Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Montgomery County, locally also referred to as Montco, is the third most populous county in the U.S. state of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the 73rd most populous in the United States. As of 2019, the census-estimated population of the county was 830,915, representing a 3.9% increase from the 799,884 residents enumerated in the 2010 census.[1] Montgomery County is located adjacent to and northwest of Philadelphia. The county seat and largest city is Norristown.[2] Montgomery County is geographically diverse, ranging from farms and open land in the extreme north of the county to densely populated suburban neighborhoods in the southern and central portions of the county.

Montgomery County
Pennsylvanian county
County of Montgomery
Montgomery County Courthouse
Flag
Nickname(s): 
Montco
Location within the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 40°13′N 75°22′W
Country United States
State Pennsylvania
FoundedSeptember 10, 1784
Named forRichard Montgomery or Montgomeryshire
SeatNorristown
Largest municipalityLower Merion Township
Government
 • County CommissionersValerie A. Arkoosh , MD, MPH, Chair
Kenneth E. Lawrence Jr., Vice Chair
Joseph C. Gale, Commissioner
Area
 • Total487 sq mi (1,260 km2)
 • Land483 sq mi (1,250 km2)
 • Water4.2 sq mi (11 km2)  0.9%%
Population
 • Estimate 
(2019)
830,915
 • Density1,716/sq mi (663/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districts1st, 4th, 5th
Websitewww.montcopa.org

Montgomery County is included in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area, sometimes expansively known as the Delaware Valley. The county marks part of the Delaware Valley's northern border with the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania. In 2010, Montgomery County was the 51st wealthiest county in the country by median household income. In 2008, the county was named the 9th Best Place to Raise a Family by Forbes.[3]

The county was created on September 10, 1784, out of land originally part of Philadelphia County. The first courthouse was housed in the Barley Sheaf Inn. It is believed to have been named either for Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 while attempting to capture Quebec City, or for the Welsh county of Montgomeryshire (which was named after one of William the Conqueror's main counselors, Roger de Montgomerie), as it was part of the Welsh Tract, an area of Pennsylvania settled by Quakers from Wales.[4] Early histories of the county indicate the origin of the county's name as uncertain.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 487 square miles (1,260 km2), of which 483 square miles (1,250 km2) is land and 4.2 square miles (11 km2) (0.9%) is covered by water.[5]

Major roads and highways

Adjacent counties

National protected area

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
179022,918—
180024,1505.4%
181029,70323.0%
182035,79320.5%
183039,40610.1%
184047,24119.9%
185058,29123.4%
186070,50020.9%
187081,61215.8%
188096,49418.2%
1890123,29027.8%
1900138,99512.7%
1910169,59022.0%
1920199,31017.5%
1930265,80433.4%
1940289,2478.8%
1950353,06822.1%
1960516,68246.3%
1970623,79920.7%
1980643,6213.2%
1990678,1115.4%
2000750,09710.6%
2010799,8846.6%
Est. 2019830,915[6]3.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[7]
1790–1960[8] 1900–1990[9]
1990–2000[10] 2010–2019[1]

As of the 2010 census, the county was 79.0% White non-Hispanic, 8.7% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American or Alaskan Native, 6.4% Asian (2.1% Indian, 1.7% Korean, 1.2% Chinese, 0.5% Vietnamese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.1% Japanese, 0.6% other Asian), and 0.0% native Hawaiian; 1.9% were two or more races, and 1.6% were some other race. About 4.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.

As of the census[11] of 2000, 750,097 people, 286,098 households, and 197,693 families resided in the county. The population density was 1,553 people per square mile (599/km²). The 297,434 housing units averaged 238 units/km² (616 units/sq mi). The racial makeup of the county was 86.46% White, 7.46% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 4.02% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.75% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. About 2.04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 17.5% were of German, 16.7% Irish, 14.3% Italian, 6.5% English, and 5.0% Polish ancestry according to 2000 United States Census. Around 90.5% spoke English, 2.0% Spanish, 1.1% Korean, and 1.0% Italian as their first language. Historically, much of western Montgomery County is part of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, with a great many descendants of German-speaking settlers from the 18th century.

