Schiermonnikoog

Schiermonnikoog ([ˌsxiːrmɔnəkˈoːx] (listen); West Frisian: Skiermûntseach) is an island, a municipality, and a national park in the northern Netherlands. Schiermonnikoog is one of the West Frisian Islands, and is part of the province of Friesland. It is situated between the islands of Ameland and Rottumerplaat.

For the national park that covers the majority of the island, see Schiermonnikoog National Park. For the endangered language, see Schiermonnikoog Frisian.
Schiermonnikoog

Skiermûntseach
Municipality
Images, from top down, left to right:
North Tower (lighthouse), ferry Schiermonnikoog,
visitor center, beach
Flag
Coat of arms
Location in Friesland
Coordinates: 53°29′N 6°10′E
Country Netherlands
Province Friesland
Municipality Schiermonnikoog
Government
 • BodyMunicipal council
 • MayorIneke van Gent (GreenLeft)
Area
 • Total199.07 km2 (76.86 sq mi)
 • Land43.99 km2 (16.98 sq mi)
 • Water155.08 km2 (59.88 sq mi)
Elevation4 m (13 ft)
Population
 (January 2019)[4]
 • Total936
 • Density21/km2 (50/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Schiermonnikoger
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postcode
9166
Area code0519
Websitewww.schiermonnikoog.nl
Dutch topographic map of Schiermonnikoog, Sept. 2014
Historical population 1800–2018

The island is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide and is the site of the Netherlands' first national park. The only village on the island is also called Schiermonnikoog. Just around 946 people permanently reside on the island, making the municipality both the least populated and the least densely populated in the Netherlands. Because the island is small and flat, only 200 islanders have taken out the special licence allowing them to keep their own car, with the result that the few streets are virtually car-free.

Roughly 300,000 people visit the island every year, staying in the 5,500 beds available in holiday homes, apartments and hotels. Most visitors, however, are day trippers (about 4,000/day in July and August alone), with the result that after the last ferry leaves at 7.30pm, calm returns to Langestreek, the village high street.

History

Thanks to the tidal current, the prevailing winds, and North Sea storms, the island is slowly moving to the south and the east. In the year 1250, it lay roughly 2 km to the north of its present position, and it then had a significantly different shape.[5]

The earliest mention of Schiermonnikoog in writing dates from October 1440, in a document written for Philip the Good. The island's first known owners were the monks of Klaarkamp Abbey, a Cistercian monastery near Rinsumageest, on the mainland.[6] "Monnik" means "monk", "schier" is an archaic word meaning "grey", referring to the colour of the monks' habits, and "oog" translates as "island". The name Schiermonnikoog can therefore be translated as Grey Monk Island.[7][8]

During the Reformation, the monasteries in the northern Netherlands were dissolved. In 1580, Schiermonnikoog became the property of the States of Friesland. Around 1640, the States sold the island to the wealthy Stachouwer family, and for the next three centuries, Schiermonnikoog remained private property.

Around 1700, the population of Schiermonnikoog was divided among four villages or settlements. The largest of these was Westerburen, which had developed around the medieval buildings of the grey monks. In 1717 and 1720, storms flooded Westerburen, which had to be abandoned around 1725, because of drifting sand and the advancing sea. In 1756 a new town, named Oosterburen, was built to the east. Nowadays this second village is named Schiermonnikoog, after the island. Also in the 18th century the people of the island rebelled against Lady Catharina Maria Stachouwer, and the States of Friesland sent troops to protect her and to restore law and order.

In August 1799, during the Napoleonic Wars, a small squadron of Britain's Royal Navy under the command of Captain Adam Mackenzie of HMS Pylades attacked and captured the former Royal Navy gun-brig Crash, moored between Schiermonnikoog and Groningen. The boats of Mackenzie's squadron then attacked the six-gun Dutch schooner Vengeance and a battery on Schiermonnikoog. The British were able to burn the schooner and spike the guns of the battery.[Note 1]

In 1859, the Stachouwer family sold the island to John Eric Banck from The Hague. Among other works Banck started planting the sand dunes with marram grass to stabilize them. There is now a monument to him on the top of the dike that he built.

