Heligoland

Heligoland (/ˈhɛlɪɡoʊlænd/; German: Helgoland [ˈhɛlɡolant]; Heligolandic Frisian: deät Lun lit. '"the Land"', Mooring Frisian: Hålilönj, Danish: Helgoland) is a small archipelago in the North Sea.[2] A part of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 1890, the islands were historically possessions of Denmark, then became the possessions of the United Kingdom from 1807 to 1890, and briefly managed as a war prize from 1945 to 1952.

Not to be confused with Helgeland, a district in Norway. For other uses, see Heligoland (disambiguation).
"Helgoland" redirects here. For the underwater laboratory habitat, see Helgoland Habitat.

Heligoland

Helgoland
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Heligoland within Pinneberg district
Heligoland
Heligoland
Coordinates: 54°10′57″N 7°53′07″E
CountryGermany
StateSchleswig-Holstein
DistrictPinneberg
Government
 • MayorJörg Singer (Ind.)
Area
 • Total1.7 km2 (0.7 sq mi)
Elevation
61 m (200 ft)
Population
 (2018-12-31)[1]
 • Total1,265
 • Density740/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
Time zoneCET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes
27498
Dialling codes04725
Vehicle registrationPI, AG
Websitehelgoland.de

The islands are located in the Heligoland Bight (part of the German Bight) in the southeastern corner of the North Sea and had a population of 1,127 at the end of 2016. They are the only German islands not in the vicinity of the mainland. They lie approximately 69 kilometres (43 miles) by sea from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe. During a visit to the islands, August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics to "Deutschlandlied", which became the national anthem of Germany.

In addition to German, the local population, who are ethnic Frisians, speak the Heligolandic dialect of the North Frisian language called Halunder. Heligoland used to be called Heyligeland, or "holy land", possibly due to the island's long association with the god Forseti.

Geography
1910 map of Heligoland. The islands' coastlines have changed somewhat since this map was created.

Heligoland is located 46 kilometres (29 mi) off the German coastline and consists of two islands: the populated triangular 1 km2 (0.4 sq mi) main island (Hauptinsel) to the west, and the Düne ("dune", Heligolandic: de Halem) to the east. "Heligoland" generally refers to the former island. Düne is somewhat smaller at 0.7 km2 (0.27 sq mi), lower, and surrounded by sand beaches. It is not permanently inhabited, but is today the location of Heligoland's airport.

The main island is commonly divided into the Unterland ("Lower Land", Heligolandic: deät Deelerlun) at sea level (to the right on the photograph, where the harbour is located), the Oberland ("Upper Land", Heligolandic: deät Boperlun) consisting of the plateau visible in the photographs and the Mittelland ("Middle Land") between them on one side of the island. The Mittelland came into being in 1947 as a result of explosions detonated by the British Royal Navy (the so-called "Big Bang"; see below).

The main island also features small beaches in the north and the south and drops to the sea 50 metres (160 ft) high in the north, west and southwest. In the latter, the ground continues to drop underwater to a depth of 56 metres (184 ft) below sea level. Heligoland's most famous landmark is the Lange Anna ("Long Anna" or "Tall Anna"), a free-standing rock column (or stack), 47 metres (154 ft) high, found northwest of the island proper.

The two islands were connected until 1720 when the natural connection was destroyed by a storm flood. The highest point is on the main island, reaching 61 metres (200 ft) above sea level.

Although culturally and geographically closer to North Frisia in the German district of Nordfriesland, the two islands are part of the district of Pinneberg in the state of Schleswig-Holstein. The main island has a good harbour and is frequented mostly by sailing yachts.