Montgomery County is home to large and growing African American, Korean American, Puerto-Rican American, Mexican American, and Indian American populations. The county has the second-largest foreign-born population in the region, after Philadelphia County.[12]

Of the 286,098 households, 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.20% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.90% were not families. About 25.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the county, the population was distributed as 24.10% under the age of 18, 7.10% from 18 to 24, 30.50% from 25 to 44, 23.40% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $60,829, and for a family was $72,183 (these figures had risen to $73,701 and $89,219, respectively, as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $48,698 versus $35,089 for females. The per capita income for the county was $30,898. About 2.80% of families and 4.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.60% of those under age 18 and 5.10% of those age 65 or over.

The largest townships/boroughs in Montgomery County include:"

Township/BoroughPopulation (2010 US Census)Density mi2
Lower Merion Township57,8252,526.1
Abington Township55,3103,630.3
Cheltenham Township36,7934,083.1
Municipality of Norristown34,3249,806.9
Upper Merion Township28,3951,593.3
Horsham Township26,1471,398.6
Upper Dublin Township25,5691,960.7
Lower Providence Township25,4361,458.8
Montgomery Township24,7902,067.1
Upper Moreland Township24,0153,202

Politics
Presidential election results
Presidential election results[13]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 37.1% 162,731 58.4% 256,082 4.5% 19,839
2012 42.2% 174,381 56.5% 233,356 1.2% 5,132
2008 39.2% 165,552 59.9% 253,393 0.9% 3,796
2004 44.0% 175,741 55.6% 222,048 0.5% 1,802
2000 43.8% 145,623 53.5% 177,990 2.7% 8,809
1996 41.2% 121,047 48.9% 143,664 10.0% 29,250
1992 39.5% 125,704 42.9% 136,572 17.7% 56,300
1988 60.2% 170,294 38.8% 109,834 1.0% 2,742
1984 64.2% 181,426 35.3% 99,741 0.5% 1,499
1980 57.8% 156,996 31.0% 84,289 11.1% 30,268
1976 56.9% 155,480 41.2% 112,644 1.9% 5,045
1972 64.3% 173,662 34.1% 91,959 1.6% 4,397
1968 54.3% 141,621 39.3% 102,464 6.4% 16,647
1964 43.0% 102,714 56.7% 135,657 0.3% 704
1960 60.7% 142,796 39.2% 92,212 0.1% 318
1956 69.2% 133,270 30.7% 59,095 0.1% 218
1952 66.6% 115,899 33.2% 57,701 0.2% 373
1948 66.5% 85,576 32.0% 41,112 1.5% 1,938
1944 61.7% 78,260 37.7% 47,815 0.6% 752
1940 59.5% 73,250 40.1% 49,409 0.4% 432
1936 52.5% 66,442 45.7% 57,870 1.7% 2,194
1932 64.0% 64,619 32.7% 32,971 3.3% 3,371
1928 76.4% 76,680 22.9% 23,026 0.7% 702
1924 75.5% 45,407 18.4% 11,094 6.1% 3,653
1920 69.7% 31,963 26.7% 12,239 3.6% 1,653
1916 58.3% 20,431 38.9% 13,658 2.8% 983
1912 26.7% 8,978 35.4% 11,894 37.9% 12,760[14]
1908 59.8% 19,088 37.3% 11,899 2.9% 922
1904 62.6% 18,833 34.6% 10,420 2.8% 843
1900 59.1% 17,051 38.9% 11,208 2.1% 590
1896 61.3% 17,329 35.3% 9,985 3.5% 980
1892 49.1% 13,591 49.2% 13,611 1.7% 480
1888 50.9% 13,445 47.6% 12,582 1.5% 390
1884 50.5% 11,617 48.2% 11,088 1.2% 281
1880 49.7% 11,026 49.7% 11,025 0.5% 112

As of January 2010, there are 577,378 registered voters in Montgomery County.[15]

Historically, Montgomery County was a stronghold for the Republican Party. The county was the only one carried by Barbara Hafer in the 1990 gubernatorial election over the incumbent governor, Bob Casey. However, the Democratic Party has made substantial gains in the county over the last quarter-century and gained the registration edge early in 2008.

