2019 Portuguese legislative election

The Portuguese legislative election of 2019 was held on 6 October 2019.[2] All 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic were at stake.

2019 Portuguese legislative election

6 October 2019
230 seats in the Assembly of the Republic 116 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered	10,777,258 11.3%[1]
Turnout	5,237,484 (48.6%) 7.3 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader António Costa Rui Rio Catarina Martins Party PS PSD BE Leader since 28 September 2014 18 February 2018 30 November 2014 Leader's seat Lisbon Porto Porto Last election 86 seats, 32.3% 89 seats[lower-alpha 1] 19 seats, 10.2% Seats won 108 79 19 Seat change 22 10 0 Popular vote 1,903,687 1,454,283 498,549 Percentage 36.4% 27.8% 9.5% Swing 4.0 pp N/A 0.7 pp   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Leader Jerónimo de Sousa Assunção Cristas André Silva Party PCP CDS–PP PAN Alliance CDU Leader since 27 November 2004 13 March 2016 26 October 2014 Leader's seat Lisbon Lisbon Lisbon Last election 17 seats, 8.3%[lower-alpha 2] 18 seats[lower-alpha 1] 1 seats, 1.4% Seats won 12 5 4 Seat change 5 13 3 Popular vote 332,018 221,094 173,931 Percentage 6.3% 4.2% 3.3% Swing 1.9 pp N/A 1.9 pp   Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party   Leader André Ventura Carlos Guimarães Pinto Collective leadership Party CH IL LIVRE Leader since 9 April 2019 13 October 2018 11 August 2019 Leader's seat Lisbon Porto (Lost) - Last election Did not contest Did not contest 0 seats, 0.7% Seats won 1 1 1 Seat change 1 1 1 Popular vote 67,502 67,443 56,940 Percentage 1.3% 1.3% 1.1% Swing New party New party 0.37 pp
Party winning a plurality in each electoral district.
Prime Minister before election António Costa PS Elected Prime Minister António Costa PS

In a campaign dominated by the Tancos airbase robbery[3], in which former Defense Minister Azeredo Lopes (2015-2018) was accused of trying to cover-up the finding of the stolen weapons in the robbery, but also with the good economic situation Portugal was living, the Socialist Party (PS) won the elections with 36% of the votes and 108 seats, a gain of 22 compared with 2015. The PS won the big districts of Porto and Lisbon, although Porto was closer than expected, and was able to gain districts from the PSD, like Aveiro and Viana do Castelo, however, by razor thin margins.[4] The PS won Lisbon city, however with a smaller share of the vote compared with 2015, 33% vs 35%, and, surprisingly, lost Porto city to the PSD.

The Social Democratic Party (PSD) obtained 28% of the votes and won 79 seats. The party lost 10 seats compared with 2015, and, in terms of share of vote, it was the worst result since 1983, however in terms of seats, it was only the worst result since 2005, when the party won 75 seats. The PSD was able to hold on to their bastions of Viseu, Vila Real, Bragança, Leiria and Madeira. On election night, PSD leader Rui Rio classified the results as "not a disaster" and left the door open to continue as party leader.[5] However, in the aftermath of the election, several members of the party announced their intention to challenge Rio's leadership.[6]

The Left Bloc (BE) achieved a similar result to 2015. The party won almost 10% of the votes and held the 19 seats elected in 2015. On election night, Catarina Martins said she was open to new negotiations with PS. The Unitary Democratic Coalition, (CDU), PCP-PEV coalition, suffered heavy losses, with 6.3% of the votes and 12 seats, and Jerónimo de Sousa, PCP secretary-general, said on election night that written agreements with PS were off the table. CDS – People's Party got just 4.2% of the votes, and got a parliamentary caucus reduced to just 5 seats, the lowest since 1991 and when the party was called the "taxi party", down from 18 in the 2015 election. Assunção Cristas, CDS leader, resigned on election night, called for a snap party congress and announced she would not run for reelection.[7] People-Animals-Nature (PAN) saw a big increase in its share of the vote, winning 3.3% and 4 seats from Lisbon, Porto and Setúbal.