Panoramic view over Heligoland from the highest point

History
Flag of the British Administration of Heligoland, 1807–1890
Bird's eye view, Heligoland, c. 1890–1900
Prehistoric cist grave from Heligoland, now in Berlin's Neues Museum

The German Bight and the area around the island are known to have been inhabited since prehistoric times. Flint tools have been recovered from the bottom of the sea surrounding Heligoland. On the Oberland, prehistoric burial mounds were visible until the late 19th century, and excavations showed skeletons and artifacts. Moreover, prehistoric copper plates have been found under water near the island; those plates were almost certainly made on the Oberland.[3]

In 697, Radbod, the last Frisian king, retreated to the then-single island after his defeat by the Franks—or so it is written in the Life of Willebrord by Alcuin. By 1231, the island was listed as the property of the Danish king Valdemar II. Archaeological findings from the 12th to 14th centuries suggest that copper ore was processed on the island.[4]

There is a general understanding that the name "Heligoland" means "Holy Land" (compare modern Dutch and German heilig, "holy").[5] In the course of the centuries several alternative theories have been proposed to explain the name, from a Danish king Heligo to a Frisian word, hallig, meaning "salt marsh island". The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica suggests "Hallaglun, or Halligland, i.e. 'land of banks, which cover and uncover'".[6]

Traditional economic activities included fishing, hunting birds and seals, wrecking and—very important for many overseas powers—piloting overseas ships into the harbours of Hanseatic League cities such as Bremen and Hamburg. In some periods Heligoland was an excellent base point for huge herring catches. Until 1714 ownership switched several times between Denmark and the Duchy of Schleswig, with one period of control by Hamburg. In August 1714, it was captured by Denmark, and it remained Danish until 1807.[7]

19th century
British Administration of Heligoland

Britische Verwaltung von Helgoland  (German)
1807–1890
Flag
Common languagesEnglish, Heligoland Frisian, German
Religion
Christianity
GovernmentColony
Monarch 
• 1807–1820 (first)
George III
• 1837–1890 (last)
Victoria
Lieutenant Governor/Governor[8] 
• 1807–1814 (first)
Corbet James d'Auvergne
• 1888–1890 (last)
Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly
Historical era
1807
1890
CurrencyHamburg mark (to 1875)
German gold mark (from 1875)
Pound sterling
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Denmark
German Empire
Heligoland
Today part of Germany
Postage stamp showing Queen Victoria and denominated in Hamburg schillings. From 1875 its postage stamps were denominated in both sterling and gold marks.

On 11 September 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, HMS Carrier brought to the Admiralty the despatches from Admiral Thomas Macnamara Russell announcing Heligoland's capitulation to the British.[9] Heligoland became a centre of resistance and intrigue against Napoleon. Denmark then ceded Heligoland to George III of the United Kingdom by the Treaty of Kiel (14 January 1814). Thousands of Germans came to Britain and joined the King's German Legion via Heligoland.

The British annexation of Heligoland was ratified by the Treaty of Paris signed on 30 May 1814, as part of a number of territorial reallocations following the abdication of Napoleon as Emperor of the French.

The prime reason at the time for Britain's retention of a small and seemingly worthless acquisition was to restrict any future French naval aggression against the Scandinavian or German states.[10] In the event no effort was made during the period of British administration to make use of the islands for military purposes, partly for financial reasons but principally because the Royal Navy considered Heligoland to be too exposed as a forward base.[11]

In 1826, Heligoland became a seaside spa and soon turned into a popular tourist resort for the European upper class. The island attracted artists and writers, especially from Germany and Austria who apparently enjoyed the comparatively liberal atmosphere, including Heinrich Heine and August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben. More vitally it was a refuge for revolutionaries of the 1830s and the 1848 German revolution.

Marriage Proposal in Heligoland by Rudolf Jordan, 1843

As related in the Leisure Hour, it was "a land where there are no bankers, no lawyers, and no crime; where all gratuities are strictly forbidden, the landladies are all honest and the boatmen take no tips",[12] while The English Illustrated Magazine provided a description in the most glowing terms: "No one should go there who cannot be content with the charms of brilliant light, of ever-changing atmospheric effects, of a land free from the countless discomforts of a large and busy population, and of an air that tastes like draughts of life itself." [13]

Britain ceded the islands to Germany in 1890 in the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty. The newly unified Germany was concerned about a foreign power controlling land from which it could command the western entrance to the militarily-important Kiel Canal, then under construction along with other naval installations in the area and thus traded for it. A "grandfathering"/optant approach prevented the inhabitants of the islands from forfeiting advantages because of this imposed change of status.