As in most of Philadelphia's suburbs, the brand of Republicanism practiced in Montgomery County for much of the 20th century was a moderate one. As the national parties have polarized, the county's voters have increasingly supported Democrats at the national level. After voting for the Republican presidential nominee in all but one election from 1952 to 1988--Lyndon Johnson's landslide in 1964—Montgomery County residents have voted for the Democratic presidential nominee for the past seven consecutive elections, with the margins progressively increasing between 1992 and 2008 to 21.8%. The Democratic victory margin decreased in 2012 back to 14.3% but rebounded in 2016 to 21.3%.

Most county-level offices were held by Republicans until after the 2007 election, when Democrats picked up control of five row offices. Democrats have also won several elections in the Pennsylvania General Assembly in recent years, including two GOP-leaning State House districts in 2004, the 148th with Mike Gerber and the 153rd with Josh Shapiro. Today, although the county is very Democratic at the national level, at the state and local level, it is not specifically partisan.

In the 2004 United States Senate election, Republican Arlen Specter won the county over Montco resident Joe Hoeffel, but Democrat Bob Casey, Jr. out-polled Rick Santorum in the 2006 Senate election. In 2006, Democrat Rick Taylor unseated incumbent Republican Eugene McGill in the 151st (although Taylor lost in 2010 to Republican Todd Stephens) and, in 2008, Democrat Matthew Bradford unseated incumbent Republican Jay Moyer in the 70th. Six of the county's 12 state house seats and four of the county's eight senate seats are now held by Democrats. All four statewide Democratic candidates carried Montgomery in 2008, with Barack Obama receiving 60% of the county's vote. Barack Obama won Montgomery County in 2008 and 2012.

Despite Donald Trump's victory in the state of Pennsylvania in the 2016 election, Montgomery County was one of the few counties in Pennsylvania which swung in the Democratic presidential candidates' direction with Hillary Clinton winning Montgomery County with 58.87% of the vote, an improvement from Barack Obama's 56.6% vote share in 2012. In the 2016 U.S. Senate elections as well as the Pennsylvania Attorney General elections, Montgomery County voted for Katie McGinty and Josh Shapiro, both Democrats.[16]

Government

Montgomery County is governed by a three-person County Commission. The current composition is two Democrats and one Republican. By law, the County Commission must have one member of a minority party represented.

County Commissioners
HolderPartyPosition
Valerie ArkooshDemocraticChair
Kenneth E. Lawrence Jr.Democratic Vice Chair
Joseph GaleRepublican

County Row Offices

As of the November 2019 election:

OfficeHolderParty
Clerk of CourtsLori SchreiberDemocratic
ControllerKaren Geld SanchezDemocratic
CoronerMichael MilbourneDemocratic
District AttorneyKevin R. SteeleDemocratic
ProthonotaryNoah MarlierDemocratic
Recorder of DeedsJeanne SorgDemocratic
Register of WillsD. Bruce HanesDemocratic
SheriffSean KilkennyDemocratic
TreasurerJason SalusDemocratic
Jury CommissionerJoanne Cisco OlszewskiDemocratic
Jury CommissionerMerry WoodsRepublican

Same-sex marriage

On July 24, 2013, Montgomery County Register of Wills D. Bruce Hanes, a Democrat, announced he would begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, flouting Pennsylvania law banning such unions. Hanes called the commonwealth's ban "arbitrary and suspect", saying he believes it violates the Pennsylvania Constitution and the United States Constitution. The Republican administration of Governor Tom Corbett filed suit in the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania in an attempt to block Hanes from licensing same-sex marriage.[17] Commonwealth Court Judge Dan Pellegrini ordered Hanes in September 2013 to stop issuing same-sex marriage licenses. After Federal Judge John Jones threw out Pennsylvania's ban on same-sex marriage in May 2014, calling it unconstitutional, offices in other counties were able to issue these licenses, while Hanes had to wait for the ruling against him to be removed.[18]

