Telecommunications in Australia

Telecommunications in Australia refers to communication in Australia through electronic means, using devices such as telephone, television, radio or computer, and services such as the telephony and broadband networks. Telecommunications have always been important in Australia given the 'tyranny of distance' with a dispersed population. Governments have driven telecommunication development and have a key role in its regulation.

Adults employed in the information media and telecommunications industry as a percentage of the adult population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census

History
A memorial at Narrandera, New South Wales to the 'J' trunk route linking the Australian cities and towns on the east coast

Colonial period

Prior to Federation of Australia in 1901, each of the six Australian colonies had its own telephony communications network. The Australian networks were government assets operating under colonial legislation modelled on that of Britain. The UK Telegraph Act 1868 for example empowered the Postmaster-General to 'acquire, maintain and work electric telegraphs' and foreshadowed the 1870 nationalisation of competing British telegraph companies.

Australia's first telephone service (connecting the Melbourne and South Melbourne offices of Robinson Brothers) was launched in 1879. The private Melbourne Telephone Exchange Company opened Australia's first telephone exchange in August 1880. Around 7,757 calls were handled in 1884.

The nature of the networks meant that regulation in Australia was undemanding: network personnel were government employees or agents, legislation was enhanced on an incremental basis and restrictions could be achieved through infrastructure. All the colonies ran their telegraph networks at a deficit through investment in infrastructure and subsidisation of regional access, generally with bipartisan support.

Government-operated post office and telegraph networks - the largest parts of the bureaucracy - were combined into a single department in each colony on the model of the UK Post Office: South Australia in 1869, Victoria in 1870, Queensland in 1880 and New South Wales in 1893.

At Federation (1901)

At Federation, the colonial networks (staff, switches, wires, handsets, buildings etc.) were transferred to the Commonwealth Postmaster-General's Department responsible for domestic postal, telephone and, telegraph services becoming the responsibility of the first Postmaster-General (PMG), a federal. With 16,000 staff (and assets of over £6 million) the PMG accounted for 80% of the new federal bureaucracy.

Public phones were available in a handful of post offices. Subscriber telephones were initially restricted to major businesses, government agencies, institutions and wealthier residences. Eight million telegrams were sent that year over 43,000 miles of line.

There were around 33,000 phones across Australia, with 7,502 telephone subscribers in inner Sydney and 4,800 in the Melbourne central business district.

Overseas cable links to Australia remained in private hands, reflecting the realities of imperial politics, demands on the new government's resources, and perceptions of its responsibilities.

After Federation

A trunk line between Melbourne (headquarters of the PMG Department) and Sydney was established in 1907, with extension to Adelaide in 1914, Brisbane in 1923, Perth in 1930 and Hobart in 1935.

An old bakelite ash tray showing an example of a single digit phone number used in the early days of telecommunication.

On 12 July 1906 the first Australian wireless overseas messages were sent between Point Lonsdale, Victoria and Devonport, Tasmania.[1] Australia and New Zealand ratified the 1906 Berlin Radio-telegraph Convention in 1907. The PMG department became responsible for some international shortwave services - particularly from the 1920s - and for a new Coastal Radio Service in 1911, with the first of a network of stations operational in February 1912.

The Sydney–Melbourne co-axial cable was officially opened on 9 April 1962.[2] The coaxial cable infrastructure supported the introduction of subscriber trunk dialling between the cities[3] and live television link-ups. After its commissioning in April 1962 the cable carried telegraph and telephone traffic.[4] It also provided the first inter-city television transmission in Australia, allowing simultaneous television broadcasting in Melbourne and Sydney for the first time.[5]

Optus was formed as AUSSAT a government owned corporation on 1981. It was later privatised under the Bob hawke 1980s government. Telstra (previously known as Telecom) another government owned asset was also privatised in 1997 under the John Howard liberal government.

Broadcasting in Australia
Main article: History of broadcasting in Australia

Australia developed its own radio broadcasting system, through its own engineers, manufacturers, retailers, newspapers, entertainment services, and news agencies. Initially hobbyists and amateurs were dominant, however with the Commonwealth Government setting up the first radio system, and business interests becoming increasingly involved, hobbyists and amateurs were marginalised. The Australian Labor Party was especially interested in radio because it allowed them to bypass the newspapers, which were mostly controlled by their opposition. Both parties agreed on the need for a national system, and in 1932 set up the Australian Broadcasting Commission was set up as a government agency largely separate from political interference.

