Apple I

The Apple Computer 1, originally released as the Apple Computer and known later as the Apple I, or Apple-1, is a desktop computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. It was designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak.[2][3] The idea of selling the computer came from Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs.[4][5] The Apple I was Apple's first product, and to finance its creation, Jobs sold his only motorized means of transportation, a VW Microbus,[6] for a few hundred dollars (Wozniak later said that Jobs planned instead to use his bicycle to get around), and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator for $500.[7] Wozniak demonstrated the first prototype in July 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California.[8]

"Apple 1" redirects here. For the album, see Apple Records discography.
Apple I
Original 1976 Apple I computer PCB. From the Computer History Museum
DeveloperSteve Wozniak
TypePersonal computer/Kit computer
Release dateApril 11, 1976 (1976-04-11)[1]
Introductory priceUS$666.66 (equivalent to $2,995 in 2019)
DiscontinuedSeptember 30, 1977 (1977-09-30)
CPUMOS 6502 @ 1 MHz
Memory4 KB standard
expandable to 8 KB or 48 KB using expansion cards
Graphics40×24 characters, hardware-implemented scrolling
SuccessorApple II

Production was discontinued on September 30, 1977, after the June 10, 1977 introduction of its successor, the Apple II, which Byte magazine referred to as part of the "1977 Trinity" of personal computing (along with the PET 2001 from Commodore Business Machines and the TRS-80 Model I from Tandy Corporation).[9]

History
Introductory advertisement for the Apple I computer

On March 5, 1975, Steve Wozniak attended the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club in Gordon French's garage. He was so inspired that he immediately set to work on what would become the Apple I computer.[10] After building it for himself and showing it at the Club, he and Steve Jobs gave out schematics (technical designs) for the computer to interested club members and even helped some of them build and test out copies. Then, Steve Jobs suggested that they design and sell a single etched and silkscreened circuit board—just the bare board, with no electronic parts—that people could use to build the computers. Wozniak calculated that having the board design laid out would cost $1,000 and manufacturing would cost another $20 per board; he hoped to recoup his costs if 50 people bought the boards for $40 each. To fund this small venture—their first company—Jobs sold his van and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator. Very soon after, Steve Jobs arranged to sell "something like 50" completely built computers to the Byte Shop (a computer store in Mountain View, California) at $500 each. To fulfill the $25,000 order, they obtained $20,000 in parts at 30 days net and delivered the finished product in 10 days.[11]

The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of US$666.66,[12] because Wozniak "liked repeating digits" and because of a one-third markup on the $500 wholesale price.[13]

The first unit produced was used in a high school math class, and donated to Liza Loop's public-access computer center.[14] About 200 units were produced, and all but 25 were sold within nine or ten months.[11]

The Apple I's built-in computer terminal circuitry was distinctive. All one needed was a keyboard and a television set. Competing machines such as the Altair 8800 generally were programmed with front-mounted toggle switches and used indicator lights (red LEDs, most commonly) for output, and had to be extended with separate hardware to allow connection to a computer terminal or a teletypewriter machine. This made the Apple I an innovative machine for its day. In April 1977, the price was dropped to $475.[15] It continued to be sold through August 1977, despite the introduction of the Apple II in April 1977, which began shipping in June of that year.[16] In October 1977, the Apple I was officially discontinued and removed from Apple's price list.[17] As Wozniak was the only person who could answer most customer support questions about the computer, the company offered Apple I owners discounts and trade-ins for Apple IIs to persuade them to return their computers.[18] These recovered boards were then destroyed by Apple, contributing to their rarity today.[19]

Collectors' item
The circuit board of a fully assembled Apple I
Original 1976 Apple I computer in a briefcase. From the Sydney Powerhouse Museum collection.
Original 1976 Apple I computer PCB. From the Sydney Powerhouse Museum collection.

As of 2013, sixty-three Apple I computers have been confirmed to exist. Only six have been verified to be in working condition.