United States Senate
SenatorParty
Bob CaseyDemocrat
Pat ToomeyRepublican

United States House of Representatives
The 2018 congressional map ordered by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania places the majority of Montgomery County within the new 4th congressional district.
DistrictRepresentativeParty
1Brian FitzpatrickRepublican
4Madeleine DeanDemocratic
5Mary Gay ScanlonDemocratic

State Senate
DistrictRepresentativeParty
4Art HaywoodDemocratic
7Vincent HughesDemocratic
12Maria CollettDemocratic
17Daylin LeachDemocratic
24Bob MenschRepublican
44Katie MuthDemocratic

State House of Representatives
DistrictRepresentativeParty
26Tim HennesseyRepublican
53Steve MalagariDemocratic
61Liz HanbidgeDemocratic
70Matthew BradfordDemocratic
131Justin SimmonsRepublican
146Joe CiresiDemocratic
147Marcy ToepelRepublican
148Mary Jo DaleyDemocratic
149Tim BriggsDemocratic
150Joseph WebsterDemocratic
151Todd StephensRepublican
152Tom MurtRepublican
153Ben SanchezDemocratic
154Steve McCarterDemocratic
157Melissa ShustermanDemocratic
166Greg VitaliDemocratic
172Kevin J. BoyleDemocratic
194Pam DeLissioDemocratic

Economy
Montgomery County ranges from the densely populated rowhouse streets of Cheltenham Township to the forests and open land around the Perkiomen Creek in the northern part of the county.

Montgomery County is a suburb of Philadelphia and consequently, many of its residents work in the city. However, Montco is also a major employment center with large business parks in Blue Bell, Lansdale, Fort Washington, Horsham, and King of Prussia which attract thousands of workers from all over the region. The strong job base and taxes generated by those jobs have resulted in Montgomery County receiving the highest credit rating of 'AAA' from Standard & Poor's, one of fewer than 30 counties in the United States with such a rating.[19] In 2012, Moody's downgraded the general obligation rating to Aa1,[20] and in 2018 the rating was revised back to Aaa.[21]

Major employers include:[22]

Education

Colleges and universities

Public school districts
Map of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Public School Districts

Private secondary schools

Night schools/adult education

Communities
Map of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania with Municipal Labels showing Boroughs (red), Townships (white), and Census-designated places (blue).

Under Pennsylvania law, five types of incorporated municipalities are listed: cities, boroughs, townships, home rule municipalities (which can include communities that bear the name "Borough" or "Township") and, in at most two cases, towns. These boroughs, townships, and home rule municipalities are located in Montgomery County:

Home rule municipalities

Boroughs

Townships

Census-designated places

Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here, as well.

Even though the historic village of Valley Forge, as well as the park, are partially located within Montgomery County, the modern village is in Chester County, PA

Unincorporated communities

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Montgomery County.[25]