The first commercial broadcasters, originally known as 'B' class stations were on the air as early as 1925. Many were sponsored by newspapers in Australia,[6] by theatrical interests, by amateur radio enthusiasts and radio retailers, and by retailers generally.[7] Almost all Australians were within reach of a station by the 1930s, and the number of stations remained relatively stable through the post-war era. However, in the 1970s, the Labor government under Prime Minister Gough Whitlam commenced a broadcasting renaissance so that by the 1990s there were 50 different radio services available for groups based on tastes, languages, religion, or geography.[8] The broadcasting system was largely deregulated in 1992, except that there were limits on foreign ownership and on monopolistic control. By 2000, 99 percent of Australians owned at least one television set, and averaged 20 hours a week watching it.[9]

Television
Main article: Television broadcasting in Australia

As early as 1929, two Melbourne commercial radio stations, 3UZ and 3DB were conducting experimental mechanical television broadcasts – these were conducted in the early hours of the morning, after the radio stations had officially closed down. In 1934 Dr Val McDowall[10] at amateur station 4CM Brisbane[11] conducted experiments in electronic television.

Television broadcasting officially began in Sydney and Melbourne just prior to the Melbourne Olympic Games in November/December 1956 and then phased in at other capital cities, and then into rural markets. Many forms of entertainment, particularly drama and variety, proved more suited to television than radio, so the actors and producers migrated there.

It now includes a broad range of public, commercial, community, subscription, narrowcast, and amateur stations across the country. Colour television in the PAL 625-line format went to a full-time basis in 1975. Subscription television, on the Galaxy platform, began in 1995. Digital terrestrial television was introduced in 2001.[12]

Australia moved from PAL 625 to DVB-T on 10 December 2013.

Subscription television, whether Foxtel or Netflix type services, has become more important and is one factor driving demand for the National Broadband Network.

Core technologies, the network, backhaul and the local loop

Copper cable and optical fibre networks
See also: Fiber to the x

Prior to the government opening telecommunications to multi player competition the PMG (and later Telecom Australia) operated a vertically integrated system, providing the Core network, backhaul, ancillary networks and a range of services to end users.

With opening telecommunications to multi provider competition the government required Telstra to sell wholesale access to its core facilities and networks.

In the 2000s, larger ISPs began taking over more of the delivery infrastructure themselves by taking advantage of regulated access to the unconditioned local loop. As well as significantly reducing costs, it gave the service providers complete control of their own service networks, other than the copper pair (phone line from the exchange to the customer).[13]

Telstra in 2006 proposed replacing its copper network with an optical fibre node network with the drop connection into end user premises being the existing copper cable. They abandoned this as under competition policy they would be required to open their network to competing carriers on a wholesale basis.

Further options were explored with the first Rudd government deciding to set up a National Broadband Network using Fibre To The Premises as the main carrier network, supported by satellite and wireless to remote areas.

After the election of the Abbott government in 2013 a Multi Technological Mix was implemented, replacing FTTP where development was yet to start with Fibre To The Node and also repurposing the Telstra and Optus hybrid fibre-coaxial networks.

Cable

In the late 1990s, Telstra and Optus rolled-out separate cable Internet services, focusing on the east coast.

Satellite

The Overseas Telecommunications Commission (OTC) was established by Australia in August 1946 with responsibility for all international telecommunications services into, through and out of Australia.

In 1981 Aussat Pty Ltd was established as a GBE to operate domestic satellite telecommunication and broadcasting services. Aussat's charter restricted it from acting as a competitor to Telecom, including a prohibition on interconnecting public switched traffic with Telecom's network.

Proposals for a merger of Aussat and OTC (thereby permitting national delivery of telecommunication services in competition with Telecom) were rejected in favor of disposal of the satellite operator to a non-government entity that would be allowed to compete with Telecom.

Satellites are used to provide telecommunications services in very remote areas. These are primarily the Optus satellites C1 D1 and D2.