  • An Apple I reportedly sold for US$50,000 at auction in 1999.[20]
  • In 2008, the website Vintage Computing and Gaming reported that Apple I owner Rick Conte was looking to sell his unit and was "expecting a price in excess of $15,000 U.S." The site later reported Conte had donated the unit to the Maine Personal Computer Museum in 2009.[21]
  • A unit was sold in September 2009 for $17,480 on eBay.[22]
  • A unit belonging to early Apple Computer engineers Dick and Cliff Huston was sold on March 23, 2010, for $42,766 on eBay.[23]
  • In November 2010, an Apple I sold for £133,250 ($210,000) at Christie's auction house in London. The high price was likely due to the rare documents and packaging offered in the sale in addition to the computer, including the original packaging (with the return label showing Steve Jobs' parents' address, the original Apple Computer Inc "headquarters" being their garage), a personally typed and signed letter from Jobs (answering technical questions about the computer), and the original invoice showing "Steven" as the salesman. The computer was brought to Polytechnic University of Turin where it was fixed and used to run the BASIC programming language.[24][25][26]
  • On June 15, 2012, a working Apple I was sold at auction by Sotheby's for a then-record $374,500, more than double the expected price.[27] This unit is on display at the Nexon Computer Museum in Jeju City, South Korea.
    Living Computers: Museum + Labs Apple I, working and available for visitors to use
    In October 2012, a non-working Apple I from the estate of former Apple Computer employee Joe Copson was put up for auction by Christie's, but found no bidder who was willing to pay the starting price of US$80,000 (£50,000).[28] Copson's board had previously been listed on eBay in December 2011, with a starting bid of $170,000 and failed to sell. Following the Christie's auction, the board was restored to working condition by computer historian Corey Cohen.[29] Copson's Apple I was once again listed on eBay, where it sold for US$236,100.03 on April 23, 2015.[30]
  • On November 24, 2012, a working Apple I was sold at auction by Auction Team Breker for €400,000 (US$515,000).[31]
  • On May 25, 2013, a functioning 1976 model was sold for a then-record €516,000 (US$668,000) in Cologne.[32] Auction Team Breker said "an unnamed Asian client" bought the Apple I. This particular unit has Wozniak's signature. An old business transaction letter from Jobs also was included, as well as the original owner's manual.[33]
  • On June 24, 2013, an Apple I was listed by Christie's as part of a special online-only auction lot called "First Bytes: Iconic Technology From the Twentieth Century." Bidding ran through July 9, 2013. The unit sold for $390,000.[34][35]
  • In November 2013, a working unit speculated to have been part of the original lot of 50 boards delivered to the Byte Shop was listed by Auction Team Breker for €180,000 ($242,820), but failed to sell during the auction. Immediately following the close of bidding, a private collector purchased it for €246,000 ($330,000). This board was marked "01-0046," matching the numbering placed on other units sold to the Byte Shop and included the original operation manuals, software cassettes, and shipping box autographed by Steve Wozniak. The board also bears Wozniak's signature.[36]
  • In October 2014, a working, early Apple I was sold at auction for $905,000 to the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The sale included the keyboard, monitor, cassette decks and a manual. The auction was run by Bonhams.[37]
  • On December 13, 2014, a fully functioning, early Apple I was sold at auction for $365,000 by auction house Christie's. The sale included a keyboard, custom case, original manual and a check labeled "Purchased July 1976 from Steve Jobs in his parents' garage in Los Altos".[38]
  • On May 30, 2015, a woman reportedly dropped off boxes of electronics for disposal at an electronics recycling center in the Silicon Valley of Northern California, and they would now like to contact her. Included in the items removed from her garage after the death of her husband was an original Apple I computer, which the recycling firm sold for $200,000 to a private collector. It is the company's practice to give back 50% of the proceeds to the original owner when an item is sold, so they want to find the mystery donor.[39][40]
  • On September 21, 2015, an Apple I bearing the Byte Shop number 01-0059 was listed by Bonhams Auctions as part of their "History of Science and Technology" auction with a starting bid of US$300,000. The machine was described as, "in near perfect condition." The owner, Tom Romkey, "...only used the Apple-1 once or twice, and ...set it on a shelf, and did not touch it again."[41] The machine did not sell.[42] However, Glenn and Shannon Dellimore, the co-founders of GLAMGLOW, a beauty company which they sold to Estee Lauder Companies, bought it after the auction through Bonhams Auction house. On the 40th Anniversary of Apple Computers 2016 the Dellimore's working Apple-1 went on loan and on display in 'Artifact' at the V&A Museum in London, England.
  • On August 26, 2016, (the 40th Anniversary year of Apple Computers), the rarest Apple-1 in existence, an Apple-I prototype made and hand-built by Steve Jobs himself (according to Apple-1 expert Corey Cohen) and dubbed the 'Holy Grail' of computers was sold for $815,000 to winning bidders Glenn and Shannon Dellimore, the co-founders of cosmetics firm Glamglow,[43] in an auction by Charitybuzz. The for-profit internet company that raises funds for nonprofit organizations declared that ten percent of the proceeds will go to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, based in New York.[44]
  • On April 15, 2017, an Apple I removed from Steve Jobs's office by Apple quality control engineer Don Hutmacher was placed on display at Living Computers: Museum + Labs.[45] This Apple I was modified by Dan Kottke and Bill Fernandez. This previously unknown unit was purchased from Hutmacher's heirs for an undisclosed amount.
  • On September 25, 2018, a functioning Apple I was purchased at a Dallas auction for $375,000 by an anonymous buyer.[46]
  • As of January 23, 2020, a functioning, registered Apple I is listed on eBay for US$1,750,000.

