Mac Pro

The Mac Pro is a series of workstations and servers for professionals designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. since 2006. The Mac Pro, in most configurations and in terms of speed and performance, is the most powerful computer that Apple offers. It is one of four desktop computers in the current Macintosh lineup, sitting above the consumer range Mac Mini and iMac, and alongside the all-in-one iMac Pro.

Not to be confused with iMac Pro.

Mac Pro
2019 Mac Pro
DeveloperApple Inc.
Type
Release date
  • August 7, 2006 (2006-08-07) (First generation)
  • December 19, 2013 (2013-12-19) (Second generation)
  • December 10, 2019 (2019-12-10) (Third generation)
CPUIntel Xeon-W Cascade Lake (current release)
PredecessorPower Mac G5, Xserve
Related articlesiMac, Mac Mini, iMac Pro
WebsiteOfficial website
The 2019 Mac Pro on assembly line

The first-generation Mac Pro was announced in August 2006. It has a rectangular tower case carried over from the Power Mac G5, and has similar expansion capabilities. It offered two Dual-core Xeon Woodcrest processors. It was replaced by a dual Quad-core Xeon Clovertown model on April 4, 2007, and again on January 8, 2008 by a dual Quad-core Xeon Harpertown model.[1] The 2010 and 2012 revisions featured Nehalem/Westmere architecture Intel Xeon processors.

The second-generation Mac Pro was released in December 2013. Apple states that it achieves twice the overall performance of the previous model.[2] It has a new cylindrical design and takes up less than one-eighth the volume of the previous model. It features up to a 12-core Xeon E5 processor, dual AMD FirePro D series GPUs, and PCIe-based flash storage. There is updated wireless communication and support for six Thunderbolt displays through the Thunderbolt 2 ports, and an HDMI port. Reviews initially were generally positive, with caveats. Due to limitations caused by the cylindrical design, Apple was unable to upgrade the second-generation Mac Pro with more powerful hardware.

The third-generation Mac Pro was released in December 2019. It returns to a tower form factor reminiscent of the Power Mac G5 2003-2005 and the first-generation 2006-2012 model, but with larger and more noticeable air cooling holes. It features up to a 28-core Xeon-W processor, eight PCIe slots, AMD Radeon Pro Vega GPUs, and replaces most data ports with USB-C and Thunderbolt 3.

1st generation (Tower)
The first generation of the Mac Pro featured an aluminium case that was similar to that of the 2003's Power Mac G5, with the exception of an additional optical drive bay, and a new arrangement of I/O ports on both the front and the back.

Apple stated that an Intel-based replacement for the 2003's PowerPC-based Power Mac G5 machines had been expected for some time before the Mac Pro was formally announced on August 7, 2006 at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC).[3] In June 2005, Apple released the Developer Transition Kit, a prototype Intel Pentium 4-based Mac housed in a Power Mac G5 case, that was only available to developers on a temporary basis.[4] The iMac, Mac Mini, MacBook, and MacBook Pro had moved to an Intel-based architecture starting in January 2006, leaving the Power Mac G5 as the only machine in the Mac lineup still based on the PowerPC processor architecture Apple had used since 1994. Apple had dropped the term "Power" from the other machines in their lineup and started using "Pro" on their higher-end laptop offerings. As such, the name "Mac Pro" was widely used before the machine was announced.[5] The Mac Pro is in the Unix workstation market.[6] Although the high-end technical market has not traditionally been an area of strength for Apple, the company has been positioning itself as a leader in non-linear digital editing for high-definition video, which demands storage and memory far in excess of a general desktop machine. Additionally, the codecs used in these applications are generally processor intensive and highly threadable, which Apple's ProRes white paper describes as scaling almost linearly with additional processor cores. Apple's previous machine aimed at this market, the Power Mac G5, has up to two dual-core processors (marketed as "Quad-Core"), but lacks the storage expansion capabilities of the newer design.[5]

Original marketing materials for the Mac Pro generally referred to the middle-of-the-line model with 2 × dual-core 2.66 GHz processors. Previously, Apple featured the base model with the words "starting at" or "from" when describing the pricing, but the online US Apple Store listed the "Mac Pro at $2499", the price for the mid-range model. The system could be configured at US$2299, much more comparable with the former base-model dual-core G5 at US$1999, although offering considerably more processing power. Post revision, the default configurations for the Mac Pro includes one quad-core Xeon 3500 at 2.66 GHz or two quad-core Xeon 5500s at 2.26 GHz each.[7] Like its predecessor, the Power Mac G5, the pre-2013 Mac Pro was Apple's only desktop with standard expansion slots for graphics adapters and other expansion cards.

Apple received criticism after an incremental upgrade to the Mac Pro line following the 2012 WWDC. The line received more default memory and increased processor speed but still used Intel's older Westmere-EP processors instead of the newer E5 series.[8] The line also lacked then-current technologies like SATA III, USB 3, and Thunderbolt, the last of which had been added to every other Macintosh at that point. An email from Apple CEO Tim Cook promised a more significant update to the line in 2013.[9] Apple stopped shipping the first-generation Mac Pro in Europe on March 1, 2013 after an amendment to a safety regulation left the professional Mac non-compliant. The last day to order was February 18, 2013.[10] The first-generation Mac Pro was removed from Apple's online store following the unveiling of the redesigned second-generation Mac Pro at a media event on October 22, 2013.

CPU

All Mac Pro systems were available with one or two central processing units (CPU) with options giving two, four, six, eight, or twelve cores. As an example, the eight core standard configuration Mac Pro 2010 uses two Quad core Intel E5620 Xeon CPUs at 2.4 GHz,[7][11] but could be configured with two Hexa Core Intel Xeon X5670 CPUs at 2.93 GHz.[12] The 2006-2008 models use the LGA 771 socket, while the Early 2009 and later use the LGA 1366 socket, meaning either can be removed and replaced with compatible 64-bit Intel Xeon CPUs.[13] A 64-bit EFI firmware was not introduced until the MacPro3,1, earlier models can only operate as 32-bit despite having 64-bit Xeon processors, however this only applies to the EFI side of the System, as the Mac boots everything else in BIOS Compatibility mode, and operating systems can take advantage of full 64 bit support. The newer LGA 1366 sockets utilize Intel's QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) integrated into the CPU in lieu of an independent system bus; this means the "bus" frequency is relative to the CPU chipset, and upgrading a CPU is not bottlenecked by the computer's existing architecture.