There are also a number of satellite earth stations, which provide access points into the Australian networks:

  • Intelsat has 10 earth stations, 4 for the Indian Ocean and 6 for the Pacific Ocean.
  • Inmarsat has 2 earth stations, which serve the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions.
  • SingTel Optus Earth Stations has several earth stations located in the major cities.
  • Sky Muster satellites operated as part of the National Broadband Network.
  • Telstra has a totals of 48 earth stations, Located between sites in Sydney, Perth and Bendigo serving both the Australian Continent, Asia-Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean regions.

Submarine cables

Due to Australia's large size, sparse population, and relative remoteness to other countries, a significant amount of infrastructure is required for Internet communications. The vast majority of Australia's international telecommunications transit capacity is sourced from undersea several fibre-optic cables to Asia and the US:

Further information: Telephone numbers in Australia

The Postmaster-General's Department regulated telecommunications and operated telephone and related communications within Australia over the copper telephony network from federation up to 22 December 1975,[15] replaced by the Postal and Telecommunications Department.

In mid-1975 the department was disaggregated by the Fraser Government into the two Government Business Enterprises: the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as Australia Post) with a new Postal and Telecommunications Department.[16] The change was intended to take account of the increase in the functions of the department to include all electronic media matters which had previously been the responsibility of the Department of the Media.[16]

The 1982 Davidson Inquiry regarding private sector involvement in delivery of existing/proposed telecommunications services recommended ending Telecom Australia's monopoly.[17]

In June 1991, legislation was passed allowing duopoly competition with Telstra, Optus Communications became Australia's second general telecommunications carrier.[18] It was guaranteed access to Telecom's existing infrastructure on reasonable terms - meant to ensure its viability. Other players were prevented from entering the general telephone market until 1997.

Telecom Australia changed its name to Telstra in 1995 and has since been privatised. It faced growing competition in market niches such as long distance corporate voice and data services. Telstra was progressively privatised (33.3% 1997, 16.6% 1999, 33.3% 2006, with 17% transferred to the Future Fund.)

Numbers of licensed telecommunications carriers grew from: ~20 controlling facilities in Australia at 1998 (with several hundred entities providing services using those facilities to end users); to 99 at 2002.

Regulation

The Postmaster-General's Department regulated telecommunications and operated telephone and related communications within Australia over the copper telephony network from federation up to 22 December 1975,[15] replaced by the Postal and Telecommunications Department.

On 1 July 2005, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) brought together the Australian Broadcasting Authority (ABA) and the Australian Communications Authority (ACA).[19]

General censorship
Main articles: Censorship in Australia and Australian Classification Board

Internet censorship
Main article: Internet censorship in Australia § Federal law

On 31 December 2007, Stephen Conroy announced the federal government's intention to censor 'inappropriate material' from the Internet.[20][21] Under the proposed system any Australian who subscribes to an ISP would receive a 'clean' version of the Internet. The Federal Government's stated aim is to protect children from accessing violent and pornographic websites. This plan was later abandoned and the Australian government continues to only block websites that violate online laws.

Internet
Main article: Internet in Australia

Permanent Internet access was first available in Australia to universities via AARNet in 1989.[22][23][24] The first commercial dial-up Internet Service Provider (ISP) appeared in capital cities soon after,[25] and by the mid-1990s almost the entire country had a range of choices of dial-up ISPs.[26] Today, Internet access is available through a range of technologies, i.e. hybrid fibre coaxial cable, digital subscriber line (DSL), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and satellite Internet. The Australian Government, in partnership with the industrial sector, began rolling out a nationwide FTTP broadband network in July 2009.[27]

The .au domain (ccTLD) was delegated to Robert Elz of the Australian Computing Science Network (ACSNet) in March 1986.[28] From then, universities connected one at a time to allow for the sending and receiving of email and for use newsgroup facilities. An earlier restricted IP-based network, linking academic institutions within Australia, known as ACSNet, used the .oz domain. This domain was subsumed under .au to become .oz.au.[29]

A permanent connection between AARNet and ARPANet was established in May 1989 by a satellite connection.[22][23][24]

In 1992 there were two competing commercial ISPs expanding to excess of 100 by June 1995 [Internet Australasia Magazine], attributing some fifth of all AARNet traffic.