Serial numbers

Both Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have stated that Apple did not assign serial numbers to the Apple l. Several boards have been found with numbered stickers affixed to them, which appear to be inspection stickers from the PCB manufacturer/assembler. A batch of boards is known to have numbers hand-written in black permanent marker on the back; these usually appear as "01-00##" and anecdotal evidence suggests they are inventory control numbers added by the Byte Shop to the batch Apple sold them. These Byte Shop numbers have often erroneously been described as serial numbers by auction houses and in related press coverage.[47]

Museums displaying an original Apple 1 Computer

US

Germany
  • Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany
  • Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum in Paderborn, Germany

Australia

United Kingdom

South Korea

Clones and replicas

Several Apple I clones and replicas have been released in recent years. These are all created by hobbyists and marketed to the hobbyist/collector community. Availability is usually limited to small runs in response to demand.

  • Replica 1: Created by Vince Briel. A software-compatible clone, produced using modern components, released in 2003 at a price of around $150.[48][49][50][51]
  • PE6502: Created by Jason Putnam. A single board computer kit made with all through-hole and current production components. Runs Apple 1 "Integer BASIC", a clone of AppleSoft BASIC (floating point capable), Wozmon and Krusader- all built-in ROM. 32k of RAM, and a Parallax Propeller terminal. Software compatible with the Apple 1. putnamelectronics.com[52]
  • A-One: Created by Frank Achatz, also using modern components.[53]
  • RC6502 Apple I Replica, which uses a modern or period CPU and MC6821 PIA, and usually modern RAM and ROM. The system is modular, with multiple boards plugging into a backplane, but a single-board version (using an Arduino Nano to replace the keyboard and video hardware with a serial interface) is also available.[54]
  • Obtronix Apple I reproduction: Created by Steve Gabaly, using original components or equivalents thereof. Sold through eBay.[55]
  • Mimeo 1: Created by Mike Willegal. A hardware kit designed to replicate a real Apple I as accurately possible. Buyers are expected to assemble the kits themselves.[56]
  • Newton 1: Created by Michael Ng and released in 2012. Similar to the Mimeo 1, but is made using the same materials and same obsolete processing technique commonly used in the 1970s. Over 400 bare boards, kits and assembled boards were sold. There are Newton NTI and non-NTI versions available.[57][58]
  • Brain Board, a plug-in firmware board for the Apple II that, with the optional "Wozanium Pack" program, can emulate a functional Apple-1.[59]
  • Replica by MDesk. An accurate PCB copy of original Apple 1 was researched in 2012 — 14.[60] A few PCBs without components were sold for $26 in 2014.

