Lessing-Othmer
Lessing-Othmer is a romanization of Mandarin Chinese that was once utilized by Germans written by F. Lessing and Dr. W. Othmer, who in 1912 printed their book „Lehrgang der nordchinesischen Umgangssprache“ (Course in the North Chinese Colloquial Language“) in Tsingtau (Chinese: 青島; pinyin: Qīngdǎo) while it was a German colony in 1912 through the „Deutsch-Chinesische Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt.“
| Chinese romanization |
|---|
| Mandarin |
|
Sichuanese |
| Wu |
| Yue |
| Min |
| Gan |
|
Chang-Du dialect |
| Hakka |
| Xiang |
|
Chang–Yi dialects |
| See also |
|
Other transliterations |
In 1979, the State Council of the People's Republic of China for Romanization ruled that translations of foreign-language publications should utilize Lessing-Othmer romanization in German-speaking countries, and Pinyin in English-speaking countries.[1]
Table
The tones romanized differently from Pinyin are highlighted in blue.
Initial
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiceless | ||
| Nasal | m [m] ㄇ m | n [n] ㄋ n | ||||||||
| Plosive | Unaspirated | b [p] ㄅ b | d [t] ㄉ d | g [k] ㄍ g | ||||||
| Aspirated | p [pʰ] ㄆ p | t [tʰ] ㄊ t | k [kʰ] ㄎ k | |||||||
| Affricate | Unaspirated | ds [ts] ㄗ z | dsch [ʈʂ] ㄓ zh | dj [tɕ] ㄐ j | ||||||
| Aspirated | ts [tsʰ] ㄘ c | tsch [ʈʂʰ] ㄔ ch | tj [tɕʰ] ㄑ q | |||||||
| Fricative | f [f] ㄈ f |
s [s] ㄙ s | sch [ʂ] ㄕ sh | hs [ɕ] ㄒ x |
h [x] ㄏ h | |||||
| Liquid | l [l] ㄌ l | j [ɻ~ʐ] ㄖ r | ||||||||
Finals
| Coda | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | /i/ | /u/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /ɻ/ | |||||||||
| Medial | ∅ | ï [ɨ] ㄭ  | ö [ɤ] ㄜ e | a [a] ㄚ a |
e [ei] ㄟ ei | ai [ai] ㄞ ai |
ou [ou] ㄡ ou | au [au] ㄠ ao |
ën [ən] ㄣ en | an [an] ㄢ an |
ung [ʊŋ] ㄨㄥ ong | ëng [əŋ] ㄥ eng | ang [aŋ] ㄤ ang |
örl [aɚ] ㄦ er |
| /j/ | i [i] ㄧ i | iä [je] ㄧㄝ ie | ia [ja] ㄧㄚ ia |
iu [jou] ㄧㄡ iu | iau [jau] ㄧㄠ iao |
in [in] ㄧㄣ in | iän [jɛn] ㄧㄢ ian |
iung [jʊŋ] ㄩㄥ iong | ing [iŋ] ㄧㄥ ing | iang [jaŋ] ㄧㄤ iang |
||||
| /w/ | u [u] ㄨ u | o [wo] ㄨㄛ uo | ua [wa] ㄨㄚ ua |
ui [wei] ㄨㄟ ui | uai [wai] ㄨㄞ uai |
un [wən] ㄨㄣ un | uan [wan] ㄨㄢ uan |
ung [wəŋ] ㄨㄥ ueng | uang [waŋ] ㄨㄤ uang |
|||||
| /ɥ/ | ü [y] ㄩ ü | üä [ɥe] ㄩㄝ üe | ün [yn] ㄩㄣ ün | üan [ɥɛn] ㄩㄢ üan |
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gollark: I do like how some languages (many languages) do immutable strings.
gollark: In some languages strings are "interned".
gollark: It is probably sometimes, although honestly you could probably just use enums?
gollark: Er, I mean, yay memory inefficiency, let's allocate kittens 103 times over and in different locations to help cause fragmentation.
gollark: Wait, what if you just allocate one kitten and then somehow just reuse that repeatedly?
References
- Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004 edition, "Pinyin romanization" article
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