† county seat

Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2010 Census)
1 † Norristown Municipality 34,324
2 Pottstown Borough 22,377
3 King of Prussia CDP 19,936
4 Lansdale Borough 16,269
5 Willow Grove CDP 15,726
6 Horsham CDP 14,842
7 Montgomeryville CDP 12,624
8 Ardmore (partially in Delaware County) CDP 12,455
9 Harleysville CDP 9,286
10 Audubon CDP 8,433
11 Glenside CDP 8,384
12 Sanatoga CDP 8,378
13 Kulpsville CDP 8,194
14 Conshohocken Borough 7,833
15 Hatboro Borough 7,360
16 Maple Glen CDP 6,742
17 Souderton Borough 6,618
18 Ambler Borough 6,417
19 Plymouth Meeting CDP 6,177
20 Blue Bell CDP 6,067
21 Trooper CDP 5,744
22 Penn Wynne CDP 5,697
23 Oreland CDP 5,678
24 Wyndmoor CDP 5,498
25 Fort Washington CDP 5,446
26 Collegeville Borough 5,089
27 Telford (partially in Bucks County) Borough 4,872
28 Gilbertsville CDP 4,832
29 Eagleville CDP 4,800
30 Royersford Borough 4,752
31 Bridgeport Borough 4,554
32 Flourtown CDP 4,538
33 Jenkintown Borough 4,422
34 Narberth Borough 4,282
35 Gladwyne CDP 4,050
36 Pennsburg Borough 3,843
37 Spring House CDP 3,804
38 Bryn Mawr CDP 3,779
39 Skippack CDP 3,758
40 Stowe CDP 3,695
41 Trappe Borough 3,509
42 Pottsgrove CDP 3,469
43 Hatfield Borough 3,290
44 North Wales Borough 3,229
45 Wyncote CDP 3,044
46 East Greenville Borough 2,951
47 Halfway House CDP 2,881
48 Rockledge Borough 2,543
49 Red Hill Borough 2,383
50 Spring Mount CDP 2,259
51 Evansburg CDP 2,129
52 Schwenksville Borough 1,385
53 Bryn Athyn Municipality 1,375
54 Haverford College (mostly in Delaware County) CDP 1,331
55 West Conshohocken Borough 1,320
56 Woxhall CDP 1,318
57 Arcadia University CDP 595
58 Green Lane Borough 508

Culture

Climate

The county has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) except in some lowland areas very close to Philadelphia where it is humid subtropical (Cfa). The hardiness zones are 6b and 7a.

Climate data for Upper Hanover Twp (Elevation: 489 ft (149 m)) 1981 - 2010 Averages
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 37.8
(3.2)		 41.1
(5.1)		 49.8
(9.9)		 61.7
(16.5)		 72.1
(22.3)		 80.8
(27.1)		 84.9
(29.4)		 83.2
(28.4)		 76.2
(24.6)		 64.5
(18.1)		 53.3
(11.8)		 41.8
(5.4)		 62.4
(16.9)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.3
(−1.5)		 31.9
(−0.1)		 39.7
(4.3)		 50.5
(10.3)		 60.4
(15.8)		 69.5
(20.8)		 74.0
(23.3)		 72.3
(22.4)		 64.8
(18.2)		 53.2
(11.8)		 43.5
(6.4)		 33.5
(0.8)		 52.0
(11.1)
Average low °F (°C) 20.8
(−6.2)		 22.7
(−5.2)		 29.6
(−1.3)		 39.2
(4.0)		 48.7
(9.3)		 58.3
(14.6)		 63.0
(17.2)		 61.4
(16.3)		 53.4
(11.9)		 41.9
(5.5)		 33.7
(0.9)		 25.2
(−3.8)		 41.6
(5.3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.27
(83)		 2.71
(69)		 3.55
(90)		 3.86
(98)		 4.27
(108)		 4.21
(107)		 4.83
(123)		 3.90
(99)		 4.63
(118)		 4.26
(108)		 3.65
(93)		 3.75
(95)		 46.89
(1,191)
Average relative humidity (%) 68.4 65.1 60.6 59.5 63.6 69.0 69.0 71.8 72.9 71.4 70.4 70.7 67.7
Average dew point °F (°C) 20.2
(−6.6)		 21.5
(−5.8)		 27.2
(−2.7)		 36.9
(2.7)		 48.0
(8.9)		 58.9
(14.9)		 63.2
(17.3)		 62.7
(17.1)		 55.9
(13.3)		 44.2
(6.8)		 34.5
(1.4)		 25.0
(−3.9)		 41.6
(5.3)
Source: PRISM[26]
Climate data for Cheltenham (Elevation: 125 ft (38 m)) 1981 - 2010 Averages
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 40.6
(4.8)		 43.9
(6.6)		 52.0
(11.1)		 63.3
(17.4)		 73.0
(22.8)		 82.3
(27.9)		 86.3
(30.2)		 84.9
(29.4)		 78.0
(25.6)		 66.7
(19.3)		 55.9
(13.3)		 44.9
(7.2)		 64.4
(18.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.2
(0.7)		 35.9
(2.2)		 43.2
(6.2)		 53.7
(12.1)		 63.2
(17.3)		 72.8
(22.7)		 77.3
(25.2)		 76.0
(24.4)		 68.8
(20.4)		 57.3
(14.1)		 47.5
(8.6)		 37.7
(3.2)		 55.6
(13.1)
Average low °F (°C) 25.8
(−3.4)		 27.8
(−2.3)		 34.3
(1.3)		 44.0
(6.7)		 53.4
(11.9)		 63.2
(17.3)		 68.4
(20.2)		 67.1
(19.5)		 59.6
(15.3)		 48.0
(8.9)		 39.2
(4.0)		 30.4
(−0.9)		 46.9
(8.3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.46
(88)		 2.77
(70)		 4.10
(104)		 3.92
(100)		 4.15
(105)		 4.12
(105)		 4.96
(126)		 4.24
(108)		 4.29
(109)		 3.71
(94)		 3.52
(89)		 3.92
(100)		 47.16
(1,198)
Average relative humidity (%) 65.5 61.6 57.3 57.2 61.4 63.5 65.0 66.9 68.0 67.9 66.5 66.6 64.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 22.9
(−5.1)		 24.0
(−4.4)		 29.1
(−1.6)		 38.9
(3.8)		 49.7
(9.8)		 59.7
(15.4)		 64.6
(18.1)		 64.2
(17.9)		 57.8
(14.3)		 46.8
(8.2)		 36.9
(2.7)		 27.6
(−2.4)		 43.6
(6.4)
Source: PRISM[26]
gollark: Deuterium's just in water, ez.
gollark: They're probably expensive because of high material cost (AND likely energy input) in making bombs.
gollark: How much energy do you get per nuke anyway?
gollark: What could POSSIBLY go wrong?
gollark: Besides, the price would just slowly go up over time as supply drops.