This election was marked by the entry of three new parties in Parliament. The right-wing/far-right party CHEGA (CH) was one of the big surprises on election night by electing an MP from Lisbon. It is the first time in Portuguese democracy that a right-wing/far-right party is represented in Parliament.[8][9] LIVRE and Liberal Initiative also elected one MP for Lisbon. Former Prime Minister and PSD leader Pedro Santana Lopes' new party, Alliance, failed to win a single seat and polled below 1% of the votes.

The turnout in this election was the lowest ever in a general election in Portugal, with just 48.6% of registered voters casting a ballot. In Portugal alone, 54.5% of voters cast a ballot, a drop compared with the 57% in the 2015 election.

Background

Politics of Portugal

Main article: Politics of Portugal

The President of Portugal has the power to dissolve the Assembly of the Republic by their own will. Unlike in other countries, the President can refuse to dissolve the parliament at the request of the Prime Minister or the Assembly of the Republic and all the parties represented in Parliament. If the Prime Minister resigns, the President must appoint a new Prime Minister after listening to all the parties represented in Parliament and then the government programme must be subject to discussion by the Assembly of the Republic, whose members of parliament may present a motion to reject the upcoming government.

PSD leadership election 2018

Main article: 2018 Portuguese Social Democratic Party leadership election

After a disappointing result in the 2017 local elections, in which the PSD won just 30% of the votes and 98 mayoral races against the 38% of the PS and its 160 elected mayors, Pedro Passos Coelho announced he would not run for a 5th term as PSD leader.[10] After that, Rui Rio, former mayor of Porto (2002-2013), announced he was running for the leadership.[11] Shortly after, Pedro Santana Lopes, former mayor of Lisbon (2002-2004; 2005) and Prime Minister (2004-2005), announced he was also running for the leadership of the party.[12] Election day was scheduled to January 13, 2018. After a long campaign, Rui Rio was elected with 54.15% of the votes, against the 45.85% of Santana Lopes. Turnout was 60.3%.[13] Rui Rio was officially confirmed as party leader in the PSD congress, in Lisbon, between 16 and 18 February 2018.

Just seven months after this leadership election, in early July 2018, Pedro Santana Lopes announced he was leaving the Social Democratic Party and would form his own party.[14] A few weeks later he announced the creation of a new party, the Alliance.[15]

Date

Ballot paper for the Portuguese legislative election 2019

According to the Portuguese Constitution, an election must be called between 14 September and 14 October of the year that the legislature ends. The election is called by the President of Portugal but is not called at the request of the Prime Minister; however, the President must listen to all of the parties represented in Parliament and the election day must be announced at least 60 days before the election.[16] If an election is called during an ongoing legislature (dissolution of parliament) it must be held at least in 55 days. Election day is the same in all multi-seats constituencies, and should fall on a Sunday or national holiday. The next legislative election must, therefore, take place no later than 13 October 2019.[17] After meeting with all parties, in December 2018, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa announced that he would call a general election for 6 October 2019.

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 230 members elected to four-year terms. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 116 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved.[18]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude.[19] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.[20]

For these elections, and compared with the 2015 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following:[21]

District	Number of MPs	Map
Lisbon	48 (+1)
Porto	40 (+1)
Braga	19
Setúbal	18
Aveiro	16
Leiria	10
Coimbra, Faro and Santarém	9
Viseu	8 (-1)
Madeira and Viana do Castelo	6
Azores and Vila Real	5
Castelo Branco	4
Beja, Bragança, Évora and Guarda*	3 (-1)
Portalegre, Europe and Outside Europe	2
*Guarda district lost one seat compared with 2015.

Parties

The table below lists parties currently represented in the Assembly of the Republic.

