Family traveled to Texas, where they had a twice-daily program on the border radio station XERA (later XERF) in Villa Acuña (now Ciudad Acuña, Mexico), across the border from Del Rio, Texas. In the 1939–40 season the children of A.P. and Sara (Janette Carter, Joe Carter) and those of Maybelle (Helen Carter, June Carter, Anita Carter) joined the group for radio performances, now in San Antonio, Texas, where the programs were prerecorded and distributed to multiple border radio stations. (The children did not, however, perform on the group's records.) In the fall of 1942, the Carters moved their program to WBT radio in Charlotte, North Carolina, for a one-year contract. They occupied the sunrise slot, with the program airing between 5:15 and 6:15 a.m.

By 1936, A.P. and Sara's marriage had dissolved. Sara married A.P.'s cousin, Coy Bayes, and moved to California, and the group disbanded in 1944.

Maybelle continued to perform with her daughters Anita Carter, June Carter, and Helen Carter as "The Carter Sisters" (sometimes billed as "Maybelle Carter and the Carter Sisters" or "Mother Maybelle and the Carter Sisters"). In 1943, Maybelle Carter and her daughters, using the name "the Carter Sisters," had a program on WRNL in Richmond, Virginia.[4] Maybelle's brother, Hugh Jack (Doc) Addington Jr., and Carl McConnell, known as the Original Virginia Boys, also played music and sang on the radio show.

Chet Atkins joined them playing electric guitar in 1949 until leaving in 1950.[5] A.P., Sara, and their children Joe and Janette recorded 3 albums in the 1950s under the name of The A.P. Carter Family. Mother Maybelle Carter and the Carter Sisters began using the name "the Carter Family" after the death of A.P. Carter in 1960 for their act during the 1960s and 1970s. Maybelle and Sara briefly reunited, recorded a reunion album (An Historic Reunion), and toured in the 1960s during the height of folk music's popularity.[6]

A documentary about the family, Sunny Side of Life, was released in 1985.

In 1987, reunited sisters June Carter Cash and Helen and Anita Carter, along with June's daughter Carlene Carter, appeared as the Carter Family and were featured on a 1987 television episode of Austin City Limits along with Johnny Cash.[7]

Revivalist folksingers during the 1960s performed much of the material the Carters had collected or written. For example, on her early Vanguard albums, folk performer Joan Baez sang "Wildwood Flower", "Little Moses", "Engine 143", "Little Darling, Pal of Mine", and "Gospel Ship". The Carter Family song "Wayworn Traveller" was covered by a young Bob Dylan, who wrote his own words to the melody and named it "Paths of Victory"; this recording is featured on Bootleg Series Vol. 1–3. [8] After writing that song, he wrote new words to the melody and changed the time signature to 3/4, thus creating one of his most famous songs, "The Times They Are a-Changin'".[9]

Third generation

The Carter Family name has been revived for a third time, under the name Carter Family III. A project of descendants of the original Carter Family, John Carter Cash, grandson of Maybelle Carter, and Dale Jett, grandson of A.P. and Sara Carter, along with John's then-wife Laura (Weber) Cash. They released their first album, Past & Present, in 2010.[10]

Rosie Nix Adams, daughter of June Carter Cash, was also a semi-regular performing member of the Carter Family.

On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Carter Family among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.[11]

Carlene Carter also was a member of a revised version.

Personnel

Extended family

June Carter and her sisters were distant cousins of U.S. President Jimmy Carter.[12]

This family tree shows the extended Carter family back four generations.

Cash Carter family tree
William Sevier DoughertyNancy Elizabeth KilgoreRobert C. CarterMollie Arvell BaysMargaret S. KilgoreHugh Jackson Addington
Sara CarterA.P. CarterEzra J. CarterMaybelle Carter
Gladys CarterJanette CarterJoe CarterHelen CarterAnita Carter
Vivian LibertoJohnny CashJune Carter CashCarl Smith
Edwin "Rip" Nix
Rosanne CashKathleen CashCindy CashTara CashJohn Carter CashRosie Nix AdamsCarlene CarterNick Lowe
Joseph Breen

Notes:

    Legacy and musical style

    As important to country music as the family's repertoire of songs was Maybelle's guitar playing. She developed her innovative guitar technique largely in isolation; her style is today widely known as the "Carter scratch" or "Carter Family picking". While Maybelle did use a flatpick on occasion, her major method of guitar playing was the use of her thumb (with a thumbpick) along with one or two fingers. What her guitar style accomplished was to allow her to play melody lines (on the low strings of the guitar) while still maintaining rhythm using her fingers, brushing across the higher strings. Before the Carter family's recordings, the guitar was rarely used as a lead or solo instrument among white musicians. Maybelle's interweaving of a melodic line on the bass strings with intermittent strums is now a staple of steel string guitar technique. Flatpickers such as Doc Watson, Clarence White and Norman Blake took flatpicking to a higher technical level, but all acknowledge Maybelle's playing as their inspiration.

    It has been noted that 'by the end of the twenties, Maybelle Carter scratch ... was the most widely imitated guitar style in music. Nobody did as much to popularize the guitar, because from the beginning, her playing was distinctive as any voice.'

    — quoted in The Bristol Sessions: Writings About the Big Bang of Country Music (2005)[13]

    The Carter Family was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1970 and were given the nickname "The First Family of Country Music".[14] In 1988, the Carter Family was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and received its Award for the song "Will the Circle Be Unbroken". In 1993, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative postage stamp honoring A.P., Sara, and Maybelle. In 2001, the group was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor. In 2005, the group received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

    Renewed attention to the Carter Family tune "When I'm Gone" occurred after several covers performed a cappella with a cup used to provide percussion, as in the cup game and dubbed "Cups or The Cup Song", went viral and culminated with a short performance in the movie Pitch Perfect. Afterwards it was released as a single by Anna Kendrick.