Heligoland has an important place in the history of the study of ornithology, and especially the understanding of migration. The book Heligoland, an Ornithological Observatory by Heinrich Gätke, published in German in 1890 and in English in 1895, described an astonishing array of migrant birds on the island and was a major influence on future studies of bird migration.[14]

20th century
Aerial photograph showing new fortifications in 1919.
Heligoland about 1929–30

Under the German Empire, the islands became a major naval base, and during the First World War the civilian population was evacuated to the mainland. The island was fortified with concrete gun emplacements along its cliffs similar to the Rock of Gibraltar. Island defences included 364 mounted guns including 142 42-centimetre (17 in) disappearing guns overlooking shipping channels defended with ten rows of naval mines.[15] The first naval engagement of the war, the Battle of Heligoland Bight, was fought nearby in the first month of the war. The islanders returned in 1918, but during the Nazi era the naval base was reactivated. Lager Helgoland, the German labour camp on Alderney, was named after the island.

Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) first formulated the equation underlying his picture of quantum mechanics while on Heligoland in the 1920s. While a student of Arnold Sommerfeld at Munich in the early 1920s, Heisenberg first met the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. He and Bohr went for long hikes in the mountains and discussed the failure of existing theories to account for the new experimental results on the quantum structure of matter. Following these discussions, Heisenberg plunged into several months of intensive theoretical research but met with continual frustration. Finally, suffering from a severe attack of hay fever, he retreated to the treeless (and pollenless) island of Heligoland in the summer of 1925. There he conceived the basis of the quantum theory.

In 1937, construction began on a major reclamation project (Project Hummerschere) intended to expand existing naval facilities and restore the island to its pre-1629 dimensions. The project was largely abandoned after the start of World War II and was never completed.

World War II

The area was the setting of the aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight in 1939, a result of Royal Air Force bombing raids on Kriegsmarine warships in the area. The waters surrounding the island were frequently mined by Allied aircraft.

Heligoland also had a military function as a sea fortress in the Second World War. Completed and ready for use were the submarine bunker North sea III, the coastal artillery, an air-raid shelter system with extensive bunker tunnels and the airfield with the air force – Jagdstaffel Helgoland (April to October 1943).[16] Forced labour of, among others, citizens of the Soviet Union was used during the construction of military installations during World War II.[17]

On 3 December 1939, Heligoland was directly bombed by the Allies for the first time. The attack, by twenty four Wellington bombers of 38, 115 and 149 squadrons of the Royal Air Force failed to destroy the German warships at anchor.[18]

In three days in 1940, the Royal Navy lost three submarines in Heligoland: HMS Undine on 6 January, Seahorse on 7 January and Starfish on 9 January.[19]

Early in the war, the island was generally unaffected by bombing raids. Through the development of the Luftwaffe, the island had largely lost its strategic importance. The Jagdstaffel Helgoland, temporarily used for defense against Allied bombing raids, was equipped with a rare version of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter originally designed for use on aircraft carriers.

Shortly before the war ended in 1945, Georg Braun and Erich Friedrichs succeeded in forming a resistance group. Shortly before they were to execute the plans, however, they were betrayed by two members of the group. About twenty men were arrested on 18 April 1945; fourteen of them were transported to Cuxhaven. After a short trial, five resisters were executed by firing squad at Cuxhaven-Sahlenburg on 21 April 1945 by the German authorities.[20]

To honour them, in April 2010 the Helgoland Museum installed six stumbling blocks on the roads of Heligoland. Their names are Erich P. J. Friedrichs, Georg E. Braun, Karl Fnouka, Kurt A. Pester, Martin O. Wachtel, and Heinrich Prüß.

With two waves of bombing raids on 18 and 19 April 1945, 1,000 Allied aircraft dropped about 7,000 bombs on the islands. The populace took shelter in air raid shelters. The German military suffered heavy casualties during the raids.[21] The bomb attacks rendered the island unsafe, and it was totally evacuated.