The Vice Chancellors' Committee sold all commercial customers with Telstra leading the commercial push of the Internet into Australia.[30]

Broadband access

Broadband internet access is available in Australia using predominantly ADSL, plus cable, fibre, satellite and wireless technologies. Since July 2008 almost two thirds of Australian households have had internet access, with broadband connections outnumbering dial-up two to one.[31] According to the recent ABS statistics the non-dial-up services outnumber dial up services 3.6 to 1.

xDSL

In 2000, the first consumer ADSL services were made available via Telstra Bigpond, at speeds of 256/64 kbit/s (downstream/upstream), 512/128 kbit/s, and 1500/256 kbit/s. Telstra chose to artificially limit all ADSL speeds to a maximum of 1500/256 kbit/s. As ADSL required access to the telephone exchange and the copper line — which only Telstra had — this allowed Telstra to be dominant due to the expense of roll-out for other companies and Telstra's established customer base. Other ISPs followed suit soon after; reselling connections purchased wholesale from Telstra.[32]

In response to Telstra's monopolisation of ADSL provision other carriers installed their own DSLAMs.[33] Internode[34]

The presence of non-Telstra DSLAMs allowed the service providers to control the speed of connection, and most offered 'uncapped' speeds, allowing the customers to connect at whatever speed their copper pair would allow, up to 8 Mbit/s. Ratification of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ increased the maximum to 12 Mbit/s, then 24 Mbit/s.

In November 2007 the first Naked DSL product was announced by iiNet.[35] Shortly after this other internet providers also started to provide DSL products without telephony service over copper, reducing line rental fees.[36][37]

Telstra FTTN

Telstra proposed to upgrade to Fibre to the Node (FTTN) in 2006 but did not pursue the development because it would be required to share the network.[38]

Wireless broadband

Wireless broadband in Australia is widespread, with many point-to-point fixed wireless broadband providers serving broadband-poor regional and rural areas, predominantly with Motorola Canopy and WiMAX technologies. Telstra's 2006 introduction of the 'Next G' HSPA network (which reportedly covers 99% of the Australian population as of September 2008) with speeds advertised of being up to 14 Mbit/s[39] stimulated investment in wireless broadband by competitors Optus, Vodafone and Hutchison Telecommunications, who are presently expanding their HSPA networks to cover 96–98% of the Australian population.[40][41][42]

Rural coverage
See also: Universal service

Delivering competitive telecommunications services to regional and rural areas is a major issue, with Telstra having a Universal Service Obligation regarding telephony services. Government monies have been made available on a competitive basis to carriers to address broadband and mobile telephone blackspots and gaps in service provision.

National Broadband Network
Main article: National Broadband Network

The National Broadband Network was initially a fibre to the home (FTTH) open-access network in planning and trial operation in Australia by the federal government. The national broadband network aimed to provide up to 1000 Mbit/s speeds and to connect to 93% of Australian households and businesses.[43] This has since been revised under a Coalition government to a Mixed-Technology system relying largely on Australia's existing and largely depreciated copper networks. This revision aims for 50 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s, with consumer reports ranging from 1 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s. The government will hold a majority share (51%) in the network company, with the remainder being held by private firms.[44] The Australian government had previously called for proposals to build a Fibre to the Node (FTTN) broadband network providing download speeds up to 100 and upload speeds up to 40Megabits per second. The government also utilises fixed wireless technology and satellite technology to provide fast broadband connection in rural area and very remote area. Fixed wireless provides speeds up to 50/20 Mbit/s.[45] Satellite technology uses two Sky Muster communication satellites launched in 2015 and 2016 to provide fast broadband in very remote areas and offshore. It provides speeds up to 25/5 Mbit/s.[46]

The network will be the largest single infrastructure investment in Australia's history.[47]

gollark: They're bas64.
gollark: I'm clearly dealing with SoundOfSpouting#6980, user ID 151149148639330304, PotatoID EON7sysjIqEMhs/U+KM4JjzNMrZAlB0O.
gollark: Nonsense.
gollark: But if you really don't exist, I will *make* you exist just so I can properly hack you.
gollark: The logs clearly say you do, and you appear to be interacting with me.