Name			Ideology	Political position	Leader	2015 result		Seats before election
						Votes (%)	Seats
	PPD/PSD	Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata	Liberal conservatism Classical liberalism	Centre[22] to centre-right	Rui Rio	38.6% [lower-alpha 1]	89 / 230	89 / 230
	CDS-PP	CDS – People's Party Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular	Christian democracy Conservatism	Centre-right to right-wing	Assunção Cristas		18 / 230	18 / 230
	PS	Socialist Party Partido Socialista	Social democracy	Centre-left	António Costa	32.3%	86 / 230	85 / 230
	BE	Left Bloc Bloco de Esquerda	Democratic socialism Anti-capitalism	Left-wing	Catarina Martins	10.2%	19 / 230	19 / 230
	PCP	Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português	Communism Marxism–Leninism	Far-left	Jerónimo de Sousa	8.3% [lower-alpha 2]	15 / 230	15 / 230
	PEV	Ecologist Party "The Greens" Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes"	Eco-socialism Green politics	Left-wing	Heloísa Apolónia		2 / 230	2 / 230
	PAN	People-Animals-Nature Pessoas-Animais-Natureza	Animal welfare Environmentalism	Centre-left	André Lourenço e Silva	1.4%	1 / 230	1 / 230
	Ind.	Independent Independente	Paulo Trigo Pereira (left the PS caucus)[23]		N/A			1 / 230

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Refs
	PSD	« Portugal Precisa »	"Portugal Needs"	[24]
	PS	« Portugal Melhor »	"Better Portugal"	[25]
	BE	« Faz Acontecer »	"Make it happen"	[26]
	CDS–PP	« Faz sentido »	"Makes sense"	[27]
	CDU	« Avançar é Preciso »	"Moving forward is necessary"	[28]
	PAN	« Ainda vamos a tempo! »	"We are still on time!"	[29]
	L	« Livre é igualdade »	"Free is equality"	[30]
	IL	« Liberta-te do Socialismo »	"Free yourself from Socialism"	[31]
	CH	« A força da mudança »	"The force of change"	[32]

Candidates' debates

2019 Portuguese legislative election debates
Date	Organisers	Moderator(s)	P  Present    A  Absent invitee  N  Non-inviteee
			PS Costa	PSD Rio	BE Martins	CDU Jerónimo	CDS–PP Cristas	PAN Silva	Refs
2 Sep	SIC	Clara de Sousa	P	N	N	P	N	N	[33]
3 Sep	RTP3	António José Teixeira	N	N	P	N	P	N	[33]
5 Sep	SIC	Clara de Sousa	N	P	N	N	P	N	[33]
6 Sep	RTP1	António José Teixeira	P	N	P	N	N	N	[33]
7 Sep	SIC Notícias	Clara de Sousa	N	N	P	N	N	P	[33]
9 Sep	RTP1	António José Teixeira	N	P	N	N	N	P	[33]
11 Sep	SIC	Clara de Sousa	P	N	N	N	N	P	[33]
12 Sep	RTP1	António José Teixeira	N	P	N	P	N	N	[33]
13 Sep	TVI	Pedro Pinto	P	N	N	N	P	N	[33]
14 Sep	RTP3	António José Teixeira	N	N	N	N	P	P	[33]
15 Sep	TVI	Pedro Pinto	N	P	P	N	N	N	[33]
16 Sep	RTP1, SIC, TVI	Clara de Sousa Maria Flor Pedroso José Alberto Carvalho	P	P	N	N	N	N	[33]
18 Sep	Antena 1, RR, TSF	Natália Carvalho Eunice Lourenço Anselmo Crespo	P	P	P	P	P	P	[33]
23 Sep	Antena 1, RR, TSF	Natália Carvalho Eunice Lourenço Anselmo Crespo	P	P	N	N	N	N	[33]
23 Sep	RTP1	Maria Flor Pedroso	P	P	P	P	P	P	[33]
Candidate viewed as "most convincing" in each debate
Date	Organisers	Polling firm/Link
			PS	PSD	BE	CDU	CDS–PP	PAN	Notes
23 Sep	Antena 1, RR, TSF	Aximage	37.9	38.7	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	21.4% Both/Neither
23 Sep	RTP1	Aximage	30.9	31.2	18.9	1.5	7.1	2.9	7.5% No one

Opinion polling

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2019 Portuguese legislative election

Graph showing a 30-day average trendline of Portuguese opinion polls from the election in 2015 to the election in 2019. Each line corresponds to a political party.