Bombing and mining of Heligoland during World War II
Date/Target Result
11 March – 24 August 1944 No. 466 Squadron RAAF laid mines.[22]
18 April 1944 No. 466 Squadron RAAF conducted bombing operations.[22]
29 August 1944 Mission 584: 11 B-17 Flying Fortresses and 34 B-24 Liberators bomb Heligoland Island; 3 B-24s are damaged. Escort is provided by 169 P-38 Lightnings and P-51 Mustangs; 7 P-51s are damaged.[23]
3 September 1944 Operation Aphrodite B-17 63954 attempt on U-boat pens[24] failed when US Navy controller flew aircraft into Düne Island by mistake.
11 September 1944 Operation Aphrodite B-17 30180 attempt on U-boat pens[24] hit by enemy flak and crashed into sea.
29–30 September 1944 15 Lancasters conducted minelaying in the Kattegat and off Heligoland. No aircraft lost.[25]
5–6 October 1944 10 Halifaxes conducted minelaying off Heligoland. No aircraft lost.[25]
15 October 1944 Operation Aphrodite B-17 30039 *Liberty Belle* and B-17 37743 attempt on U-boat pens[26] destroyed many of the buildings of the Unterland.
26–27 October 1944 10 Lancasters of No 1 Group conducted minelaying off Heligoland. 1 Lancaster minelayer lost.[25] and the islands were evacuated the following night.
22–23 November 1944 17 Lancasters conducted minelaying off Heligoland and in the mouth of the River Elbe without loss.[25]
23 November 1944 4 Mosquitoes conducted Ranger patrols in the Heligoland area. No aircraft lost.[25]
31 December 1944 On Eighth Air Force Mission 772, 1 B-17 bombed Heligoland island.[27]
4–5 February 1945 15 Lancasters and 12 Halifaxes minelaying off Heligoland and in the River Elbe. No minelaying aircraft lost.[25]
16–17 March 1945 12 Halifaxes and 12 Lancasters minelaying in the Kattegat and off Heligoland. No aircraft lost.[28]
18 April 1945 969 aircraft: 617 Lancasters, 332 Halifaxes, 20 Mosquitoes bombed the Naval base, airfield, & village into crater-pitted moonscapes. 3 Halifaxes were lost. The islands were evacuated the following day.[29]
19 April 1945 36 Lancasters of 9 and 617 Squadrons attacked coastal battery positions with Tallboy bombs for no losses.[29]

Explosion

From 1945 to 1952 the uninhabited islands were used as a bombing range. On 18 April 1947, the Royal Navy detonated 6,700 tonnes of explosives ("Big Bang" or "British Bang"), creating one of the biggest single non-nuclear detonations in history.[30] [31] The blow shook the main island several miles down to its base, changing its shape (the Mittelland was created).

20 pfennig commemorative stamp issued by Deutsche Bundespost to commemorate the 1952 restoration of Helgoland

On 20 December 1950, two students and a professor from Heidelberg – René Leudesdorff, Georg von Hatzfeld and Hubertus zu Löwenstein – occupied the off-limits island and raised various German, European and local flags.[32] The students were arrested by the soldiers present and brought back to Germany. The event started a movement to restore the islands to Germany, which gained the support of the German parliament. On 1 March 1952, Heligoland was returned to German control, and the former inhabitants were allowed to return.[33] The first of March is an official holiday on the island. The German authorities cleared a significant quantity of undetonated ammunition and rebuilt the houses before allowing its citizens to resettle there.

21st century
Heligoland Lighthouse, control station of the Bundeswehr and network tower

Heligoland is now a holiday resort and enjoys a tax-exempt status, as it is part of the EU but excluded from the EU VAT area and customs union. Consequently, much of the economy is founded on sales of cigarettes, alcoholic beverages and perfume to tourists who visit the islands. The ornithological heritage of Heligoland has also been re-established, with the Heligoland Bird Observatory, now managed by the Ornithologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Helgoland e.V. ("Ornithological Society of Heligoland") which was founded in 1991. A search and rescue (SAR) base of the DGzRS, the Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger (German Maritime Search and Rescue Service), is located on Heligoland.