In 1892 Banck sold the island to a German count, Hartwig Arthur von Bernstorff-Wehningen. The count died in 1940, upon which his son Berthold von Bernstorff inherited Schiermonnikoog. That same year, during the Second World War, KLM briefly provided passenger and postal services to Schiermonnikoog and nearby Ameland, landing its Douglas DC-3s on the beach. In May the Germans invaded the Netherlands, and the Wehrmacht occupied the island, but Bernstorff ensured that the islanders were largely left in peace.

During the War, the German Army heavily fortified the island as part of the Atlantic Wall defence line, and the number of German troops came to equal the island's native population of 600. Towards the end of the war, hundreds of SS troops, along with members of the SD, fled to the island, reinforcing the German contingent already there.

De Schiere Monnik aan de Willemshof in Schiermonnikoog door Martin van Waning, (Dutch Wiki)

After the German surrender, the Germans on the island failed to accept the surrender, but the Canadian forces responsible for the sector that included the island did not attack them to force their surrender. After several weeks of negotiations the German commander did agree to respect the surrender and the German soldiers were evacuated to Wilhelmshaven in Germany. On 11 June 1945 the island became the last part of Europe to be liberated from Axis occupation by the Allies.

After the War, the Dutch government confiscated Schiermonnikoog from Bernstorff on the grounds that he was German and owned the island during the war, making it 'enemy property'. In 1949 the island became an independent municipality and part of the Province of Friesland. Bernstorff died in 1987 and is buried on Schiermonnikoog in the graveyard of its Reformed Church.

In 2006 the eastern border of the island was moved eastward, into the former territory of the municipality of Eemsmond in the province of Groningen, so that the municipal government of Schiermonnikoog would have the ability to respond from its own territory in the event of a calamity or disaster.

Tourism

The main source of income on Schiermonnikoog is tourism. The island houses a campground, a ferry pier, a tidal harbour for small vessels and approximately 15 hotels and hundreds of vacation houses and apartments. The eastern part of the island forms an important nature reserve, with access very restricted during the breeding season of the many birds that nest there. The island as a whole is Schiermonnikoog National Park, one of the Dutch national parks.

  • Beach on Schiermonnikoog
  • Beach pavilion
  • The triangulation beacon on Willemsduin in wintertime
  • Marina at low tide
Schiermonnikoog by evening

Travel

The only public transport to Schiermonnikoog is a ferry from the lock and harbour complex of Lauwersoog. Even during the winter months there are more than two connections per day.

Tourists are not allowed to bring their cars with them on the ferry. Buses connect the village with the ferry. The most common form of transport is by bicycle; a network of cycle paths criss-crosses the island and two bicycle rental companies provide roughly 5000 bicycles for tourists.

Due to environment and health concerns, since 2013 six Chinese electric buses BYD ebus (range of about 250 km) are the only buses on the island for at least the 15-year contract period (BYD won the contract, beating its European opponents).[9]

C.H. Elleboogius

Notable people
  • Cornelis Hendrikus Elleboogius (1603 in Schiermonnikoog – 1701) a Dutch Reformed theologian and academic theologian in Aberdeen
  • Bas Eenhoorn (born 1946) a Dutch politician, Mayor of Schiermonnikoog, 1976-1983
  • Ineke van Gent (born 1957) a Dutch politician, Mayor of Schiermonnikoog since 2017
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See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. This exploit would earn those Royal Navy seamen who survived until 1847 the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "SCHIERMONNIKOOG 12 AUGT. 1799".

References
  1. "College van B & W" [Board of mayor and aldermen] (in Dutch). Gemeente Schiermonnikoog. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  2. "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten" [Key figures for neighbourhoods]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  3. "Postcodetool for 9166LZ". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  4. "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  5. Van de Ven, G. (editor) (1996). Leefbaar laagland, p. 90. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Matrijs. ISBN 90-5345-031-9.
  6. Stenvert, R. et al. (2000). Monumenten in Nederland: Friesland, p. 265–267. Zwolle: Waanders Uitgevers. ISBN 90-400-9476-4.
  8. van Dale, Groot Woordenboek der Nederlandse Taal (12th edition)
  9. https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samochodyelektryczne.org%2Fbyd_dostarczy_6_autobusow_elektrycznych_na_schiermonnikoog.htm
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