Emulation
  • Apple 1js, a web-based Apple I emulator written in JavaScript.[61]
  • MESS, a multi-system emulator able to emulate the Apple I.
  • OpenEmulator, an accurate emulator of the Apple I, the ACI (Apple Cassette Interface) and CFFA1 expansion card.
  • Pom1, an open source Apple I emulator for Microsoft Windows, Arch Linux and Android devices.[62]
  • Apple 1 Emulator, an emulator for the SAM Coupé home computer.[63]
  • CocoaPom, a Java-based emulator with a Cocoa front-end for Macintosh.[64]
  • Sim6502, an Apple I emulator for Macintosh.[65]
  • Green Delicious Apple-1, an emulator for the Commodore 64.[66]
gollark: > The HDD's spindle system relies on air density inside the disk enclosure to support the heads at their proper flying height while the disk rotates. HDDs require a certain range of air densities to operate properly. The connection to the external environment and density occurs through a small hole in the enclosure (about 0.5 mm in breadth), usually with a filter on the inside (the breather filter).[124] If the air density is too low, then there is not enough lift for the flying head, so the head gets too close to the disk, and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss. Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high-altitude operation, above about 3,000 m (9,800 ft).[125] Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment. Breather holes can be seen on all disk drives – they usually have a sticker next to them, warning the user not to cover the holes. The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too, being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters. This air passes through an internal recirculation (or "recirc") filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture, any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure, and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation. Very high humidity present for extended periods of time can corrode the heads and platters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#Integrity
gollark: Interweb says it's to keep pressure equalized between the inside and out.
gollark: Ah yes, destroy it as an example to the others.
gollark: I find that threatening my electronics with a hammer or something works.
gollark: Progressive web applications are very cool.