    The A.P. and Sara Carter House, A.P. Carter Homeplace, A.P. Carter Store, Maybelle and Ezra Carter House, and Mt. Vernon Methodist Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as components of the Carter Family Thematic Resource.[15][16]

    In 2017, the Carter Family's story was told in the award-winning documentary series American Epic.[17] The film featured unseen film footage of The Carter Family performing and being interviewed,[18][19] and radically improved restorations of their 1920s recordings.[20][21] Director Bernard MacMahon commented that "we first came to the Carters through their records, but one of the other things that struck us about them is that they were involved in both of the main waves of America hearing itself for the first time. They made their first impact in that early wave of rural recordings, and then the next stage was the arrival of radio, and in the late 1930s, they went to Texas and were on XERA, a border station based in Mexico that could be heard all over the central and western United States."[22] The Carter Family's story was profiled in the accompanying book, American Epic: The First Time America Heard Itself.[23]

    Discography
    See also: Carter Family discography

    Selected 78 rpm records: The Carter Family's career predated any sort of best-selling chart of country music records. (Billboard did not have a country best sellers chart until 1944.) Below is a select list of their 78 rpm releases.

    Bluebird Records

    Montgomery Ward Records

    • "Lonesome Pine Special"
    • "Two Sweethearts"
    • "Where We'll Never Grow Old"

    Decca Records

    • "Coal Miner Blues"
    • "Hello Stranger"
    • "My Dixie Darling"
    • "You Are My Flower"

    Victor Records

    • "Bury Me Beneath the Weeping Willow"
    • "Foggy Mountain Top"
    • "Gold Watch and Chain"
    • "I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes"
    • "Keep on the Firing Line"
    • "My Old Cottage Home"
    • "On the Sea of Gallee"
    • "The Church in the Wildwood"
    • "The Storms Are on the Ocean"

    Vocalion Records

    • "Broken Hearted Love"
    • "Can the Circle Be Unbroken"
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    gollark: Vacuumulator or annihilation plane and weirdness.

    See also
    • Songs written by A.P. Carter

    References
    1. Heatley, Michael (2007). The Definitive Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock. London, UK: Star Fire. ISBN 978-1-84451-996-5.
    2. Zwonitzer, M. & Hirshberg, C. (2002). Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone? The Carter Family & Their Legacy in American Music. Simon & Schuster, NY.] [The Carter Sisters & Mother Maybelle: Living Tradition. The Journal of the Academy for the Preservation of Old-Time Country Music.], [Sunny Side Sentinel: Official Publication for the Carter Family, Discography Issue (1980)
    3. Maybelle Carter, Bill Clifton. Wildwood Pickin' (audio CD). Vanguard Records. ASIN B000000EHH.
    4. Wolfe, Charles K. (2000). Classic Country: Legends of Country Music. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415928267. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
    5. Atkins, Chet; Neely, Bill (1974). Country Gentleman. Chicago: Harry Regnery Company. ISBN 0-8092-9051-0.
    6. Sara Carter, Maybelle Carter. Maybelle & Sara Carter Cannonball Blues (video). YouTube ("bluesriff"). Retrieved April 29, 2013.
    7. "Austin City Limits: 1987: Johnny Cash with The Carter Family". Austin, Texas: PBS. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
    8. "Song: The Wayworn Traveller written by A.P. Carter". Secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
    9. Gates, Guilbert (October 15, 2016). "Listen to Bob Dylan's Many Influences". Nytimes.com. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
    10. "Past & Present". Johncartercash.bandcamp.com. Archived from the original on 2016-04-30. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
    11. Rosen, Jody (25 June 2019). "Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
    12. Carter 1978, p. 1115 (Conference on HIRE, June 14).
    13. Wolfe, Charles K.; Olson, Ted (2005). The Bristol Sessions: Writings About the Big Bang of Country Music. p. 74. ISBN 0-7864-1945-8.
    14. Wolfe, Charles. "Carter Family". Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
    15. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
    16. Carter Family Tree
    17. "BBC – Arena: American Epic – Media Centre". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
    18. "Mule Calls and Outlaws: A Conversation With 'American Epic' Director Bernard MacMahon". Men's Journal. 2017-05-23. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
    19. "'American Epic' Recreates Music History With Elton John, Beck & More". Udiscovermusic.com. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
    20. "American Epic". Stereophile.com. 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
    21. Lewis, Randy. "'American Epic' explores how a business crisis ignited a musical revolution". Latimes.com. Retrieved 2018-06-29.
    22. Wald, Elijah; McGourty, Allison; MacMahon, Bernard (2017). American Epic | The First Time America Heard itself. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 9781501135606.
    23. MacMahon, Bernard; McGourty, Allison; Wald, Elijah (2017-05-02). American Epic. ISBN 9781501135606.

    Sources
    • Among My Klediments, June Carter Cash, Grand Rapids, MI, Zondervan, 1979. ISBN 0-310-38170-3
    • In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music, Nicholas Dawidoff, Vintage Books, 1998. ISBN 0-375-70082-X
    • Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone?: The Carter Family and Their Legacy in American Music, Mark Zwonitzer with Charles Hirshberg, New York, Simon & Schuster, 2002
    Awards
    Preceded by
    Gram Parsons    		 AMA Presidents Award
    2004    		 Succeeded by
    John Hartford
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