Memory

The original Mac Pro's main memory uses 667 MHz DDR2 ECC FB-DIMMs; the early 2008 model uses 800 MHz ECC DDR2 FB-DIMMS, the 2009 and onward Mac Pro use 1066 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMMs for the standard models, and 1333 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMMs for systems configured with 2.66 GHz or faster CPUs.[14] In the original and 2008 models, these modules are installed in pairs, one each on two riser cards. The cards have 4 DIMM slots each, allowing a total of 32 GB (1 GB = 10243 B) of memory (8 × 4 GB) to be installed.[15] Notably, due to its FB-DIMM architecture, installing more RAM in the Mac Pro will improve its memory bandwidth, but may also increase its memory latency.[16] With a simple installation of a single FB-DIMM, the peak bandwidth is 8000 MB/s (1 MB = 10002 B), but this can increase to 16000 MB/s by installing two FB-DIMMs, one on each of the two buses, which is the default configuration from Apple. While electrically the FB-DIMMs are standard, for pre-2009 Mac Pro models Apple specifies larger-than-normal heatsinks on the memory modules. Problems have been reported by users who have used third party RAM with normal size FB-DIMM heatsinks.[17] (see notes below). 2009 and later Mac Pro computers do not require memory modules with heatsinks.

Hard drives
An example of a Mac Pro's hard drive tray

The Mac Pro had room for four internal 3.5" SATA-300 hard drives in four internal "bays". The hard drives were mounted on individual trays (also known as "sleds") by captive screws. A set of four drive trays was supplied with each machine. Adding hard drives to the system did not require cables to be attached as the drive was connected to the system simply by being inserted into the corresponding drive slot. A case lock on the back of the system locked the disks trays into their positions. The Mac Pro also supported Serial ATA solid-state drives (SSD) in the 4 hard drive bays via an SSD-to-hard drive sled adapter (mid-2010 models and later), and by third-party solutions for earlier models (e.g., by an adapter/bracket which plugged into an unused PCIe slot). Various 2.5-inch SSD drive capacities and configurations were available as options. The Mac Pro was also available with an optional hardware RAID card.[18] With the addition of a SAS controller card or SAS RAID controller card, SAS drives could be directly connected to the system's SATA ports. Two optical drive bays were provided, each with a corresponding SATA port and an Ultra ATA/100 port. The Mac Pro had one PATA port and could support two PATA devices in the optical drive bays. It had a total of six SATA ports – four were connected to the system's drive bays, and two were not connected. The extra SATA ports could be put into service through the use of after-market extender cables to connect internal optical drives, or to provide eSATA ports with the use of an eSATA bulkhead connector.[19] However, the two extra SATA ports were unsupported and disabled under Boot Camp.

Expansion cards
Early 2008Early 2009,
Mid 2010+2012
Slot 404× PCIe Gen. 1.104× PCIe Gen. 2
Slot 3
Slot 216× PCIe Gen. 216× PCIe Gen. 2
Slot 1
(2 slots wide)

The 2008 model had two PCI Express (PCIe) 2.0 expansion slots and two PCI Express 1.1 slots, providing them with up to 300 W of power in total. The first slot was double wide and intended to hold the main video card, arranged with an empty area the width of a normal card beside it to leave room for the large coolers modern cards often use. In most machines, one slot would be blocked by the cooler. Instead of the tiny screws typically used to fasten the cards to the case, in the Mac Pro a single "bar" held the cards in place, which is itself held in place by two "captive" thumbscrews that can be loosened by hand without tools and will not fall out of the case.

On the original Mac Pro introduced in August 2006, the PCIe slots can be configured individually to give more bandwidth to devices that require it, with a total of 40 "lanes", or 13 GB/s total throughput. When running Mac OS X, the Mac Pro did not support SLI or ATI CrossFire,[20] limiting its ability to use the latest "high-end gaming" video card products; however, individuals have reported success with both CrossFire and SLI installations when running Windows XP, as SLI and CrossFire compatibility is largely a function of software.

The bandwidth allocation of the PCIe slots can be configured via the Expansion Slot Utility included with Mac OS X only on the August 2006 Mac Pro. The Early-2008 and later Mac Pros had PCIe slots hardwired as in the accompanying table.

External connectivity
The backs of a Power Mac G5 (left) and a Mac Pro (right) show the differences in arrangement. Note the twin fans on the Power Mac and the single fan on the Mac Pro as well as the new I/O port arrangement.

For external connectivity, the Mac Pro included five USB 2.0 ports, two FireWire 400 and two FireWire 800 (Late 2006 until Early 2008), respectively four FireWire 800 (Early 2009 until Mid 2012) ports. Networking was supported with two built-in Gigabit Ethernet ports. 802.11 a/b/g/n Wi-Fi support (AirPort Extreme) required an optional module in the Mid 2006, Early 2008 and Early 2009 models, whereas in the 2010 model and later Wi-Fi was standard. Bluetooth also required an optional module in the Mid 2006 model, but was standard in the Early 2008 and newer models. Displays were supported by one or (optionally) more PCIe graphics cards. More recent cards featured two Mini DisplayPort connectors and one dual-link Digital Visual Interface (DVI) port, with various configurations of on-card graphics memory available. Digital (TOSlink optical) audio and analog 3.5 mm stereo mini jacks for sound in and out were included, the latter becoming available on both the front and back of the case. Unlike other Mac computers, the Mac Pro did not include an infrared receiver (required to use the Apple Remote). In Mac OS X Leopard, Front Row could be accessed on the Mac Pro (and other Macs) using the Command (⌘)-Escape keystroke.