Energy supply

Before the island was connected to the mainland network by a submarine cable in 2009, electricity on Heligoland was generated by a local diesel plant.

Heligoland was the site of a trial of GROWIAN, a large wind turbine testing project. In 1990, a 1.2 MW turbine of the MAN type WKA 60 was installed. Besides technical problems, the turbine was not lightning proof and insurance companies would not provide coverage. The wind energy project was viewed as a failure by the islanders and was stopped.[34][35] The submarine cable in use now has a length of 53 kilometres (33 mi) and is one of the longest AC submarine power cables in the world and the longest of its kind in Germany.[36] It was manufactured by the North German Seacable Works in a single piece and was laid by the barge Nostag 10 in spring 2009. The Heligoland Power Cable, which is designed for an operational voltage of 30 kV, reaches the German mainland at Sankt Peter-Ording.

Expansion plans and wind industry

Plans to re-enlarge the land bridge between different parts of the island by means of land reclamation came up between 2008 and 2010.[37] However, the local community voted against the project.[38][39]

Since 2013, a new industrial site is being expanded on the southern harbour. E.ON, RWE and WindMW plan to manage operation and services of large offshore windparks from Heligoland.[40][41][42] The range had been cleared of leftover ammunition.[43]

Climate

The climate of Heligoland is typical of an offshore climate, being almost free of pollen and thus ideal for people with pollen allergies. Since there is no land mass in the vicinity, temperatures rarely drop below 0 °C (32 °F) even in the winter. At times, winter temperatures can be higher than in Hamburg by up to 10 °C (18 °F) because cold winds from Russia are weakened. While spring tends to be comparatively cool, autumn on Heligoland is often longer and warmer than on the mainland, and statistically, the climate is generally sunnier. The coldest temperature ever recorded on Heligoland was −11.2 °C (12 °F) in February 1956, while the highest was 28.7 °C (84 °F) in July 1994.

Owing to the mild climate, figs have reportedly been grown on the island as early as 1911,[44] and a 2005 article mentioned Japanese bananas, figs, agaves, palm trees and other exotic plants that had been planted on Heligoland and were thriving.[45] There still is an old mulberry tree in the Upper Town.

Climate data for Heligoland, 2015-2020 normals and low extremes (sunshine 2019-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 10.9
(51.6)		 15.1
(59.2)		 18.4
(65.1)		 25.6
(78.1)		 25.8
(78.4)		 24.9
(76.8)		 19.7
(67.5)		 18.5
(65.3)		 14.2
(57.6)		 10.9
(51.6)		 25.8
(78.4)
Average high °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9)		 7.7
(45.9)		 7.8
(46.0)		 11.1
(52.0)		 13.1
(55.6)		 18.7
(65.7)		 18.2
(64.8)		 20.8
(69.4)		 17.3
(63.1)		 13.9
(57.0)		 9.5
(49.1)		 8.2
(46.8)		 12.8
(55.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.5
(43.7)		 6.4
(43.5)		 6.3
(43.3)		 8.6
(47.5)		 10.7
(51.3)		 16.0
(60.8)		 16.3
(61.3)		 18.6
(65.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 12.5
(54.5)		 8.2
(46.8)		 7.1
(44.8)		 11.1
(51.9)
Average low °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5)		 4.4
(39.9)		 4.7
(40.5)		 6.8
(44.2)		 8.9
(48.0)		 13.6
(56.5)		 14.2
(57.6)		 16.4
(61.5)		 14.0
(57.2)		 10.9
(51.6)		 6.6
(43.9)		 5.8
(42.4)		 9.3
(48.7)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)		 0.7
(33.3)		 2.3
(36.1)		 1.6
(34.9)		 3.9
(39.0)		 8.6
(47.5)		 11.4
(52.5)		 12.1
(53.8)		 10.7
(51.3)		 7.0
(44.6)		 3.6
(38.5)		 2.7
(36.9)		 0.7
(33.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 101.3
(3.99)		 146.8
(5.78)		 29.2
(1.15)		 13.2
(0.52)		 16.1
(0.63)		 49.7
(1.96)		 71.1
(2.80)		 84.4
(3.32)		 141.8
(5.58)		 117.1
(4.61)		 125.3
(4.93)		 62.2
(2.45)		 958.2
(37.72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0,2 mm) 22 12 16 13 13 11 15 17 17 16 21 21 194
Mean monthly sunshine hours 25.2 49.0 202.4 262.7 264.5 278.3 219.2 255.6 146.6 95.7 40.3 44.4 1,883.9
Source 1: Météo Climat[46]
Source 2: German Meteorological Service[47]

