Pedro Passos Coelho

Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾu mɐnuˈɛɫ mɐˈmɛðɨ ˈpasuʃ kuˈeʎu]; born 24 July 1964) is a Portuguese politician and university guest lecturer who was the 118th Prime Minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) between 2010 and 2018. Passos Coelho started very early in politics, becoming the national leader of the youth branch of the PSD. He led the XIX Governo Constitucional (19th Constitutional Government of Portugal) and the XX Governo Constitucional (20th Constitutional Government) as head of government from 21 June 2011 to 26 November 2015. His term in office oversaw the application of the Troika bailout to Portugal and was marked by a wave of widespread austerity in both Portugal and abroad.[1][2][3]

This name uses Portuguese naming customs: the first or maternal family name is Mamede and the second or paternal family name is Passos Coelho.
Pedro Passos Coelho
Prime Minister of Portugal
In office
21 June 2011 – 26 November 2015
PresidentAníbal Cavaco Silva
DeputyPaulo Portas
Preceded byJosé Sócrates
Succeeded byAntónio Costa
President of the Social Democratic Party
In office
9 April 2010 – 18 February 2018
Preceded byManuela Ferreira Leite
Succeeded byRui Rio
Leader of the Opposition
In office
26 November 2015 – 18 February 2018
Prime MinisterAntónio Costa
Preceded byAntónio Costa
Succeeded byRui Rio
In office
26 March 2010 – 21 June 2011
Prime MinisterJosé Sócrates
Preceded byManuela Ferreira Leite
Succeeded byAntónio José Seguro
President of the Social Democratic Youth
In office
March 1990 – December 1995
Preceded byCarlos Coelho
Succeeded byJorge Moreira da Silva
Member of the Assembly of the Republic
for Lisbon
In office
23 October 2015 – 24 October 2019
In office
4 November 1991 – 24 October 1999
Member of the Assembly of the Republic
for Vila Real
In office
20 June 2011 – 22 October 2015
Personal details
Born
Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho

(1964-07-24) 24 July 1964
Coimbra, Portugal
Political partySocial Democratic Party
Spouse(s)
Fátima Padinha
​
(
m. 1985; div. 2003)

Laura Ferreira
​
(
m. 2005;
d. 
2020)
Children3
Alma materUniversidade Lusíada
Awards
Signature

Early years

Pedro Passos Coelho was born in the parish of Sé Nova in Coimbra, Portugal, on 24 July 1964. He is the youngest son of a medical doctor, António Passos Coelho (born Vale de Nogueiras, Vila Real, Douro, 31 May 1926) and the woman he married in 1955, a nurse, Maria Rodrigues Santos Mamede (born Santana da Serra, Ourique, Baixo Alentejo, c. 1930). He has an older sister, Maria Teresa Mamede Passos Coelho, a medical doctor,[4] and an older brother, Miguel Mamede Passos Coelho, who was born with cerebral palsy.[5][6]

He spent his childhood in Angola—then one of Portugal's overseas possessions—where his father practised medicine. After the Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the independence of the territory as the People's Republic of Angola, he returned with his family to Europe and settled in Vila Real, Northern Portugal.

He started very early in politics, as a 14-year-old boy, and had a long and prominent career in the youth branch of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the JSD, where he was a member of the National Council (1980–1982). As a young student, his academic interests, vocations and ambitions were directed towards a future career in medicine, to follow his father and older sisters' steps, or instead mathematics. However, his largest ambition and vocation revolved around politics.

Education

Passos Coelho moved to Africa at five years of age, and studied in basic schools of the cities of Silva Porto and later Luanda, in the former Portuguese territory of Angola, until the age of 10. His parents went to the Portuguese African territory of Angola to work there among the native rural populations who were plagued by tropical diseases such as tuberculosis. Firstly, Coelho studied in a nun-run Catholic school, then in the public school, and again in another Catholic school run by the Marist Brothers. Then, after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, and the dismantling of the Portuguese Overseas Empire in Africa, he returned to Europe, settling in his grandparents estate, in Valnogueiras, near the city of Vila Real, Norte Region, Portugal. To attend a secondary education institution in Vila Real, the Liceu Nacional Camilo Castelo-Branco (Camilo Castelo-Branco National High School), he moved to the city.[7] His father only rejoined the family in 1975, the year that Angola became an independent territory known as the People's Republic of Angola.