Case
Comparison of the internals of the Power Mac G5 (left) and the Mac Pro 2006 (right)

From 2006 through 2012, the exterior of the Mac Pro's aluminum case was very similar to that of the Power Mac G5, with the exception of an additional optical drive bay, a new arrangement of I/O ports on both the front and the back, and one less exhaust vent on the back. The case could be opened by operating a single lever on the back, which unlocked one of the two sides of the machine, as well as the drive bays. All of the expansion slots for memory, PCIe cards and drives could be accessed with the side panel removed and no tools were required for installation.[21] The Mac Pro's Xeon processors generated much less heat than the previous dual-core G5s, so the size of the internal cooling devices were reduced significantly. This allowed the interior to be re-arranged, leaving more room at the top of the case and doubling the number of internal drive bays. This also allowed the elimination of the large clear plastic air deflector used as part of the cooling system in the Power Mac G5. Less heat also meant less air to move out of the case for cooling during normal operations; the Mac Pro was very quiet in normal operation, quieter than the much noisier Power Mac G5,[22] and proved difficult to measure using common sound pressure level meters.[23] The handle on and cooling air intake configuration of the front of the case has caused Macintosh enthusiasts to refer to the 1st generation as the "cheese grater" Mac Pro.[24]

Operating systems

The Mac Pro comes with EFI 1.1, a successor to Apple's use of Open Firmware and the wider industry's use of BIOS.[25]

Apple's Boot Camp provides BIOS backwards compatibility, allowing dual and triple boot configurations. These operating systems are installable on Intel x86-based Apple computers:[26]

This is made possible by the presence of an x86 Intel architecture as provided by the CPU and the BIOS emulation which Apple has provided on top of EFI.[26] Installing any additional operating system other than Windows is not supported directly by Apple.[26] Though Apple's Boot Camp drivers are only for Windows, it is often possible to achieve full or nearly full compatibility with another OS by using third-party drivers.[26]

Specifications
Obsolete[27] Vintage
Model Mid 2006[28] Early 2008[29] Early 2009[30] Mid 2010[31] Mid 2012[32]
Component Intel Xeon (Woodcrest and Harpertown) Intel Xeon (Nehalem and Bloomfield) Intel Xeon (Westmere)
Release date August 7, 2006 [33]
April 4, 2007 Optional 3.0 GHz Quad-core Xeon "Clovertown"		 January 8, 2008 [34] March 3, 2009 [35]
December 4, 2009 Optional 3.33 GHz Quad-core Xeon "Bloomfield"		 July 27, 2010 [36] June 11, 2012
Marketing model no. MA356*/A MA970*/A MB871*/A MB535*/A MC560*/A MC250*/A MC561*/A MD770*/A MD771*/A MD772*/A
Model number A1186 A1289
Model identifier MacPro1,1
MacPro2,1 Optional 3.0 GHz Quad-core Xeon "Clovertown"		 MacPro3,1 MacPro4,1 MacPro5,1 MacPro5,1
EFI mode EFI32 EFI64
Kernel mode 32-bit 64-bit
Chipset Intel 5000X Intel 5400 Intel X58 for single CPU systems, Intel 5520 for dual CPU systems[37]
Processor Two 2.66 GHz (5150) Dual-core Intel Xeon "Woodcrest"
Optional 2.0 GHz (5130), 2.66 GHz or 3.0 GHz (5160) Dual-core or 3.0 GHz (X5365) Quad-core Intel Xeon "Clovertown"		 Two 2.8 GHz (E5462) Quad-Core Intel Xeon "Harpertown"
Optional two 3.0 GHz (E5472) or 3.2 GHz (X5482) Quad-core processors or one 2.8 GHz (E5462) Quad-core processor		 One 2.66 GHz (W3520) Quad-Core Intel Xeon "Bloomfield" or two 2.26 GHz (E5520) Quad-core Intel Xeon "Gainestown" with 8 MB of L3 cache
Optional 2.93 GHz (W3540) or 3.33 GHz (W3580) Intel Xeon Quad-core Intel Xeon "Bloomfield" processors or two 2.66 GHz (X5550) or 2.93 GHz (X5570) Quad-core Intel Xeon "Gainestown" processors		 One 2.8 GHz Quad-Core "Bloomfield" Intel Xeon (W3530) processor with 8 MB of L3 cache or two 2.4 GHz Quad-Core "Gulftown" Intel Xeon (E5620) processors with 12 MB of L3 cache or two 2.66 GHz 6-core "Gulftown" Intel Xeon (X5650) processors with 12 MB of L3 cache
Optional 3.2 GHz Quad-Core "Bloomfield" (W3565) or 3.33 GHz 6-core "Gulftown" (W3680) Intel Xeon processors or two 2.93 GHz 6-core (X5670) Intel Xeon "Gulftown" processors		 One 3.2 GHz Quad-Core "Bloomfield" Intel Xeon (W3565) processor with 8 MB of L3 cache or two 2.4 GHz 6-Core "Westmere-EP" Intel Xeon (E5645) processors with 12 MB of L3 cache
Optional 3.33 GHz 6-Core "Gulftown" (W3680), two 2.66 GHz 6-core "Westmere-EP" (X5650), or two 3.06 GHz 6-core "Westmere-EP" (X5675) Intel Xeon processors
System bus 1333 MHz 1600 MHz 4.8 GT/s(Quad-core models only) or 6.4 GT/s 4.8 GT/s (Quad-core models only), 5.86 GT/s(8-core models only) or 6.4 GT/s 4.8 GT/s (Quad-core models only), 5.86 GT/s(12-core models only) or 6.4 GT/s
Front-side bus QuickPath Interconnect
Memory 1 GB (two 512 MB) of 667 MHz DDR2 ECC fully buffered DIMM
Expandable to 16 GB (Apple), 32 GB (Actual)		 2 GB (two 1 GB) of 800 MHz DDR2 ECC fully buffered DIMM
Expandable to 64 GB		 3 GB (three 1 GB) for SP quad-core or 6 GB (six 1 GB) for DP 8-core of 1066 MHz DDR3 ECC DIMM
Expandable to 16 GB on Quad-core models (although expandable to 48 GB using 3rd party 3 × 16 GB DIMMs), and 32 GB in 8-core models (128 GB using 3rd party 8 × 16 GB DIMMs, OSX 10.9/Windows)		 3 GB (three 1 GB) for quad- and 6-core models or 6 GB (six 1 GB) for 8- and 12-core models of 1333 MHz ECC DDR3 SDRAM
Expandable to 48 GB on Quad-core models, and 64 GB in 8- and 12-core models (although expandable to 128 GB using 3rd party 8 × 16 GB DIMMs, OSX 10.9/Windows)		 4 GB (four 1 GB) for quad- and 6-core models or 8 GB (eight 1 GB) for 8 and 12-core models of 1333 MHz ECC DDR3 SDRAM
Expandable to 48 GB on Quad- and 6-core models, and 64 GB in 12-core models (although expandable to 128 GB using 3rd party 8×16 GB DIMMs, OSX 10.9/Windows)
Graphics
Expandable to four graphics cards		 nVidia GeForce 7300 GT with 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (two dual-link DVI ports)
Optional ATI Radeon X1900 XT with 512 MB GDDR3 SDRAM (two dual-link DVI ports) or nVidia Quadro FX 4500 with 512 MB GDDR3 SDRAM (stereo 3D and two dual-link DVI ports)		 ATI Radeon HD 2600 XT with 256 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (two dual-link DVI ports)
Optional nVidia GeForce 8800 GT with 512 MB GDDR3 SDRAM (two dual-link DVI ports) or nVidia Quadro FX 5600 1.5 GB (stereo 3D, two dual-link (DVI ports)		 nVidia GeForce GT 120 with 512 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM (one mini-DisplayPort and one dual-link DVI port)
Optional ATI Radeon HD 4870 with 512 MB of GDDR5 SDRAM (one Mini DisplayPort and one dual-link DVI port)		 ATI Radeon HD 5770 with 1 GB of GDDR5 memory (two Mini DisplayPorts and one dual-link DVI port)
Optional ATI Radeon HD 5870 with 1 GB of GDDR5 memory (two Mini DisplayPorts and one dual-link DVI port)
Secondary storage 250 GB with 8 MB cache
Optional 500 GB with 8 MB cache or 750 GB with 16 MB cache		 320 GB SATA with 8 MB cache
Optional 500 GB, 750 GB, or 1 TB SATA with 16 MB cache or 300 GB Serial Attached SCSI, 15,000-rpm with 16 MB cache		 640 GB with 16 MB cache
Optional 1 TB or 2 TB with 32MB cache		 1 TB SATA with 32 MB cache
Optional 1 TB or 2 TB SATA with 32 MB cache or 256 or 512 GB Solid State Drives
7200-rpm SATA Hard drive7200-rpm SATA Hard drive or 15k-rpm SAS Hard Drive7200-rpm SATA Hard drive7200-rpm SATA Hard drive or Solid State Drive
SATA 2.0 (3 Gbit/s)
Optical drive 16× SuperDrive with double-layer support (DVD±R DL/DVD±RW/CD-RW) 18× SuperDrive with double-layer support (DVD±R DL/DVD±RW/CD-RW)
Connectivity Optional Wi-Fi 4 (802.11a/b/g and draft-n, n disabled by default)[38]
2× Gigabit Ethernet
Optional 56k V.92 USB modem
Optional Bluetooth 2.0+EDR		 Optional Wi-Fi 4 (802.11a/b/g and draft-n, n-enabled)
2× Gigabit Ethernet
Optional 56k V.92 USB modem
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR		 Wi-Fi 4 (802.11a/b/g/n)
2× Gigabit Ethernet
Bluetooth 2.1+EDR
Peripherals 5× USB 2.0
2× FireWire 400
2× FireWire 800
Built-in mono speaker
1× Audio-in mini-jack
2× Audio-out mini-jack
1× Optical S/PDIF (Toslink) input
1× Optical S/PDIF (Toslink) output		 5× USB 2.0
4× FireWire 800
Built-in mono speaker
1× Audio-in mini-jack
2× Audio-out mini-jack
1× Optical S/PDIF (Toslink) input
1× Optical S/PDIF (Toslink) output
Dimensions 20.1 in (51.1 cm) height x 8.1 in (20.6 cm) width x 18.7 in (47.5 cm) depth
Weight 42.4 lb (19.2 kg) 39.9 lb (18.1 kg) (Quad core)
41.2 lb (18.7 kg) (8-core)
Latest release operating system Mac OS X 10.7 Lion OS X 10.11 El Capitan macOS 10.14 Mojave if equipped with a Metal-capable GPU, otherwise macOS 10.13 High Sierra[39]