Geology
Lange Anna

The island of Heligoland is a geological oddity; the presence of the main island's characteristic red sedimentary rock in the middle of the German Bight is unusual. It is the only such formation of cliffs along the continental coast of the North Sea. The formation itself, called the Bunter sandstone or Buntsandstein, is from the early Triassic geologic age. It is older than the white chalk that underlies the island Düne, the same rock that forms the white cliffs of Dover in England and cliffs of Danish and German islands in the Baltic Sea. In fact, a small chalk rock close to Heligoland, called witt Kliff[48] (white cliff), is known to have existed within sight of the island to the west until the early 18th century, when storm floods finally eroded it to below sea level.

Heligoland's rock is significantly harder than the postglacial sediments and sands forming the islands and coastlines to the east of the island. This is why the core of the island, which a thousand years ago was still surrounded by a large, low-lying marshland and sand dunes separated from coast in the east only by narrow channels, has remained to this day, although the onset of the North Sea has long eroded away all of its surroundings. A small piece of Heligoland's sand dunes remains—the sand isle just across the harbour called Düne (Dune). A referendum in June 2011 dismissed a proposal to reconnect the main island to the Düne islet with a landfill.[49]

Flag
Flag of Heligoland

The Heligoland flag is very similar to its coat of arms—it is a tricolour flag with three horizontal bars, from top to bottom: green, red and white. Each of the colours has its symbolic meaning, as expressed in its motto:

German Low German North Frisian Dutch English

Grün ist das Land,
rot ist die Kant,
weiß ist der Sand,
das sind die Farben von Helgoland.

Gröön is dat Land,
rood is de Kant,
witt is de Sand,
dat sünd de Farven van't Helgoland.

Grön es det Lunn,
road es de Kant,
witt es de Sunn,
det sen de Farven van't Hillige Lunn.

Groen is dat land,
rood is de kant,
wit is het zand,
dat zijn de kleuren van Helgoland.

Green is the land,
Red is the coast,
White is the sand,
Those are the colours of Heligoland.

There is an alternative version in which the word Sand ("sand") is replaced with Strand ("beach").

Road restrictions
The Heligoland police van
The Heligoland ambulance

A special section in the German traffic regulations (Straßenverkehrsordnung, abbr. StVO), §50, prohibits the use of automobiles and bicycles on the island.[50] No other region in Germany has any exceptions to the general regulations in the StVO, although other North Sea islands, such as Baltrum, have also banned the public from using cars and motorbikes. Kick scooters are sometimes used as substitutes for bicycles.

There are very few cars on Heligoland; except for the local ambulance van and the small firetrucks, the only motor vehicles on the island are electrically powered and used primarily for moving material. The island received its first police car on 17 January 2006; until then the island's policemen moved on foot and by bicycle, being exempt from the bicycle ban.