At the age of 19, Passos Coelho was admitted to the University of Lisbon to study mathematics. He did not, however, finish his degree and instead taught mathematics at the Escola Secundária de Vila Pouca de Aguiar high school for a year (1982/1983). Back in Lisbon, he then made a living as a part-time private mathematics tutor, while developing his political career rising through the ranks of PSD's youth branch (JSD). In 1987 he was elected vice-president of JSD, and president in 1991. The following year, at 24 years old, his first child was born to Fátima Padinha, a former member of girl band Doce who he would later marry.[8]

After dropping out the University of Lisbon he would enroll in 1999 for the Lusíada University from where he would be awarded a degree in economics in 2001, when he was 37 years old. By then he had already been member of the parliament between 1991 and 1999, among other attributions (he worked in a public relations capacity during the late 1980s in Qimibro, a metals broker and trading firm founded by José Manuel Bento dos Santos and Eduardo Catroga,[9] after invitation by a cousin who worked there).[10]

Political career

Starting very early in politics, he had a long career in the youth branch of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), the JSD, where he was a member of the National Council (1980–1982) and Chairman of the Political Committee (1990–1995). He was a Lisbon deputy to the Assembly of the Republic in the VI and VII Legislatures (1991–1999); he also joined the Parliamentary Assembly of NATO (1991–1995) and was vice chairman of the Parliamentary Group of the PSD (1996–1999). In 1997, he ran for mayor of Amadora without success, but was elected municipal councillor (1997–2001). After has been member of the parliament from 1991 to 1999, Passos Coelho became eligible by law to a life pension, however, he declined the offer.

He was awarded a degree in economics by Lusíada University (Lisbon) when he was 37 (2001). He became a consultant with Tecnoformas (2000–2004), consultant of consultants LDN (2001–2004), Director of the Training Department and coordinator of the Program of Seminars URBE – Núcleos Urbanos de Pesquisa e Intervenção (2003–2004). He joined the company Fomentinvest[11] as a CFO (2004–2006) working with Ângelo Correia, chairman of Fomentinvest and also a noted member of the PSD. Correia, an experienced member of PSD, is a close friend of Passos Coelho, both inside their party and corporate governance careers, and is considered Passos Coelho's political mentor.[12][13] Passos Coelho became a member of the Executive (in 2007), accumulating the functions of chairman of the Board of the HLCTejo (2007–2009).

He was vice-president of the PSD during the leadership of Luis Marques Mendes (2005–2006) and has also been president of the Municipal Assembly of Vila Real Municipality since 2005; he was a presidential candidate for the PSD in May 2008, where he proposed for the first time a programmatic review of the party's orientation. Defeated by Manuela Ferreira Leite, he founded, with a group of his supporters, the think-tank Construir Ideias (Building Ideas). On 21 January 2010, his book Mudar ("To Change") was published, and he was again candidate for the leadership of the PSD for the direct elections in March 2010; he was elected president of the PSD on 26 March 2010.

By 2010, in a context of sovereign default, he helped defeat the Socialist government under the leadership of José Sócrates when it tried to adopt a package of austerity measures to maintain economic stability, leading to the resignation of the prime minister on 23 March 2011, and the general election of 5 June 2011.[14]

Personal life

Passos Coelho lives in Massamá, Greater Lisbon. He was married to Fátima Padinha, a former singer with the girl band Doce, with whom he has two daughters, Joana Padinha Passos Coelho (born 1988) and Catarina Padinha Passos Coelho (born 1993), and to Laura Ferreira, a physiotherapy technician, born in Bissau, Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea-Bissau, West Africa),[15] with whom he has one daughter, Júlia Ferreira Passos Coelho (born 2007). Laura Ferreira had been fighting cancer since 2014 and died on 25 February 2020.[16] Apart from his native Portuguese, he can also speak some French and English. After his tenure as Prime Minister of Portugal, he became a teacher at both the Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas (University of Lisbon) and the Lusiada University.

Prime Minister of Portugal
Passos Coelho with then Spanish Prime Minister Rodriguez Zapatero, October 2011.