Reception

Ars Technica reviewed the 2006 Mac Pro, calling it a solid "multiplatform device" and rating it 9 out of 10.[40] CNET praised the design and value, although did not think it provided the flexibility of other systems. They gave it an 8 out of 10.[41]

Sound on Sound, an audio recording technology magazine, thought it was a "great machine" for musicians and audio engineers.[42] Architosh, an online architectural design magazine focused on mac technology, would have scored it a perfect five except for a few issues with software compatibility and the high price for FB-DIMM memory.[43]

2nd generation (Cylindrical)
Mac Pro in late 2013 with its aluminum cylinder cover removed, as shown at the WWDC 2013

Apple Senior Vice President of Marketing Phil Schiller presented a "sneak peek" of the completely redesigned Mac Pro during the 2013 Worldwide Developers Conference keynote. The video revealed an overhauled case design, a polished reflective aluminum cylinder built around a central thermal dissipation core and vented by a single fan, which pulls air from under the case, through the core, and out the top of the case. The only finish available is black, though a single red-finished unit was produced with Product Red.[44] Apple states that the second-generation Mac Pro achieves twice the performance of the last model.[2] The model was assembled in Austin, Texas, by Apple's supplier Flextronics on a highly automated line.[45] The announcement six months prior to release was unusual for Apple, which typically announces products when they are ready for market.[46] It was released on December 19, 2013.