See also

References
  1. http://tja.org.au/index.php/tja/article/view/9/30 Given, Jock. 2010. ‘Wireless politics: Marconi and the Parliament at Point Lonsdale, 12 July 1906’. Telecommunications Journal of Australia. 60 (4): pp. 60.1 to 60.7. Monash University ePress.
  2. "Australia's Prime Ministers". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  3. The Australasian Engineer, 1962, p.32.
  4. Telecommunications Journal of Australia, vol.13, no.3, February 1962 (special edition), p.173.
  5. The Australasian Engineer, 1962, p.33.
  6. Denis Cryle, 'The press and public service broadcasting: Neville Petersen's news not views and the case for Australian exceptionalism.' (2014) Media International Australia, Incorporating Culture & Policy Issue 151 (May 2014): 56+.
  7. R.R. Walker, The Magic Spark – 50 Years of Radio in Australia (1973).
  8. John Potts, Radio in Australia (1986)
  9. Graeme Davison et al., eds., The Oxford Companion to Australian History (2001), pp 546–47, 637–38
  10. College Roll: McDowall, Valentine, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
  11. Charles Porter, (1962), Broadcasting in Queensland. Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, 6 4, pp. 750-761.
  12. Albert Moran and Chris Keating. The A to Z of Australian Radio and Television (Scarecrow Press, 2009)
  13. 'iinet archives' Retrieved on 25 September 2008.
  14. ITNews, PPC-1 delivers more speed than expected by Ben Grubb Oct 8, 2009
  15. CA 9: Postmaster-General's Department, Central Administration, National Archives of Australia, retrieved 5 December 2013
  16. Fraser, Malcolm (18 December 1975). "Major Changes In Ministerial And Departmental Responsibilities And Functions" (Press release). Archived from the original on 11 January 2014.
  17. Committee of Inquiry into Telecommunications Services in Australia; Davidson, J. A. (James Arthur), 1922-; Australia. Parliament (1982), Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Telecommunications Services in Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service, ISBN 978-0-644-01231-7CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. Mitchell Bingemann, (30 January 2012), Optus rings up 20 years, sticking to its guns, The Australian Retrieved 9 February 2017
  19. CA 9024: an Communications and Media Authority, Central Office, Canberra, National Archives of Australia, retrieved 9 December 2013
  20. "Conroy announces mandatory internet filters to protect children". ABC News. 31 December 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
  21. "Government Claims Data Retention Laws Only Target Extremists". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  22. "Roger Clarke's 'The Internet in Australia' – 4.3 1985–1989". Rogerclarke.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  23. "History". AARNET. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  24. "Hobbes' Internet Timeline". Zakon.org. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  25. Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia – Roger Clarke. Published 29 January 2004
  26. Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia – Roger Clarke. Published 29 January 2004
  27. "A separate company for a broadband network". Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy. 11 April 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
  28. "ccTLD Agreement Signed with auDA". ICANN. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  29. "Roger Clarke's 'The Internet in Australia' – 4.2 1975–1984". Rogerclarke.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  30. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) AARNet History
  31. "Latest Stories From News.Com.Au".
  32. Telstra Wholesale
  33. Optus "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Press Release — First competitive DSL network opens for business
  34. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. 'ZDnet iiNet keeps Raincoat on, ready to expose naked DSL' Retrieved on 9 December 2008.
  36. 'AAPT Promises Naked DSL by Christmas' Retrieved on 9 December 2008
  37. "iiNet leaps out and exposes naked DSL". Zdnet.com.au. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  38. "Telstra scraps broadband network plan". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 August 2006.
  39. 'example of Bigpond plan' Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 25 September 2008.
  40. Znet Optus story Retrieved on 25 September 2008.
  41. 'Vodafone news.com' Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 25 September 2008.
  42. Hutchison Telecommunications news.com Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 25 September 2008.
  43. "NBN now to reach 93% of population – Communications – News". Zdnet.com.au. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
  44. BigPond News – NBN Archived 11 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  45. "Fibre To The Node Explained". NBN co. NBN co. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  46. Francis, Hannah. "Ten cool facts about NBN's forthcoming Sky Muster satellite service". Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  47. Egan, Michael (5 September 2008). "A separate company for a broadband network". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 7 September 2008.

Further reading
  • Moyal, Ann (1984). Clear Across Australia: A History of Telecommunications. Nelson. ISBN 017006266X.
  • Whirlpool – 'Whirlpool.net.au is a fully independent, non-commercial, community website, run by a team of unpaid volunteers, which is devoted to keeping the public informed about the state of broadband in Australia.' Australian ADSL news, information, and forums.
  • Internet Choice – Broadband Comparison website comparing a range of the leading internet providers in Australia.
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