On 5 June 2011, after the Portuguese legislative election, Passos Coelho was elected Prime Minister of Portugal.[17] He achieved a historical win for his political party, the PSD, defeating José Sócrates of the Socialists. Through a coalition with CDS-PP, Passos Coelho and the PSD were in position to form a right-wing majority in the Portuguese Parliament. Immediately after the election, he started conversations with Christian-Democratic President Paulo Portas to form the coalition.

Overview

Passos Coelho's political program was considered the most liberal ever adopted by the PSD, and included a firm intention to accomplish the European Union/IMF-led rescue plan for Portugal's sovereign debt crisis. The rescue plan included widespread tax increases and reforms aimed at better efficiency and rationalized resource allocation in the public sector, to reduce the number of unnecessary civil servants and chronic public sector's overcapacity.[18] They also included the privatization of at least one channel of the public radio and television RTP network, the Caixa Geral de Depósitos' insurance operations, and some parts of the National Service of Health. His coalition partner Paulo Portas of CDS-PP, expressed publicly his disapproval for some of Passos Coelho's proposals. Passos Coelho entered office as a moderate social conservative, with a mixed record on abortion (he voted no in the 1998 referendum and yes in the following in 2007), while opposing euthanasia and same-sex marriage, supporting same-sex civil unions instead. It was not certain if he would try to overrule the previous José Sócrates-led Socialist government laws that allowed abortion until 10 weeks and same-sex marriage in Portugal. During the campaign, he admitted the re-evaluation of the current abortion law[19] approved in 2007, after a referendum, that allowed it under any circumstance until 10 weeks of pregnancy. The law was deemed unconstitutional by 6 of the 13 judge members of the Portuguese Constitutional Court. Other creations of the previous cabinets led by former Prime Minister José Sócrates were criticized by Passos Coelho, including the state-sponsored Novas Oportunidades educational qualification program for unschooled adults, which was dubbed a fraud due to alleged low standards of intellectual rigor and academic integrity.[20]

Passos Coelho's government

From 21 June 2011 to 26 November 2015, Passos Coelho led the XIX Governo Constitucional (19th Constitutional Government) and the XX Governo Constitucional (20th Constitutional Government). In the fifth vote of confidence the government faced, as called by Os Verdes, the government was scheduled to win a vote despite being opposed by the Communists, Left Bloc and Socialists (if it failed the government would not be able to have another vote). Despite attempts to form a national unity government, Socialist party whip Carlos Zorrinho said that the move was not with the government but that all parties were available for a possible new government. The motion by Os Verdes was initiated on 14 July 2013 during a state of the nation debate. Coelho said that the vote was "very welcome" and would serve as a vote of confidence.[21]

Membership

In July 2013, Paulo Portas and Vitor Gaspar resigned from the cabinet over the country's austerity programme. Though Coelho accepted it, he said that the government would continue with the measures and would seek to heal the rift with his coalition partners.[22] Portas eventually retracted his resignation, and became Deputy Prime Minister.

Ministry Incumbent Term
Deputy Prime Minister Paulo Portas 24 July 2013 – 26 November 2015
Finance Vítor Gaspar 21 June 2011 – 1 July 2013
Maria Luís Albuquerque 1 July 2013 – 26 November 2015
Foreign Affairs Paulo Portas 21 June 2011 – 24 July 2013
Rui Machete 24 July 2013 – 26 November 2015
National Defence José Pedro Aguiar Branco 21 June 2011 – 30 October 2015
Internal Administration Miguel Macedo 21 June 2011 – 19 November 2014
Anabela Rodrigues 19 November 2014 – 30 October 2015
José Calvão da Silva 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Justice Paula Teixeira da Cruz 21 June 2011 – 30 October 2015
Fernando Negrão 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Presidency and of Parliamentary Affairs Miguel Relvas 21 June 2011 – 13 April 2013
Luís Marques Guedes 13 April 2013 – 30 October 2015
Carlos Costa Neves 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Economy Álvaro Santos Pereira 21 June 2011 – 24 July 2013
António Pires de Lima 24 July 2013 – 30 October 2015
Miguel Morais Leitão 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Agriculture and Sea Assunção Cristas 21 June 2011 – 26 November 2015
Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy Jorge Moreira da Silva 24 July 2013 – 26 November 2015
Health Paulo Macedo 21 June 2011 – 30 October 2015
Fernando Leal da Costa 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Education and Science Nuno Crato 21 June 2011 – 30 October 2015
Margarida Mano 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Solidarity, Employment and Social Security Pedro Mota Soares 21 June 2011 – 26 November 2015
Regional Development Luís Poiares Maduro 13 April 2013 – 30 October 2015
Luís Marques Guedes 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Administrative Modernization Rui Medeiros 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015
Culture, Equality and Citizenship Teresa Morais 30 October 2015 – 26 November 2015