Results

The centre-left Socialist Party (PS) of incumbent Prime Minister Costa obtained the largest share of the vote, and the most seats. Costa said he would look to continue the confidence-and-supply agreement with the Left Bloc and the Unitary Democratic Coalition. The centre-right Social Democratic Party (PSD) got 27.8 percent of the vote, its worst result since 1983. Portugal's much-vaunted immunity to Europe's far-right wave was interrupted by the election of a debut representative from the nationalist CHEGA party, which scored 1.3 percent overall, with the party's leader stating “this is an historic occasion, it will be the first time in 45 years that a party with these characteristics enters the assembly.”[34]

National summary

Summary of the 6 October 2019 Assembly of the Republic elections results

Parties		Votes	%	±pp swing	MPs					MPs %/ votes %
					2015	2019	±	%	±
	Socialist	1,903,687	36.35	4.0	86	108	22	46.96	9.6	1.29
	Social Democratic	1,454,283	27.77	[lower-alpha 1]	89	79	10	34.35	4.3	1.24
	Left Bloc	498,549	9.52	0.7	19	19	0	8.26	0.0	0.87
	Unitary Democratic Coalition	332,018	6.34	1.9	17	12	5	5.22	2.2	0.82
	People's	221,094	4.22	[lower-alpha 1]	18	5	13	2.17	5.6	0.51
	People–Animals–Nature	173,931	3.32	1.9	1	4	3	1.74	1.3	0.52
	CHEGA	67,502	1.29	N/A	N/A	1	N/A	0.43	N/A	0.33
	Liberal Initiative	67,443	1.29	N/A	N/A	1	N/A	0.43	N/A	0.33
	LIVRE	56,940	1.09	0.4	0	1	1	0.43	0.4	0.39
	Alliance	40,175	0.77	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	0.00	N/A	0.0
	Portuguese Workers' Communist	36,006	0.69	0.4	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	React, Include, Recycle	35,169	0.67	N/A	N/A	0	N/A	0.00	N/A	0.0
	National Renovator	16,992	0.32	0.2	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Earth	12,888	0.25	0.2	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	We, the Citizens!	12,346	0.24	0.2	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Democratic Republican	11,674	0.22	0.9	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	United Party of Retirees and Pensioners	11,457	0.22	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Together for the People	10,552	0.20	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	People's Monarchist	8,389	0.16	0.1	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Labour	8,271	0.16	[lower-alpha 3]	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
	Socialist Alternative Movement	3,243	0.06	[lower-alpha 3]	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
Total valid		4,982,609	95.14	1.1	230	230	0	100.00	0	—
Blank ballots		131,302	2.51	0.4
Invalid ballots		123,573	2.36	0.7
Total		5,237,484	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		10,777,258	48.60	7.3
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Vote share PS   36.35% PSD   27.77% BE   9.52% CDU   6.34% CDS-PP   4.22% PAN   3.32% CH   1.29% IL   1.29% L   1.09% Alliance   0.77% PCTP/MRPP   0.69% RIR   0.67% Others   1.83% Blank/Invalid   4.87%

Parliamentary seats PS   46.96% PSD   34.35% BE   8.26% CDU   5.22% CDS-PP   2.17% PAN   1.74% CH   0.43% IL   0.43% L   0.43%