The cylindrical thermal core was unable to adapt to changing hardware trends and left the Mac Pro without updates for over three years, leading Apple to make a rare admission of a product's failure in April 2017 when it detailed the issues surrounding the design and promised a totally redesigned Mac Pro. The design of the second-generation Mac Pro has received mixed reviews, which has been described as appearing like a "small black trash can", rice cooker, or R2-D2 or Darth Vader's helmet.[47][48] On September 18, 2018, the Mac Pro surpassed the Macintosh Plus's production life record for an unchanged Mac model, with the Plus having remained on sale unchanged for 1,734 days. It was discontinued on December 10, 2019, after being on sale unchanged for a record 2,182 days.[49]

Hardware

The redesigned Mac Pro takes up less than one-eighth the volume of the immediately previous model, being shorter at 9.9 inches (25 cm), thinner at 6.6 inches (17 cm) and lighter at 11 pounds (5.0 kg). It supports one central processing unit (CPU) (up to a 12-core Xeon E5 CPU), four 1866 MHz DDR3 slots, dual AMD FirePro D series GPUs (up to D700 with 6 GB VRAM each), and PCIe-based flash storage. There is a 3× MIMO antenna system for the unit's 802.11ac WiFi networking interface, Bluetooth 4.0 to facilitate close-range wireless functions such as music transfer, keyboards, mice, tablets, speakers, security, cameras, and printers. The system can simultaneously support six Apple Thunderbolt Displays, or three 4K resolution computer monitors.[50]

Mac Pro setup

The second-generation Mac Pro has a redesigned configuration of ports. It has a HDMI 1.4 port, dual Gigabit Ethernet ports, six Thunderbolt 2 ports, four USB 3 ports, and combined digital Mini-TOSlink optical / analog 3.5 mm stereo mini jack for audio output. It also has a headphones mini jack (the two are distinctly selectable within the Sound System Preference panel, Output tab). There is no dedicated port for inputting audio. The system has a low-fidelity internal mono speaker. The Thunderbolt 2 ports support up to thirty-six Thunderbolt devices (six per port) and can concurrently support up to three 4K displays. This design requires two GPUs to support the seven display outputs (HDMI and six Thunderbolt). The I/O panel illuminates itself when the unit senses it has been moved to make it easier for the user to see the ports. Unlike the previous model, it has no FireWire 800 ports, dedicated digital audio in/out ports, a SuperDrive, DVI port, 3.5-inch drive bays for replaceable storage drives, or changeable internal PCIe slots. Instead, there are six Thunderbolt 2 ports to connect high-speed external peripherals, including enclosures for internal PCIe cards.[50]

Apple's website mentions only RAM[51] and flash storage[52] as user-serviceable, though third party tear-downs show nearly all components can be removed and replaced. However, special tools only available from Apple are necessary for proper dismantling and reassembly.[53] Apple has also specified mandatory and recommended tightening torque values for nearly every screw, with the most important being those securing the GPUs and CPU riser card to the thermal core.[54] According to Apple, not tightening screws to the mandatory torque values may result in damage or malfunction.[55] A lock switch on the aluminum housing allows for easy access to the internals, as well as fitting a security lock with its own cable, and components are secured with Torx screws. The flash storage and GPUs use proprietary connectors and are specially sized to fit into the enclosure.[56] The CPU is not soldered to the riser card and can be replaced with another LGA 2011 socket processor, including processor options not offered by Apple.[57] The type of RAM modules that Apple supplies with the late-2013 Mac Pro in the default configuration are ECC unbuffered (UDIMM) on the up to 8 GB modules (shown on each module as PC3-14900E). Apple offers as an optional upgrade 16 GB modules are ECC registered (RDIMM) modules (shown on each module as PC3-14900R). The higher-capacity 32 GB modules that some third-party vendors offer are also RDIMM. The UDIMM and RDIMM module types cannot be mixed. Apple publishes recommended configurations to use.[58][59]

Operating systems

Apple's Boot Camp provides BIOS backwards compatibility, allowing dual and triple boot configurations. These operating systems are installable on Intel x64-based Apple computers:

  • OS X Mavericks and later
  • Windows 7, 8.1 and 10 64-bit (hardware drivers are included in Boot Camp)
  • Linux via Linux installers (Boot Camp does not provide Linux support in the same way it does with Windows)

Specifications
Model Late 2013[60]
Component Intel Xeon E5 (Ivy Bridge-EP)
Release date December 19, 2013[61]
Order number ME253xx/A, MD878xx/A, MQGG2xx/A
Model number A1481
Model identifier MacPro6,1
EFI mode EFI64
Kernel mode 64-bit
Chipset Intel C602J
Processor

(LGA 2011[62])
  • One 3.7 GHz Quad-Core "Ivy Bridge-EP" Intel Xeon (E5-1620 v2) with 10 MB L3 cache or one 3.5 GHz 6-Core "Ivy Bridge-EP" Intel Xeon (E5-1650 v2) with 12 MB L3 cache
  • Optional one 3.0 GHz 8-Core "Ivy Bridge-EP" Intel Xeon (E5-1680 v2) with 25 MB L3 cache or one 2.7 GHz 12-Core "Ivy Bridge-EP" Intel Xeon (E5-2697 v2) with 30 MB L3 cache
System bus DMI 2.0 or 2 × 8.0 GT/s (12-core model only)
Memory
  • 12 GB (three 4 GB) or 16 GB (four 4 GB since 2017) for quad-core model or 16 GB (four 4 GB) for 6-core model of DDR3 ECC at 1866 MHz (up to 60 GB/s)

Optional 32GB and 64GB configurations available

  • Expandable to 64 GB (four 16 GB) from Apple, expandable to 128 GB using third-party 1600 MHz modules.[63]
Graphics
  • Dual AMD FirePro D300 with 2 GB of GDDR5 VRAM each for quad-core model or Dual AMD FirePro D500 with 3 GB of GDDR5 VRAM each for 6-core model
  • Optional Dual AMD FirePro D700 with 6 GB of GDDR5 VRAM each
Secondary storage
  • 256 GB flash storage
  • Optional 512 GB or 1 TB flash storage
PCIe SSD
Connectivity
Peripherals
Audio
  • Built-in mono speaker
  • Audio output/optical digital audio output
  • Headphone mini-jack
Dimensions 9.9 in (25.1 cm) height x 6.6 in (16.8 cm) diameter
Weight 11 lb (5 kg)

Reception

Reception of the new design was mixed, initially receiving positive reviews, but more negative in the long term, due to Apple's failure to upgrade the hardware specs. The performance had been widely lauded, especially handling video tasks on the dual GPU units, with some reviewers noting the ability to apply dozens of filters to realtime 4K resolution video in Final Cut Pro X.[64] Drive performance, connected via PCIe, was also widely mentioned as a strong point. Technical reviewers praised the OpenCL API under which the machine's powerful twin GPUs and its multi-core CPU can be treated as a single pool of computing power. However, in late 2013 through early 2014, some reviewers had noted the lack of internal expandability, second CPU, serviceability, and questioned the then-limited offerings via Thunderbolt 2 ports.[65][66] By 2016, reviewers started to agree that the Mac Pro was now lacking in functionality and power, it having not been updated since 2013, and it was past time for Apple to update it.[67] Apple later revealed in 2017 that the thermal core design had limited the ability to upgrade the Mac Pro's GPUs and that a new design was under development, to be released sometime after 2017.[68]