Major policies

To accomplish the European Union/IMF-led rescue plan for Portugal's sovereign debt crisis, in July and August 2011, his government announced it was going to cut on state spending and increase austerity measures, including additional tax increases, but it will also have a social emergency package to help the poorest citizens. As time went on it became increasingly clear that a series of supplementary measures would be taken during the course of the year as a means to restrain an out-of-control budget deficit. These included sharp cuts in spending on state-run healthcare, education and social security systems. His cabinet enforced reforms of the local administration to save money by avoiding unnecessary resource allocation and redundancy. This included extinguishing the 18 Civil Governments (Governo Civil) located across the country[23] and a large number of parishes.[24] According to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística, there were 4,261 parishes in Portugal in 2006. The reform implemented according to Law 11-A/2013 of 28 January 2013, which defined the reorganization of the civil parishes, reduced the number of parishes to 3,091. Nevertheless, due to Portugal's legal constraints[25] avoiding planned job cuts like those made across several developed countries at the time to fight overspending and overstaffing at municipality level,[26][27][28][29] the 2013 mergers eventually increased the spending with the parishes.[30]

  • Public servants: the government wanted to sharply reduce the number of public servants and to achieve this it created a special mechanism to cut jobs by mutual agreement. Due to the unsustainable and growing expenses with public servant salaries and privileges, the ruling party PSD said it would only hire one worker for each five that leave, a rule which revealed the extremely large number of unnecessary redundant public servants that had been signed in across the decades. Hiring procedures for the public service were changed to guarantee an independent process and public servants' wages were taken into account to limit extra payments. On 18 October 2011, the Portuguese Minister of Finance, Vítor Gaspar, said to the Portuguese television RTP 1 that the wage cuts imposed to public servants the previous week in the presentation of the State Budget for 2012 were the only way to avoid a much more painful and complex policy of public servant mass firing. He said that if wage cuts were not enforced, it would be necessary to get rid of about 100,000 public servants immediately (under the terms of the law, Portuguese public servants were shielded from unemployment, so a number of special derogations would be needed to achieve this).[31] In November 2015, the Socialist Party announced it would terminate with Passos Coelho-era reassignment program for public sector employees which included planned job cuts, called Mobilidade Especial, later Requalificação.[32]
  • Public administration: since the beginning the government promised to disclose within 90 days the list of public entities which were to be eliminated, reintegrated in other public institutions or be privatised due to their uselessness. These included dozens of financially strapped public institutions, foundations and public companies at a local, regional and national level, which were considered ineffective and futile due to overspending.
  • Taxes: tax rise. Higher indirect taxes, like VAT (IVA), for almost all goods and services.
  • Labour: Labour laws were also altered, but most of the changes did not affect current workers, only those starting a new job from there on, while some public holidays were moved from mid-week to Mondays or Fridays to avoid typical extra-long bank holiday weekends. Faced with growing unemployment and hoping to avoid greater public unrest, the government cut the time needed to qualify for unemployment benefits from 15 to 12 months, but reduced the benefit period from 30 to 18 months and created new rules which reduced the monthly unemployment benefit granted to each unemployed citizen.
  • Privatisations: release of state ownership on the utility Energias de Portugal (EDP), the grid management company REN – Redes Energéticas Nacionais, the financial institution Banco Português de Negócios and the flag carrier TAP Air Portugal by the end of 2011. The insurance company of the public bank Caixa Geral de Depósitos (CGD) was also for selling. Revenue from the sale of other parts of CGD was to be used to beef up the bank's capital ratios and its ability to lend to companies. Besides this, the government kept the promise to withdraw its special rights (golden shares) in companies such as Portugal Telecom.
  • Transports: the Lisbon-Madrid high-speed rail line was put on hold. The decision was taken bearing in mind the cutting cost measures and the contracts that had already been signed. Transport providers like the Lisbon (Carris) and Porto bus companies and subway systems were also assessed to see if and when they could be sold off. The government programme also added that the road and rail transport companies, like Comboios de Portugal, "urgently need" to solve their chronic operating deficits and growing debts. On 8 December 2011 tolls were introduced in four shadow toll highways and in 2012 more than 300 km of railways were closed (to all traffic or to passenger only).
  • Regulators: the regulatory bodies were turned into independent authorities with their officials being chosen through a process which comprises the government, the parliament and the presidency.
  • Media: the media company owned by public broadcasting corporation RTP was to be restructured as early as 2012 to halt costs, and the privatisation of one of the two TV channels it owns (RTP1 and RTP2) was also on the table. Lusa news agency was also to be reorganised, following the state's goal of rethinking its position in regard to the national media.
  • Monitoring measures: the government created a special unit to monitor the measures agreed with the so-called international troika composed by the International Monetary Fund, European Commission and European Central Bank. This special unit was subordinated to Carlos Moedas, the deputy secretary of state of the prime minister Passos Coelho.
  • Health: Public hospitals were turned over to private management "whenever this is more efficient, maintaining the essentially free health care services". The fees and taxes a citizen had to pay to use the national health service were substantially increased.
  • Foreign affairs: Passos Coelho's cabinet enforced international relations policies directed towards increased economic relations with Portuguese-speaking countries like Angola and Brazil, as well as supporting openly the creation of an economic and fiscal government for the European Union. The government also supported a State-backed emigration policy to help unemployed and underemployed citizens who wish to flee rampant poverty and social regression, to find a job in foreign countries.[33][34] On the other hand, the government created programs that issued residence permits to wealthy foreign investors and skilled workers in high demand.[35]