Distribution by constituency

 Results of the 2019 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency

Constituency	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	Total S
	PS		PSD		BE		CDU		CDS–PP		PAN		CH		IL		L
Azores	40.1	3	30.2	2	8.0	-	2.5	-	4.8	-	2.7	-	0.9	-	0.7	-	0.9	-	5
Aveiro	34.3	7	33.6	6	10.0	2	3.1	-	5.7	1	3.0	-	0.7	-	1.0	-	0.7	-	16
Beja	40.7	2	13.3	-	9.1	-	22.8	1	2.3	-	2.0	-	2.0	-	0.4	-	0.6	-	3
Braga	36.4	8	34.1	8	8.9	2	4.0	-	4.1	1	2.6	-	0.7	-	0.8	-	0.7	-	19
Bragança	36.5	1	40.8	2	6.0	-	2.1	-	4.5	-	1.3	-	0.8	-	0.4	-	0.3	-	3
Castelo Branco	40.9	3	26.3	1	11.1	-	4.8	-	3.7	-	2.4	-	1.3	-	0.6	-	0.9	-	4
Coimbra	39.0	5	26.6	3	11.2	1	5.6	-	3.5	-	2.6	-	0.9	-	0.8	-	0.9	-	9
EvoraÉvora	38.3	2	17.5	-	9.0	-	18.9	1	3.4	-	2.0	-	2.2	-	0.7	-	0.7	-	3
Faro	36.8	5	22.3	3	12.3	1	7.1	-	3.8	-	4.8	-	2.1	-	0.8	-	1.0	-	9
Guarda	37.6	2	34.3	1	7.8	-	3.0	-	5.0	-	1.6	-	1.5	-	0.6	-	0.5	-	3
Leiria	31.1	4	33.5	5	9.4	1	4.3	-	5.3	-	2.9	-	1.5	-	0.9	-	0.9	-	10
Lisbon	36.7	20	22.6	12	9.7	5	7.8	4	4.4	2	4.4	2	2.0	1	2.5	1	2.1	1	48
Madeira	33.4	3	37.1	3	5.2	-	2.1	-	6.1	-	1.8	-	0.7	-	0.7	-	0.4	-	6
Portalegre	44.7	2	20.1	-	10.5	-	8.1	-	3.8	-	1.7	-	2.7	-	0.5	-	0.6	-	2
Porto	36.7	17	31.2	15	10.1	4	4.8	2	3.3	1	3.5	1	0.6	-	1.5	-	1.0	-	40
Santarém	37.1	4	25.2	3	10.2	1	7.6	1	4.7	-	2.6	-	2.0	-	0.8	-	0.9	-	9
Setúbal	38.6	9	14.4	3	12.1	2	15.8	3	3.0	-	4.4	1	1.9	-	1.1	-	1.2	-	18
Viana do Castelo	34.8	3	33.8	3	8.5	-	4.0	-	6.2	-	2.4	-	0.7	-	0.6	-	0.6	-	6
Vila Real	37.2	2	39.0	3	6.1	-	2.5	-	4.5	-	1.7	-	0.8	-	0.4	-	0.6	-	5
Viseu	35.4	4	36.2	4	7.9	-	2.3	-	5.9	-	2.1	-	1.0	-	0.6	-	0.5	-	8
Europe	29.1	1	18.8	1	5.7	-	2.5	-	3.0	-	4.9	-	0.9	-	0.8	-	1.1	-	2
Rest of the World	20.2	1	33.4	1	3.5	-	1.0	-	4.7	-	4.3	-	0.9	-	2.5	-	0.7	-	2
Total	36.4	108	27.8	79	9.5	19	6.3	12	4.2	5	3.3	4	1.3	1	1.3	1	1.1	1	230
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Maps

• 
  Full results by electoral district.
• 
  Strongest party by electoral district.
• 
  Vote strength for left-wing parties (BE, CDU, LIVRE) by electoral district.
• 
  Strongest political faction by electoral district. Left: PS, BE, CDU; Right: PSD, CDS-PP.
• 
  Strongest party by municipality.

Electorate

Demographic		Size	PS	PSD	BE	CDU	CDS–PP	PAN	Others
Total vote		100%	36%	28%	10%	6%	4%	3%	13%
Sex
Men			37%	28%	9%	7%	4%	2%	13%
Women			41%	24%	11%	5%	4%	4%	11%
Age
18–24 years old		10%	25%	30%	13%	3%	4%	9%	18%
25–44 years old		31%	32%	23%	14%	6%	3%	4%	19%
45–64 years old		38%	42%	27%	10%	6%	5%	2%	9%
65 and older		22%	51%	28%	4%	6%	3%	1%	7%
Education
No High-school			52%	23%	7%	7%	3%	1%	9%
High-school			32%	25%	13%	6%	4%	6%	15%
College graduate			31%	30%	12%	5%	6%	3%	13%
Vote decision
In the last week or before		19%	25%	26%	13%	4%	4%	3%	25%
Before that		81%	42%	26%	9%	6%	4%	3%	9%
Direction of the country
Right direction		67%	53%	19%	11%	6%	3%	3%	7%
Wrong direction		33%	11%	42%	9%	7%	6%	3%	23%
Source: GfK Metris exit poll