See also

References
  1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
  2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  3. Zack O'Malley Greenburg (30 June 2008). "America's Best Places To Raise A Family". Forbes Magazine, online edition. Archived from the original on 2012-05-26.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  4. "Montgomery County, Pennsylvania". Family Search. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  5. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  6. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  7. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  8. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  9. Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 24, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  10. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  11. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  12. "The county has also been declared a sanctuary county". 11 March 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 29 November 2018. =ACS: 2003 ACS Tabular Profile for Montgomery County -- Table 1
  13. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  14. The leading "other" candidate, Progressive Theodore Roosevelt, received 11,491 votes, while Socialist candidate Eugene Debs received 1,129 votes, Prohibition candidate Eugene Chafin received 136 votes, and Socialist Labor candidate Arthur Reimer received 4 votes.
  15. "Home". www.dos.state.pa.us. Archived from the original on 26 November 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  16. "Montgomery County Election Results". electionresults.montcopa.org. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
  17. "Pennsylvania Gay Marriage Law Deemed 'Suspect' By County Official". The Huffington Post. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  18. "Montgomery County still unable to issue same-sex marriage licenses". The Times Herald. May 21, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  19. "Montgomery County," Rydal-Meadowbrook Civic Association Archived 2013-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
  20. "Moody's downgrades Montgomery County's (PA) general obligation rating to Aa1 from Aaa; outlook is stable". Moodys.com. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  21. "Montgomery County, PA". Montgomery County, PA. Retrieved 2018-05-28.
  22. Top 50 Employers by County – Montgomery Archived 2013-10-14 at the Wayback Machine
  23. Meetings & Notices Archived 2007-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
  24. Upper Frederick Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
  25. Bureau, US Census. "Decennial Census by Decades". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-29.
  26. "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". Retrieved August 9, 2019.

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