The Portuguese Constitutional Court, with the praise of most unions and opposition party leaders, eventually rejected the equivalent to 20% of the government austerity policies proposed by Passos Coelho and his cabinet.[36] Most of the rejected proposals were related with labor market flexibility, public pensions' sustainability, civil servants' privileges and job cuts in the civil service.[25][37][38][39]

Criticism

During his first year in cabinet, it became clear that the deep economic and financial crisis of Portugal would prompt several policy changes and increasing dissent over the cabinet's judgement. After an inaugural speech in which he promised, in the long run, to stabilize the economy, promote financial growth, employment and protect the ones who needed the most, he moved on to adopt deep austerity measures that, on the view of his detractors, within the first year of government, led to the exact opposite. High paying jobs and pensions were slashed while the lower ones were less affected.[40] In addition, his government had earlier adopted a promoting stance on emigration, often advising the growing number of young unemployed people to leave the country.[33] On 15 September 2012, Passos Coelho and his coalition government faced one of the biggest civil protests in the history of Portuguese democracy, where demands were made for solutions to be put in place. On 21 September 2012, while the Prime Minister and members of the cabinet were meeting with President Aníbal Cavaco Silva, a large number of protesters rioted in front of the presidential house, the Belém Palace, clashing with the security forces.[41]

Honours

Electoral history

PSD leadership election, 2008
 
Ballot: 31 May 2008
Candidate Votes %
Manuela Ferreira Leite
17,224
37.9
Pedro Passos Coelho
14,134
31.1
Pedro Santana Lopes
13,427
29.6
Patinha Antão
308
0.7
Blank Ballots
254
0.6
Invalid Ballots
97
0.2
Turnout
45,444
58.95
  • (Source: Official results)

PSD leadership election, 2010
 
Ballot: 26 March 2010
Candidate Votes %
Pedro Passos Coelho
31,671
61.2
Paulo Rangel
17,821
34.4
José Pedro Aguiar Branco
1,769
3.4
Castanheira Barros
138
0.3
Blank Ballots
241
0.5
Invalid Ballots
108
0.2
Turnout
51,748
66.26
  • (Source: Official results)
gollark: You can get old lowres monitors for, what, £30 or so used, a raspberry pi 3A+ and all the stuff you need for also a bit over £30, and you have a nice TV thingy.
gollark: Old small TVs are dirt-cheap.
gollark: I mean, it's seemingly smart enough to randomly break.
gollark: its better to have a smart tv- <@151391317740486657>, 19/10/2019 CE
gollark: Aren't "smart" TVs *wonderful*?