See also

• Elections in Portugal
• List of political parties in Portugal
• Politics of Portugal

Notes

1. The Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the People's Party (CDS–PP) contested the 2015 election in a coalition called Portugal Ahead (PàF) and won a combined 38.6% of the vote and elected 107 MPs to parliament.
2. The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) contested the 2015 election in a coalition called Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) and won a combined 8.3% of the vote and elected 17 MPs to parliament.
3. The Socialist Alternative Movement (MAS) and the Portuguese Labour Party (PTP) contested the 2015 election in a coalition called AGIR! (Act!) and won a combined 0.4% of the vote.

References

1. "Mapa Oficial n.º 8/2019", Comissão Nacional de Eleições, 12 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
2. "Marcelo anuncia eleições legislativas em 6 de outubro", Sapo 24, 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
3. "Há um antes e um depois da acusação de Tancos na campanha ", Público, 26 September 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
4. "Um mapa cor-de-rosa com sete maiorias absolutas", Público, 7 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
5. "Rui Rio: “Não há desastre nenhum”", Rádio e Televisão de Portugal, 7 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
6. "Luís Montenegro: "Sou candidato às próximas eleições diretas"". Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 9 October 2019.
7. "CDS volta a meter-se num táxi e Assunção Cristas sai de cena", Público, 7 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
8. Fernandes, Jorge M.; Magalhães, Pedro C. (2020-01-08). "The 2019 Portuguese general elections". West European Politics. 0: 1–13. doi:10.1080/01402382.2019.1702301. ISSN 0140-2382.
9. "Entrada de extrema-direita no Parlamento “deve alarmar partidos”", Público, 8 October 2019. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
10. "Passos Coelho não se recandidata à liderança do PSD". Expresso (in Portuguese). 2017.
11. "Rui Rio anuncia quarta-feira candidatura à liderança do PSD", RTP, 6 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
12. "PSD. Santana Lopes apresenta candidatura à liderança este domingo", RTP, 17 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
13. "Rui Rio é o novo presidente do PSD", Jornal de Negócios, 13 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
14. "Santana Lopes deixa o PSD e prepara novo partido", Observador, 27 June 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
15. "Aliança é o novo partido de Santana Lopes ", Público, 18 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
16. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-22. Retrieved 2015-10-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
17. Electoral law to the Assembly of the Republic
18. "Constitution of the Portuguese Republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
19. "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
20. Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
21. "Mapa Oficial n.º 8/2019" (PDF). CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - Diário da República, 1.a série—N.o 154-12 de agosto de 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
22. Lusa. "Rui Rio: "Nós não somos de direita. Nós somos do centro, somos moderados"" [Rui Rio: "We aren't right-wing. We are on the center, we're moderate"]. PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-09-03.
23. Paulo Trigo Pereira sai da bancada do PS com críticas ao “paternalismo” do Governo , Expresso, 7 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
24. "PSD Legislativas 2019". PSD (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
25. "PS Legislativas 2019". PS (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
26. "BE Legislativas 2019". BE (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
27. "CDS Legislativas 2019". CDS-PP (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
28. "CDU Legislativas 2019". CDU (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 September 2019.
29. "PAN apresenta Programa Eleitoral para Legislativas 2019". PAN (in Portuguese). 30 August 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
30. "Livre Legislativas 2019". Livre (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
31. "Iniciativa Liberal Legislativas 2019". Iniciativa Liberal (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
32. "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 2019 – LEIRIA – CHEGA". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2020.
33. "Este é o calendário de debates para as legislativas". Eco (in Portuguese). 2 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
34. https://www.politico.eu/article/antonio-costa-portugal-elections/

External links

• Popstar Poll Tracker
• Marktest Opinion Poll Tracker
• Official results site, Portuguese Justice Ministry
• Portuguese Electoral Commission
• ERC - Official publication of polls
• Average of polls and seat simulator