Problems

On 5 February 2016 Apple identified problems with FirePro D500 and D700 GPUs manufactured between 8 February 2015 and 11 April 2015. Issues included "distorted video, no video, system instability, freezing, restarts, shut downs, or may prevent system start up."[69] Customers who owned a Mac Pro exhibiting those issues could take their affected machine to Apple or an authorized service provider to have both GPUs replaced for free. The repair program ended on 30 May 2018. Customers who owned Mac Pros with FirePro D300 GPUs also complained about problems, but those GPUs were not included in the repair program.[70] Customers with FirePro GPUs not manufactured between those dates have complained of issues including overheating and thermal throttling.[71] It is believed Apple hasn't enabled a satisfactory cooling fan profile in order to properly reduce heat from the system. Users have had to resort to using 3rd party apps to manually increase the fan speed to prevent the GPUs from overheating.[72]

3rd generation (Tower and USB-C)
3rd generation Mac Pro with wheels

In April 2018, Apple confirmed that a redesigned Mac Pro would be released in 2019 to replace the 2013 model.[73] Apple announced the third-generation Mac Pro on June 3, 2019 at the World Wide Developers Conference.[74][75] It returns to a tower design similar to the Power Mac G5 in 2003 and the first-generation model in 2006. The design also includes a new thermal architecture with three impeller fans, which promises to prevent the computer from having to throttle the processor so that it can always run at its peak performance level. The RAM memory is expandable to 1.5 TiB using twelve 128 GB DIMMs. It can be configured with up to two AMD Radeon Pro GPUs, which come in a custom MPX module, which are fanless and use the chassis's cooling system. Apple's Afterburner card is a custom add-on, which adds hardware acceleration for ProRes codecs. Similar to the second generation, the cover can be removed to access the internals, which features eight PCIe slots for expansion, making this the first Mac with six or more expansion slots since the Power Macintosh 9600 in 1997.[76] It can also be purchased with wheels and in a rack mount configuration. Feet and wheels are not stated by Apple to be user-replaceable and require sending the machine to an Apple Store or authorized service provider, though tear-downs show the feet are simply screwed on.[77][78] It was announced alongside the 6K Pro Display XDR, which has the same finish and lattice pattern.

After initial reports that the Mac Pro would be assembled in China, Apple confirmed in September 2019 it would be assembled in Austin, Texas, at the same facility as the previous-generation Mac Pro, making it the sole Apple product assembled in the United States. The production was the subject of an ongoing tariff dispute with President Donald Trump.[79][80] Trump toured the Mac Pro assembly line in November 2019.[81]

Design
An opened Mac Pro and Pro Display XDR are shown by Apple CEO Tim Cook to President Donald Trump in 2019.

The third-generation Mac Pro returns to a tower form factor and features a prominent lattice pattern on its front and rear. The lattice design was purportedly originally developed by Jony Ive for the Power Mac G4 Cube in 2000.[82] It comes bundled with a new Magic Keyboard with black keys in a silver chassis, and a black Magic Mouse 2 or Magic Trackpad 2 with a silver underside.

Reception

Initial reviews were generally positive. The only pre-release review models of the Mac Pro and Pro Display XDR were provided to YouTube tech vloggers Justine Ezarik, Marques Brownlee, and Jonathan Morrison, rather than reviewers from traditional news outlets.[83]

iFixit gave it a repairability score of 9/10, noting that every part of the machine is user-replaceable. However, despite the SSD being user-removable, to enable operation of macOS encrypted storage and secure boot capabilities, the SSD module is linked to the T2 chip and thus the user must replace the SSD via Apple in order to relink a replacement SSD with the T2 chip.[78]

Specifications
Model 2019[76]
Component Intel Xeon W 8 core Intel Xeon W 12 or 16 core Intel Xeon W 24 or 28 core
Release date December 10, 2019[84]
Model numbers A1991 (Desktop),[85] A2304 (Rack Mount)[86]
Model identifier MacPro7,1
EFI mode EFI64
Kernel mode 64-bit
Chipset Intel C621
Processor 3.5 GHz 8-Core Intel Xeon W-3223 with 24.5 MB cache Xeon W-3235 3.3 GHz 12-core with 31.2 MB cache or Xeon W-3245 3.2 GHz 16-core with 38 MB cache Xeon W-3265M 2.7 GHz 24-core with 57 MB cache or Xeon W-3275M 2.5 GHz 28-core with 66.5 MB cache
Memory 32GB (four 8 GB)

Expandable to 768 GB (six 128 GB DIMMs or 12 64 GB DIMMs) by Apple

 32 GB (four 8 GB)

Expandable to 1.5 TB (12 128 GB DIMMs) by Apple

DDR4 ECC at 2933 MHz included, but runs at 2666 MHz DDR4 ECC at 2933 MHz
Graphics
  • AMD Radeon Pro 580X with 8GB of GDDR5 memory
  • Optional single Radeon Pro W5500X with 8 GB of GDDR6 memory, single or dual Radeon Pro W5700X with 16/32 GB of GDDR6 memory, single or dual Radeon Pro Vega II with 32/64 GB of HBM2 memory or single or dual Radeon Pro Vega II Duo with 64/128 GB of HBM2 memory
Secondary storage
  • 256 GB flash storage
  • Optional 1 TB, 2 TB, 4 TB, or 8 TB flash storage
PCIe SSD, up to two modules
Security Chip Apple T2
Connectivity Built-in Wi-Fi 5 (802.11a/b/g/n/ac), up to 1.3 Gbit/s
2× 10 Gigabit Ethernet
Bluetooth 5.0
Peripherals Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C 3.1 Gen 2) supporting DisplayPort
2× top of case, 2× rear I/O card (all models)
Additional 4× rear (single W5700X, Vega II/Vega II Duo) or 8× rear (dual W5700X, Vega II/Vega II Duo)
USB 3.0 Type-A, 2× rear, 1× inside case[87]
HDMI 2.0
2× (580X, W5500X, dual W5700X, Vega II/Vega II Duo)
1× (single W5700X, Vega II/Vega II Duo)
2× SATA ports inside case
Display support Six 4K displays, two 5K displays, or two Pro Display XDRs (580X)
Four 4K displays, one 5K displays, or one Pro Display XDRs (W5500X)
Six 4K displays, three 5K displays, or three Pro Display XDRs (W5700X)
Six 4K displays, three 5K displays, or two Pro Display XDRs (Vega II)
Eight 4K displays, four 5K displays, or four Pro Display XDRs (single Vega II Duo)
Twelve 4K displays or six Pro Display XDRs (dual Vega II Duo)
Audio 3.5 mm headphone jack
Built-in mono speaker
Dimensions 20.8 in (52.9 cm) height x 8.6 in (21.8 cm) width x 17.7 in (45 cm) depth
8.67 in (22.0 cm) or 5U height x 19.0 in (48.2 cm) width x 21.2 in (54 cm) depth. (rack mount)
Weight 39.7 lb (18 kg)