See also

References

Citations
  1. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/apr11/apple-releases-its-first-computer/
  2. "Co-founder tells his side of Apple story". Reuters. September 27, 2006.
  3. "A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak". npr.org. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  4. Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. No Starch Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781593270100.
  5. O'Grady, Jason D. (2009). Apple Inc. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. ISBN 9780313362446.
  6. "Ventura County Star". Ventura County Star. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  7. "Steve Jobs: Steve Wozniak Remembers". www.groovypost.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  8. Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 265–267. ISBN 0-07-135892-7. At a Homebrew meeting in July 1976, Woz gave a demonstration of the Apple 1. Paul Terrell, one of the industries earliest retailers, was in attendance.
  9. "Most Important Companies". Byte. September 1995. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
  10. Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-393-33043-4. After my first meeting, I started designing the computer that would later be known as the Apple I. It was that inspiring.
  11. Williams, Gregg; Moore, Rob (December 1984). "The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History". BYTE (interview). pp. A67. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
  12. "Video: Wozniak: $500.66 seemed like a good idea". CNET News. November 7, 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
  13. Wozniak, Steven: "iWoz", page 180. W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7
  14. Turner, Daniel (May 1, 2007). "MIT Technology Review". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  15. "April 1977 Price List - Applefritter". www.applefritter.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  16. "Bill of Sale - Applefritter". www.applefritter.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  17. "October 1977 Price List - Applefritter". www.applefritter.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  18. "The Apple II, cont". Apple II History. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  19. "The Huston brothers' Apple-1 Back Story". Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  20. Ong, Josh (November 11, 2010). "Auction of Apple's first computer expected to top $160k". Apple Insider. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  21. Edwards, Benj (September 15, 2008), "Apple I For Sale", Vintage Computing and Gaming, archived from the original on March 14, 2016, retrieved April 1, 2016.
  22. "The Apple 1 Registry". Apple I Mimeo Project. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  23. Calande, John (March 24, 2010). "Another very nice Apple-1 sold on ebay yesterday". Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  24. BBC News (November 23, 2010). "First Apple computer fetches £130,000 at auction". BBC News. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  25. "Christie's Sale 7882 / Lot 65". Christie's. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  26. Heater, Brian. "$211,000 Apple-1 up and running, wants to know what this 'cloud' thing is all about". engadget. engadget.com. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  27. Austin, Scott (June 15, 2012). "Original Apple 1 Computer Sells for $374,500 in Auction". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  28. "Rare apple 1 computer no sale at christies auction". ABC News. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  29. "Rare working Apple-1 pops up on eBay with Cassette board accessory". iPhone Hacks. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  30. "Early 1976 Apple-1 computer, from the garage of Steve Jobs". Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  31. "the-saleroom.com". ATG Media. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  32. "How much?! Working Apple-1 sells at auction for record-breaking $671,400". digitaltrends.com. May 27, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  33. "Vintage Apple computer auctioned off for $668,000". Yahoo News. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  34. "First Apple Computer Sells for $390,000 in Christie's Technology Auction". International Business Times. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
  35. "Apple I auction fails to break 500K". Macmint. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  36. "Apple 1 Sold for $330k After Auction Close". Cult of Mac. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  37. "Apple-1 computer sold at auction for $905,000". Fox News. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  38. "Computer sold by Steve Jobs out of his parents' garage raises $365,000 at auction". Yahoo!. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  39. "Mystery Woman Dumps Rare, Collectable Apple Computer Worth $200K At Recycling Center". Milpitas: CBS News. May 30, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  40. "Apple 1 computer worth $200K left at recycling centre". CBC News. May 31, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015. A recycling centre in the Silicon Valley is looking for a woman who dropped off an old Apple computer that turned out to be a collectible item worth $200,000 US.
  41. "Lot 77 Apple-1 Computer". Bonhams Auctions. September 21, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
  42. "Early Apple computer fails to sell". BBC News. September 22, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
  43. Fried, Ina (August 26, 2016). "This 'Holly Grail' Apple-1 prototype, assembled by Steve Jobs, sold to cosmetics executives for $815,000". Recode. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  44. "'First Apple computer' sells for $20,000 - BBC News". Retrieved August 28, 2016.
  45. "Rare Apple I exhibit in the heart of Microsoft country". seattlepi.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
  46. Lee, David (September 25, 2018). "Original working Apple-I computer fetches $375,000 at auction". BBC News. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  47. "The Apple 1 Registry". Retrieved June 26, 2013.
  48. replica I – the apple I(c) clone, retrieved August 15, 2009
  49. replica I Archived January 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine at official Briel computers web site, retrieved August 15, 2008
  50. Gagne, Ken Image gallery: Building an Apple-1 replica from scratch, Computerworld, 2009-08-14, story with pictures for assembling a Briel replica I from a kit, retrieved August 15, 2009
  51. Owad, Tom Apple I Replica Creation, retrieved August 15, 2009
  52. putnamelectronics, PE6502 Apple 1 replica kit.
  53. Achatz Electronics, retrieved July 29, 2013, archived May 13, 2012
  54. "RC6502 Apple 1 Replica". Hvetebolle. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  55. Vectronics Apple World: Obtronix Apple I Reproduction Archived July 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved July 8, 2013
  56. Mimeo 1 kit, retrieved July 8, 2013
  57. Apple 1 Replica (Newton 1) Running Test Program, retrieved September, 2016
  58. Album of Newton 1 (by Michael Ng) including a side by side comparison with what believed to be one of the original boards, retrieved September, 2016
  59. The Brain Board with Wozanium Pack, retrieved February 2, 2014
  60. "Apple I (реплика)" [Apple I (replica)]. mdesk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  61. "Apple 1js: An Apple 1 Emulator in JavaScript". Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  62. Pom1 Apple 1 Emulator, retrieved July 17, 2013
  63. Apple 1 Emulator - SAM Coupé, retrieved July 17, 2013
  64. CocoaPom Apple 1 Emulator, retrieved July 17, 2013
  65. Sim6502 Apple I emulator retrieved July 17, 2013
  66. http://csdb.dk/release/?id=118857, retrieved February 28, 2018

Sources
  • Price, Rob, So Far: the First Ten Years of a Vision, Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA, 1987, ISBN 1-55693-974-4.
  • Owad, Tom (2005). Apple I Replica Creation: Back to the Garage. Rockland, MA: Syngress Publishing. Copyright 2005. ISBN 1-931836-40-X.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.