References
  1. EU austerity drive country by country, BBC (21 May 2012)
  2. The Federal Government Now Employs the Fewest People Since 1966
  3. Why this obsession with cutting public service jobs?
  4. (in Portuguese) Zita Seabra, Três razões para apoiar Pedro Passos Coelho, Jornal de Notícias (21 March 2010)
  5. (in Portuguese) Pedro Passos Coelho – Tragédia na Família Archived 3 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, TV Guia (1 June 2011)
  6. (in Portuguese) Perfil: Passos Coelho, um "liberal" na política desde a adolescência Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Diário de Notícias (15 June 2011)
  7. (in Portuguese) Pedro Passos Coelho. Um miúdo sério à solta no PSD Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, i online (3 April 2010)
  8. (in Portuguese) Racional, gestor, tímido, barítono: Pedro Passos Coelho é um líder natural Archived 13 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, "Aos 21 anos, foi viver com uma cantora das Doce, Fátima Padinha, por quem estava apaixonado, sem ter casado com ela. Ainda sem estar casado, teve a primeira filha", Público (17 June 2011)
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. Visum, Dis Aliter. "Cidade Lusa: Biografia de Pedro Passos Coelho". Cidadelusa.blogspot.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  11. "Fomentinvest SGPS". Fomentinvest.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  12. (in French) L'austérité n'attend point le nombre d'années, Courrier International (7 June 2011)
  13. (in Portuguese) Ângelo Correia apoia Passos Coelho para liderar PSD Archived 10 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Público (28 May 2008)
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. (in Portuguese) Laura, mais do que a esposa de Pedro Passos Coelho Archived 6 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, ASemana
  16. Mulher de Passos enfrenta o quarto cancro
  17. Tremlett, Giles; agencies (5 June 2011). "Pedro Passos Coelho set for big election win as Portugal swings right". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  18. (in Portuguese) Administração Pública obrigada a emagrecer 1% ao ano, Destak.pt (21 June 2011)
  19. (in Portuguese)Pedro Passos Coelho Admits Re-evaluation of the Current Abortion Law, Diário de Notícias, 26 May 2011 Archived 20 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  20. (in Portuguese) Passos Coelho promete reformular "escândalo" das Novas Oportunidades, Jornal de Negócios (16 May 2011)
  21. "Gov't faces yet another no-confidence vote". Theportugalnews.com. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  22. "Portugal PM vows to stay despite resignations". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
  23. (in Portuguese) Demissões aceleram extinção dos governos civis, Jornal de Negócios (22 June 2011))
  24. (in Portuguese) Governo admite extinção de 1.500 freguesias, TVI24 (5 October 2011)
  25. Lei da mobilidade especial é inconstitucional
  26. Revealed: Nearly 80,000 Jobs Lost In Radical Council Upheavals
  27. How cuts changed council spending, in seven charts
  28. U.S. Cities Still Reeling from Great Recession
  29. Council services and jobs will be cut by rates cap: Australian Services Union
  30. Sofia Luz, Carla (18 February 2017). "Fusão de freguesias fez crescer despesa" [Parish mergers made spending to grow] (in Portuguese). Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  31. (in Portuguese) Gaspar: alternativa aos cortes seria saída de 100 mil funcionários públicos, Expresso
  32. (in Portuguese) PS quer acabar com regime de requalificação na função pública, SAPO24 (7 November 2015)
  33. (in Portuguese) Portugueses não querem um primeiro-ministro que lhe diga emigrem para o estrangeiro, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, ionline (19 December 2011)
  34. (in Portuguese) Emigrem, mas legalmente, Edição das Sete, TVI24 (27 December 2011)
  35. Portugal Brings Back 'Golden Visas' For Wealthy Foreign Investors, VICE News (17 July 2015)
  36. Miranda, Elisabete; Almeida Pereira, Catarina (27 November 2013). "Constitucional deixou passar 80% da austeridade" [Constitutional Court let pass 80% of the austerity] (in Portuguese). Jornal de Negócios. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  37. O tribunal errou
  38. Os provilegiados da ADSE
  39. Passos Coelho "respeita" veto de Cavaco mas não altera diploma da ADSE
  40. Passos Coelho anuncia mais sacrifícios para trabalhadores e pensionistas
  41. (in Portuguese) "Detidas já cinco pessoas frente ao palácio de Belém", Diário de Notícias (21 September 2012)
  42. "Cidadãos Nacionais Agraciados com Ordens Estrangeiras". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
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