Supported macOS releases
Supported macOS releases
OS release First generation Second generation Third generation
Mid 2006 Early 2008 Early 2009 Mid 2010 Mid 2012 Late 2013 Late 2019
10.4 Tiger 10.4.7
10.5 Leopard 10.5.110.5.6
10.6 Snow Leopard 10.6.4Partial[lower-alpha 1]
10.7 Lion 10.7.4
10.8 Mountain Lion
10.9 Mavericks 10.9.1
10.10 Yosemite
10.11 El Capitan
10.12 Sierra patchpatch
10.13 High Sierra patchpatch
10.14 Mojave patchOnly when flashed with 5,1 firmware and a Metal-capable GPU/patchWith Metal-capable GPU/patch
10.15 Catalina patchpatchWith Metal-capable GPU/patch 10.15.2
11.0 Big Sur patch, Wi-Fi not working

Mac Pro Server

On November 5, 2010, Apple introduced the Mac Pro Server, which officially replaced the Xserve line of Apple servers as of January 31, 2011. The Mac Pro Server includes an unlimited[7] Mac OS X Server license and an Intel Xeon 2.8 GHz Quad-Core processor, with 8 GB of DDR3 RAM.[88] In mid-2012, the Mac Pro Server was upgraded to an Intel Xeon 3.2 GHz Quad-Core processor. The Mac Pro Server was discontinued on October 22, 2013, with the introduction of the second-generation Mac Pro. However, the OS X Server software package can be purchased from the Mac App Store.[89] The third-generation Mac Pro released on December 10, 2019 has a rack-mount version, available in the same configurations as the standard Mac Pro for a $500 premium.[90] The Mac Pro Rack comes with mounting rails to mount it in a server rack, and fits in a 5 Rack Unit (or "U") space.

Notes
  1. The 2012 model did not originally ship with 10.6, but does support booting with it by way of being an upgraded 2010 model.
gollark: Of course. As you know, a computer costs several billion times more than a 74xx chip.
gollark: Oh.
gollark: ddg! Joe biden I have waited long enough
gollark: They could only support mmWave 5G, which no phones support except those which do.
gollark: You should practice German by converting gollarisms into German.