Notable residents

In culture

Leaders of Heligoland

Lieutenant-Governors

The British Lieutenant-Governors of Heligoland from 1807 to 1890 were:

  • 1807–1808: Corbet James d'Auvergne
  • 1808–1815: William Osborne Hamilton (1750-1818)
  • 1815–1840: Sir Henry King
  • 1840–1856: Sir John Hindmarsh[52]
  • 1857–1863: Richard Pattinson[53]
  • 1863–1881: Sir Henry Berkeley Fitzhardinge Maxse
  • 1881–1888: Sir John Terence Nicholls O'Brien
  • 1888–1890: Arthur Cecil Stuart Barkly
gollark: Is it installing potatOS in the background?
gollark: By the way, I may need to borrow your soul and/or 27% of your organs.
gollark: > EvidencePotatOS privacy policy.
gollark: > DieI am in fact immortal so no.
gollark: Sleeping is boring and unpleasant.

See also

References
  1. "Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2018 (XLS-file)". Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein (in German).
  2. Heligoland: Germany's hidden gem in the North Sea, The Guardian, 24 April 2011
  3. Ritsema, Alex (2007). Heligoland, Past and Present. Lulu Press. pp. 21–3. ISBN 978-1-84753-190-2.
  4. University of Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein State Archaeological Museum, ed. (1986). Schleswig-Holstein in 150 archäologischen Funden (in German). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz. ISBN 978-3-529-01829-9.
  5. Heligoland, Past and Present, p. 39, Alex Ritsema
  6. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Heligoland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 223.
  7. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, Micropaedia Volume IV, page 999, ISBN 0-85229-400-X
  8. "British Empire: Europe: Heligoland".
  9. "No. 16064". The London Gazette. 12 September 1807. p. 1192.
  10. Ashley Cooper, page 40 History Today January 2014
  11. Ashley Cooper, page 41 History Today January 2014
  12. Drower, George (2002). Heligoland: The True Story of German Bight and the Island the Britain Forgot. The History Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780752472805.
  13. Armstrong, Walter (1889–1890). "Heligoland". The English Illustrated Magazine. 7: 773. Retrieved 18 June 2020.CS1 maint: date format (link)
  14. Gätke, Heinrich (1895). Heligoland, an Ornithological Observatory.
  15. Halsey, Francis Whiting (1920). History of the World War. Ten. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 15.
  16. Holm, Michael. "Jagdstaffel Helgoland" (in German). Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  17. Lager russischer Offiziere und Soldaten, Helgoland Nordost, auf spurensuche-kreis-pinneberg.de
  18. Seekrieg: 1939 Dezember (Württemberg State Library, Stuttgart). Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  19. bremerhaven.de. Unter den Wellen Teil 3 – Britische U-Boote vor Helgoland Archived 13 June 2015 at Archive.today. February 2013.
  20. Wolfgang Stelljes. Verräter kam aus den eigenen Reihen. In: Journal (weekend edition of Nordwest Zeitung), Volume 70, No. 84 (11–12 April 2015), s. 1.
  21. Imke Zimmermann: Im Schutz der roten Felsen – Bunker auf Helgoland, vom 19. April 2005, auf fr-online.de
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Further reading

Papers

Books
  • Andres, Jörg: Insel Helgoland. Die »Seefestung« und ihr Erbe. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-86153-770-0.
  • Black, William George (1888). Heligoland and the Islands of the North-Sea. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood.
  • Dierschke, Jochen: Die Vogelwelt der Insel Helgoland. Missing Link E. G., 2011, ISBN 978-3-00-035437-3.
  • Drower, George (2011). Heligoland: The True Story of German Bight and the Island That Britain Forgot. Stroud, UK: History Press. ISBN 9780752460673. (originally published in 2002, ISBN 0-7509-2600-7)
  • Friederichs, A.: Wir wollten Helgoland retten – Auf den Spuren der Widerstandsgruppe von 1945. Museum Helgoland, 2010, ISBN 978-3-00-030405-7.
  • Grahn-Hoek, Heike: Roter Flint und Heiliges Land Helgoland. Wachholtz-Verlag, Neumünster 2009, ISBN 978-3-529-02774-1.
  • Ritsema, Alex (2007). Heligoland, Past and Present. Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1847531902.
  • Wallmann, Eckhard: Eine Kolonie wird deutsch – Helgoland zwischen den Weltkriegen. Nordfriisk Instituut, Bredstedt 2012, ISBN 978-3-88007-376-0.
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