References
  1. Electronista Staff (April 4, 2007). "Apple adds 8-core option to Mac Pro". MacNN.
  2. "At long last! Apple announces new Mac Pro with cylindrical design". June 10, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  3. Smith, Kevin (June 9, 2012). "The Best Products Apple Has Ever Announced At Its Annual Summer Developers Conference". Business Insider Australia. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  4. "“This Is Not a Product”: The Apple Developer Transition Kit". Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  5. Bangeman, Eric (July 16, 2006). "Peering inside the aluminum ball: Woodcrest, Conroe, and the 'pro' Macs". Arstechnica. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  6. "The Unix System — History and Timeline". Unix.org. January 29, 2003. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
  7. "Mac Pro page at Apple's online store". Apple Inc. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  8. Chris Foresman, "Mac Pro gets minor update with standard 12-core option, no Xeon E5", ArsTechnica, June 11, 2012
  9. Jordan Kahn, "Andy Hertzfield: The only thing that's still high-end about Mac Pro is the bloated price", 9to5 Mac, June 11, 2012
  10. Karen Haslam, "Apple confirms it will cease shipping Mac Pro in Europe on 1 March", MacWorld, January 13, 2013
  11. "Intel Xeon Processor E5620 (12 MB Cache, 2.40 GHz, 5.86 GT/s Intel QPI)". Intel. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  12. "Intel Xeon Processor X5670 (12M Cache, 2.93 GHz, 6.40 GT/s Intel QPI)". Intel. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  13. "Mac Pro CPU Compatibility List". MacRumors Forums. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  14. "Mac Pro – Technical Specifications". Apple. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  15. "Computer memory upgrades for Apple Mac Pro (4-core) Desktop/PC from Crucial.com". Crucial.com. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  16. "Understanding FB-DIMMs". AnandTech.
  17. "Mac Pro Memory Issues". Ars Technica.
  18. "Apple Introduces New Mac Pro" (Press release). Apple Inc. March 3, 2009. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  19. "NewerTech eSATA Extender Cable". Newertech.com. January 8, 2008. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  20. "Does the Mac Pro support standard PC video cards? Does it support SLI or Crossfire?". EveryMac. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  21. "Разбираем Apple Mac Pro". Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  22. "PowerMac G5 review". Macworld.
  23. "Bare Feats' rob-ART Morgan says:". Bare Feats'.
  24. Cunningham, Andrew (May 1, 2017). "Modern "Hackintoshes" show that Apple should probably just build a Mac tower". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  25. "Overview". uefi.org. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  26. "Triple Boot via BootCamp". Wiki.onmac.net. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
  27. "Vintage and obsolete products". Apple.
  28. "Mac Pro – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved March 3, 2009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. "Mac Pro (Early 2008) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved March 3, 2009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. "Mac Pro (Early 2009) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved March 3, 2009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. "Mac Pro (Mid 2010) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved July 27, 2010. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. "Mac Pro (Mid 2012) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved July 28, 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. "Apple Unveils New Mac Pro Featuring Quad 64-bit Xeon Processors". Apple. August 7, 2006.
  34. "Apple Introduces New Mac Pro". Apple. January 8, 2008.
  35. "Apple Introduces New Mac Pro". Apple. March 3, 2009.
  36. "Apple Unveils New Mac Pro With Up to 12 Processing Cores". Apple. July 27, 2010.
  37. "Amfeltec x16 PCIe with 4 SSDs: 5900+ MB/s". MacRumors Forums. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  38. Wireless-N functionality requires installing the wireless-N enabler software included with the AirPort Extreme Wireless-N Router or sold as a download on the Apple online store, or by upgrading to OS X 10.5 "Leopard" or later.
  39. Apple introduces macOS Mojave. Apple.
  40. "Mac Pro review, 9 out of 10". Ars Technica.
  41. Brown, Rich. "Apple Mac Pro Dual-Core Xeon 5150 2.66 GHz review". CNET. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  42. Wherry, Mark. "Apple Mac Pro". www.soundonsound.com. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  43. Danaher, Tim (November 6, 2006). "Architosh: Feature Product Review: Apple Mac Pro". www.architosh.com. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  44. Product (RED) Mac Pro auction brings in $977,000; gold EarPods sold for $461,000AppleInsider. 23 November 2013.
  45. Cheng, Roger. "A US-made Mac Pro is a token gesture - CNET". CNET. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  46. "Engadget gets a glimpse of the new Mac Pro". Engadget. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
  47. "Apple admits the Mac Pro was a mess". The Verge.
  48. "The Japanese Garbage Can That Inspired Apple's New Mac Pro [Humor] - Cult of Mac". June 13, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  49. "MacRumors Buyer's Guide: Know When to Buy iPhone, Mac, iPad". buyersguide.macrumors.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  50. "Mac Pro — Tech Specs". Apple.com. Cupertino, California: Apple, Inc. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
  51. "Mac Pro (Late 2013): Installing or replacing memory". Apple Support. Apple. October 17, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  52. "Mac Pro (Late 2013): Removing and installing flash storage". Apple Support. Apple. October 17, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  53. TP1074: Mac Pro (Late 2013): General Take Apart Information. Apple.
  54. Mac Pro (Late 2013): Screw Chart. Apple.
  55. TP1074: Mac Pro (Late 2013): General Take Apart Information. Apple.
  56. "iFixit Mac Pro Late 2013 Teardown", iFixit
  57. "OWC Confirms Mac Pro 2013 Processor Upgradeable", Other World Computing, January 3, 2014
  58. "Mac Pro (Late 2013) - Memory specifications - Apple Support". Apple. December 23, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  59. "Mac Pro (Late 2013) - Installing or replacing memory - Apple Support". Apple. September 4, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
  60. "Mac Pro (Late 2013) – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 10, 2013. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  61. "All New Mac Pro Available Starting Tomorrow". Apple. December 18, 2013.
  62. "New Mac Pro 2013 Teardown". Other World Computing Blog. December 27, 2013. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
  63. "Transcend Releases DDR3 RDIMM Modules to Maximize Mac Pro Memory up to 128GB". Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  64. Wiggins, Peter. "The first 24 hours with Apple's new Mac Pro and Final Cut Pro 10.1". Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  65. Dan Ackerman, "Apple's radically remained Mac Pro is a powerhouse performer", cnet, December 20, 2013
  66. Jonathan Bray, "Mac Pro (late 2013) review", PC Pro UK, January 24, 2014
  67. Byford, Sam. "The Mac Pro hasn't been updated in 1,000 days". The Verge. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  68. Smith, Ryan (April 4, 2017). "Apple to Redesign Mac Pro, Comments that GPU Cooling was a Roadblock". Anandtech. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  69. "Apple Launches Repair Program for Late 2013 Mac Pro Video Issues". MacRumors. February 5, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  70. "2013 Mac Pro Freezes Continue - Owners Have Little Recourse - Apple is Helpless". the Mac Observer. June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  71. "Mac Pro GPU Dual AMD FirePro D700 with Premiere". Adobe Support Community. Adobe. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  72. "Mac Pro with D500 and D700 overheating on exports". Reduser. Landmine Media, LLC. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  73. "Apple's 2019 Mac Pro will be shaped by workflows". techcrunch.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
  74. "Apple unveils powerful, all-new Mac Pro and groundbreaking Pro Display XDR" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  75. https://www.apple.com/mac-pro/
  76. "Mac Pro - Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  77. "You'll need Apple's help to install wheels on your new Mac Pro". iMore. December 11, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  78. "Mac Pro 2019 Teardown". iFixit. December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  79. Kubota, Tripp Mickle and Yoko. "Apple Moves Mac Pro Production to China". WSJ. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  80. Kastrenakes, Jacob (September 23, 2019). "Apple will make its new Mac Pro in the US". The Verge. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  81. Wednesday, AppleInsider Staff; November 20; 2019; PT, 07:35 pm. "Mac Pro in retail packaging spotted at Austin factory [u]". AppleInsider. Retrieved November 23, 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  82. Potuck, Michael (June 18, 2019). "Hands-on photos explore G4 Cube and the likely origin of the Mac Pro lattice design". 9to5Mac. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  83. "Why YouTubers MKBHD and iJustine Got the First Sneak Peek at the New Mac Pro". Fortune. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
  84. "Apple introduces 16-inch MacBook Pro, the world's best pro notebook". Apple Newsroom. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  85. Mayo, Benjamin (October 30, 2019). "The new Mac Pro gets FCC approval ahead of launch". 9to5Mac. Retrieved November 1, 2019.
  86. Monday, Malcolm Owen; December 09; 2019; PT, 07:55 am. "Apple gets FCC approval for Mac Pro tower, and rack-mount version". AppleInsider. Retrieved December 15, 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  87. Apple's new Mac Pro internal components - answers and lingering questions. Apple Insider. 4 June 2019.
  88. Robinson, Blake (November 5, 2010). "Apple Announces Mac Pro Server". Mashable.
  89. "OS X Server". Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  90. Gartenberg, Chaim. "Apple's rack-mounted Mac Pro variant is now available to order". www.theverge.com. Vox Media. Retrieved March 8, 2020.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.